Pub Date : 2022-03-16DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2042982
Jacqueline Parry, Olga Aymerich
ABSTRACT This article examines how the transition from soldier to civilian is affected by a militarised environment, relying on fieldwork conducted in Basra in the period following Iraq’s war with the Islamic State (2014–2017). The article begins by mapping community perceptions of militaristic behaviours and ideologies present within Basra society. It demonstrates that respondents distinguished different types of militarised behaviour and ideology, accepting or tolerating some while rejecting or denouncing others. The article then considers how these perceptions of militarisation affected community attitudes towards the reintegration of ex-combatants. We find that ‘acceptable’ forms of militarised behaviour and ideology were often described as consistent with the reintegration of ex-combatants, whereas the failure to reintegrate reflected ‘non-acceptable’ forms of militarised behaviour or ideology. This approach offers new insights to community-based DDR programming in militarised environments and points to a model of transformation grounded in local realities.
{"title":"Reintegration of ex-combatants in a militarized society","authors":"Jacqueline Parry, Olga Aymerich","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2042982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2042982","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines how the transition from soldier to civilian is affected by a militarised environment, relying on fieldwork conducted in Basra in the period following Iraq’s war with the Islamic State (2014–2017). The article begins by mapping community perceptions of militaristic behaviours and ideologies present within Basra society. It demonstrates that respondents distinguished different types of militarised behaviour and ideology, accepting or tolerating some while rejecting or denouncing others. The article then considers how these perceptions of militarisation affected community attitudes towards the reintegration of ex-combatants. We find that ‘acceptable’ forms of militarised behaviour and ideology were often described as consistent with the reintegration of ex-combatants, whereas the failure to reintegrate reflected ‘non-acceptable’ forms of militarised behaviour or ideology. This approach offers new insights to community-based DDR programming in militarised environments and points to a model of transformation grounded in local realities.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"11 1","pages":"20 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48998082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-23DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2042111
M. Kaldor, M. Theros, R. Turkmani
ABSTRACT This article introduces a Peacebuilding special issue on local agreements in intractable conflicts. By ‘local’, we refer to any type of agreement that covers a geographical area less than the entire national territory although the issues and actors may be national, regional, international as well as local. Our main finding is that local agreements are a pervasive feature of contemporary conflict, owing to the fragmented decentred character of conflicts. . Local agreements are not necessarily about peace ; they may be a form of surrender, or about tactical alliances and deployment of armed groups. The overall conclusion is that local talks can contribute to what the paper defines as a peace logic, if they involve local civilians and multilateral actors, and are based on a detailed knowledge of context. Expanding this type of process on a large-scale may be the best opportunity for addressing the social condition that characterises contemporary intractable conflicts.
{"title":"Local agreements - an introduction to the special issue","authors":"M. Kaldor, M. Theros, R. Turkmani","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2042111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2042111","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article introduces a Peacebuilding special issue on local agreements in intractable conflicts. By ‘local’, we refer to any type of agreement that covers a geographical area less than the entire national territory although the issues and actors may be national, regional, international as well as local. Our main finding is that local agreements are a pervasive feature of contemporary conflict, owing to the fragmented decentred character of conflicts. . Local agreements are not necessarily about peace ; they may be a form of surrender, or about tactical alliances and deployment of armed groups. The overall conclusion is that local talks can contribute to what the paper defines as a peace logic, if they involve local civilians and multilateral actors, and are based on a detailed knowledge of context. Expanding this type of process on a large-scale may be the best opportunity for addressing the social condition that characterises contemporary intractable conflicts.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"10 1","pages":"107 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46600055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-21DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2032942
R. Turkmani
ABSTRACT Based on two case studies from Syria, this article argues that unilateral external intervention in protracted conflicts is not only about military and financial support to one or other warring party. Unilateral external actors often get involved in the negotiation of local agreements, creating a hybrid form of intervention that combines the roles of warfighting, mediation, and policing. In this context, external actors are able to transform their military, financial and logistical support to states and non-state armed groups into leverage and negotiating power that determines the outcome of local negotiations, thereby gearing the dynamics of the conflict towards their own interests and away from the local agenda. This hybrid external intervention may, in some circumstances, contribute to an unjust and uncertain stabilisation process, while in other circumstances, it can undermine local peace efforts. The clear implication is the need for a greater role and mandate for multilateral actors.
{"title":"How local are local agreements? Shaping local agreements as a new form of third-party intervention in protracted conflicts","authors":"R. Turkmani","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2032942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2032942","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Based on two case studies from Syria, this article argues that unilateral external intervention in protracted conflicts is not only about military and financial support to one or other warring party. Unilateral external actors often get involved in the negotiation of local agreements, creating a hybrid form of intervention that combines the roles of warfighting, mediation, and policing. In this context, external actors are able to transform their military, financial and logistical support to states and non-state armed groups into leverage and negotiating power that determines the outcome of local negotiations, thereby gearing the dynamics of the conflict towards their own interests and away from the local agenda. This hybrid external intervention may, in some circumstances, contribute to an unjust and uncertain stabilisation process, while in other circumstances, it can undermine local peace efforts. The clear implication is the need for a greater role and mandate for multilateral actors.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"10 1","pages":"189 - 203"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48817534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-21DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2040228
Stipe Odak
ABSTRACT Religious discourse on reconciliation significantly influenced many past and present peacebuilding efforts. However, the concept of reconciliation is also often criticized on two main counts: 1) for promoting unrealistic visions of harmony among former enemies, and 2) for pressuring victims to grant forgiveness and leave the past behind. In this paper, I suggest a re-evaluation of these claims in light of theoretical sources and interviews with religious leaders from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Theological understandings of reconciliation are inherently pluralistic. Religious leaders are inspired by prospects of reconciled humanity at the end of time, but they are also wary of too hasty reconciliation-projects, especially when reconciliation might harm other values, such as truth and justice. Proper understanding of religious traditions is thus essential for honest and realistic collaboration on peacebuilding projects between secular and religious actors.
{"title":"Reevaluating religious understandings of reconciliation: a study in Bosnia and Herzegovina","authors":"Stipe Odak","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2040228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2040228","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Religious discourse on reconciliation significantly influenced many past and present peacebuilding efforts. However, the concept of reconciliation is also often criticized on two main counts: 1) for promoting unrealistic visions of harmony among former enemies, and 2) for pressuring victims to grant forgiveness and leave the past behind. In this paper, I suggest a re-evaluation of these claims in light of theoretical sources and interviews with religious leaders from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Theological understandings of reconciliation are inherently pluralistic. Religious leaders are inspired by prospects of reconciled humanity at the end of time, but they are also wary of too hasty reconciliation-projects, especially when reconciliation might harm other values, such as truth and justice. Proper understanding of religious traditions is thus essential for honest and realistic collaboration on peacebuilding projects between secular and religious actors.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"10 1","pages":"434 - 448"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41493781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2040229
Delphine Griveaud
ABSTRACT Why does peacebuilding keep on failing? A large body of academic literature tackles that question, through the lenses of liberal peace and its ‘local turn’, and with categories, such as ‘the local’ and ‘the international’. This article offers to question the terms of the debates on peacebuilding failure in lights of an empirical research conducted in Côte d’Ivoire on the Dialogue Truth and Reconciliation Commission, set up by the victor of the 2010–2011 electoral crisis after at least a decade of a ‘fragmented civil war’ in the country. The empirical method makes it possible to grasp exactly how power relations, first between very heterogeneous domestic actors, then between them and external actors, shape the announced reconciliation process. Despite the role they are given in the literature, the internationals’ hold on the process empirically appears ambiguous and tenuous in Côte d’Ivoire.
{"title":"An empirical take on the debates on peacebuilding’s failure: the case study of the Ivorian Dialogue Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2011–2014)","authors":"Delphine Griveaud","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2040229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2040229","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Why does peacebuilding keep on failing? A large body of academic literature tackles that question, through the lenses of liberal peace and its ‘local turn’, and with categories, such as ‘the local’ and ‘the international’. This article offers to question the terms of the debates on peacebuilding failure in lights of an empirical research conducted in Côte d’Ivoire on the Dialogue Truth and Reconciliation Commission, set up by the victor of the 2010–2011 electoral crisis after at least a decade of a ‘fragmented civil war’ in the country. The empirical method makes it possible to grasp exactly how power relations, first between very heterogeneous domestic actors, then between them and external actors, shape the announced reconciliation process. Despite the role they are given in the literature, the internationals’ hold on the process empirically appears ambiguous and tenuous in Côte d’Ivoire.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"10 1","pages":"403 - 418"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48382134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-15DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2032941
R. Turkmani
ABSTRACT This article sets out why it is important to conceptualise local agreements as a process of talks that have a value in their own right rather than as a discrete event reached on a particular date. Throughout this process the terms of intermittently negotiated agreements are continuously shaped by two competing logics, the logic of violence and peace. Based on detailed empirical evidence covering six years of local talks in the city of Homs and its Al-Waer suburb, the article shows that even if an agreement is not reached, the mere process of local talks could lead to a steep reduction in the level of violence, fatalities and an improvement in the standard of living at a time when talks at higher level fail to deliver such results. The article also challenges the main methods of gathering empirical evidence about local peace agreements and discussed potential policy implications.
{"title":"Local agreements as a process: the example of local talks in Homs in Syria","authors":"R. Turkmani","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2032941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2032941","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article sets out why it is important to conceptualise local agreements as a process of talks that have a value in their own right rather than as a discrete event reached on a particular date. Throughout this process the terms of intermittently negotiated agreements are continuously shaped by two competing logics, the logic of violence and peace. Based on detailed empirical evidence covering six years of local talks in the city of Homs and its Al-Waer suburb, the article shows that even if an agreement is not reached, the mere process of local talks could lead to a steep reduction in the level of violence, fatalities and an improvement in the standard of living at a time when talks at higher level fail to deliver such results. The article also challenges the main methods of gathering empirical evidence about local peace agreements and discussed potential policy implications.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"10 1","pages":"156 - 171"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41887958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2040230
S. M. Rios Oyola
ABSTRACT This article studies ilusión as a temporal dimension of hope, which means a stage in the process of creation of hope as a collective emotional orientation. Ilusión helps explain how some victims of the conflict in Colombia experience an in-betweenness of being animated about today while being hopeless and living under conditions affected by the disorders of the conflict. It shows the contradictions of the multiple temporalities lived by victims of conflict. This article uses a sociology of emotions approach, and it is based on ethnographic research, interviews, and analysis of secondary documentation during a long period (2012–2019). It focuses on the sewing group Choibá, which is located on Quibdó, the capital of Chocó. The group not only promotes skills that are empowering and useful for adapting to life in the city but also promotes the construction of positive emotions that can support a peacebuilding and reconciliation process.
{"title":"Ilusión as a temporal dimension of hope in Colombia","authors":"S. M. Rios Oyola","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2040230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2040230","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article studies ilusión as a temporal dimension of hope, which means a stage in the process of creation of hope as a collective emotional orientation. Ilusión helps explain how some victims of the conflict in Colombia experience an in-betweenness of being animated about today while being hopeless and living under conditions affected by the disorders of the conflict. It shows the contradictions of the multiple temporalities lived by victims of conflict. This article uses a sociology of emotions approach, and it is based on ethnographic research, interviews, and analysis of secondary documentation during a long period (2012–2019). It focuses on the sewing group Choibá, which is located on Quibdó, the capital of Chocó. The group not only promotes skills that are empowering and useful for adapting to life in the city but also promotes the construction of positive emotions that can support a peacebuilding and reconciliation process.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"10 1","pages":"368 - 381"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42299414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-11DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2027661
E. Cole, Valérie Rosoux, Lauren Van Metre
ABSTRACT Is failure in reconciliation reversible, or does it become over determined at some point? Can signs both of reconciliation and its failures co-exist and survive at different levels of peacebuilding? Should we be thinking in terms of ‘reconciliation’ or even ‘reconciliations’ instead of ‘Reconciliation’ with a Big R? To address these questions, this article stresses the factors that emerge from five case studies: 1) the treatment, definitions and feelings of victims of the conflict; 2) the continuation of violence in new forms; 3) the political power struggles that were left unchanged by the conflict; 4) the lack of political will for change, particularly to structures of economic injustice; 5) divisions between national elites and local populations; 6) the role of external actors; 7) deeply entrenched conflict identities and narratives; and 8) the multi-faceted factor of time in assessing success versus failure..
{"title":"Deepening understandings of success and failure in post-conflict reconciliation","authors":"E. Cole, Valérie Rosoux, Lauren Van Metre","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2027661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2027661","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Is failure in reconciliation reversible, or does it become over determined at some point? Can signs both of reconciliation and its failures co-exist and survive at different levels of peacebuilding? Should we be thinking in terms of ‘reconciliation’ or even ‘reconciliations’ instead of ‘Reconciliation’ with a Big R? To address these questions, this article stresses the factors that emerge from five case studies: 1) the treatment, definitions and feelings of victims of the conflict; 2) the continuation of violence in new forms; 3) the political power struggles that were left unchanged by the conflict; 4) the lack of political will for change, particularly to structures of economic injustice; 5) divisions between national elites and local populations; 6) the role of external actors; 7) deeply entrenched conflict identities and narratives; and 8) the multi-faceted factor of time in assessing success versus failure..","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"10 1","pages":"357 - 367"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46790728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-09DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2032945
J. Pospíšil
ABSTRACT The lessening likelihood and the often-sobering outcomes of comprehensive national peace processes directed attention to local peacemaking in recent years. Difficult to distinguish and define, local peace agreements work on a broad range of issues and engage a multitude of diverse actors. Local peace agreements construct a world of peacemaking that contradicts an ordered and levelled understanding of conflict. Instead, they reveal hybrid conflictscapes that are enmeshed in ways analytically hard to distinguish. In such an environment, local peace agreements can employ various functions: they can connect and strategise relationships between actors, mitigate and manage conflict settings, or disconnect localities or communities from the broader conflict landscape. In doing so, they do not necessarily work towards a linear and sequenced resolution of a conflict but towards dissolving it by undermining the conflict’s logics and conditions.
{"title":"Dissolving conflict. Local peace agreements and armed conflict transitions","authors":"J. Pospíšil","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2032945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2032945","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The lessening likelihood and the often-sobering outcomes of comprehensive national peace processes directed attention to local peacemaking in recent years. Difficult to distinguish and define, local peace agreements work on a broad range of issues and engage a multitude of diverse actors. Local peace agreements construct a world of peacemaking that contradicts an ordered and levelled understanding of conflict. Instead, they reveal hybrid conflictscapes that are enmeshed in ways analytically hard to distinguish. In such an environment, local peace agreements can employ various functions: they can connect and strategise relationships between actors, mitigate and manage conflict settings, or disconnect localities or communities from the broader conflict landscape. In doing so, they do not necessarily work towards a linear and sequenced resolution of a conflict but towards dissolving it by undermining the conflict’s logics and conditions.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"10 1","pages":"122 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47112979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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