Pub Date : 2022-04-18DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2065793
Peter Vermeersch
ABSTRACT While official conflict stories often feed the justifications for violence, new stories, rooted in the realities of the people who have experienced the chaos of violence, might provide a path to peace. In this review essay, I briefly explore examples of recent research that have valued a narrative approach both as an empirical strategy and a normative framework. I also point to some useful interactions with other bodies of theoretical and empirical work.
{"title":"Narratives of change and repair: how the study of storytelling in the social sciences can inspire peacebuilding research","authors":"Peter Vermeersch","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2065793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2065793","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While official conflict stories often feed the justifications for violence, new stories, rooted in the realities of the people who have experienced the chaos of violence, might provide a path to peace. In this review essay, I briefly explore examples of recent research that have valued a narrative approach both as an empirical strategy and a normative framework. I also point to some useful interactions with other bodies of theoretical and empirical work.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41876287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-13DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2065792
Gavin Hart, Camilo Tamayo Gomez
ABSTRACT This article explores the barriers faced by ex-combatants in Northern Ireland and Colombia as they reintegrate into civil society. It focuses on analysing three key aspects for a successful reintegration process: access to education opportunities after demobilisation, inclusion and participation into the civilian economy, and the exercise of equal citizenship in order to guarantee social and civic reintegration. The article presents the results of fifty-four interviews with former combatants from both countries. It is argued that for the purpose of developing effective and inclusive reintegration processes for ex-combatants, it is crucial to address claims for recognition as a central dimension of reintegration. The paper concludes that the recognition of ex-combatants’ social expectations during the demobilisation stage, and the acknowledgement of their experiences of marginalisation in the course of the reintegration process, is vital to enable former combatants to achieve the self-realisation of their civilian identity.
{"title":"Is recognition the answer? Exploring the barriers for successful reintegration of ex-combatants into civil society in Northern Ireland and Colombia","authors":"Gavin Hart, Camilo Tamayo Gomez","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2065792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2065792","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores the barriers faced by ex-combatants in Northern Ireland and Colombia as they reintegrate into civil society. It focuses on analysing three key aspects for a successful reintegration process: access to education opportunities after demobilisation, inclusion and participation into the civilian economy, and the exercise of equal citizenship in order to guarantee social and civic reintegration. The article presents the results of fifty-four interviews with former combatants from both countries. It is argued that for the purpose of developing effective and inclusive reintegration processes for ex-combatants, it is crucial to address claims for recognition as a central dimension of reintegration. The paper concludes that the recognition of ex-combatants’ social expectations during the demobilisation stage, and the acknowledgement of their experiences of marginalisation in the course of the reintegration process, is vital to enable former combatants to achieve the self-realisation of their civilian identity.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42167194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-05DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2059963
C. Constantinou
ABSTRACT This article interrogates the practice of humanitarian diplomacy by focusing on the history of the Red Cross Movement. It approaches humanitarian diplomacy beyond its technical understanding as a neutral tool for advocating and negotiating on behalf of vulnerable people. It suggests that by flagging high moral purpose, diplomacy can employ the humanitarian logic to also pursue parallel objectives and ethically ambiguous goals. Specifically, the article examines the parallel diplomatic initiatives and business-colonial projects of the founding father of the Red Cross, Henry Dunant. It then assesses the Swiss legacy of neutrality and discreet diplomacy of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) vis-à-vis the advocacy of more vocal humanitarian organisations. It looks at the decolonisation of the Movement and pursuit of national objectives and assesses the shift from humanitarian to human rights diplomacy, and the moral tensions of pursuing one or the other, or approaching them as a continuum.
{"title":"Humanitarian diplomacy as moral history","authors":"C. Constantinou","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2059963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2059963","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article interrogates the practice of humanitarian diplomacy by focusing on the history of the Red Cross Movement. It approaches humanitarian diplomacy beyond its technical understanding as a neutral tool for advocating and negotiating on behalf of vulnerable people. It suggests that by flagging high moral purpose, diplomacy can employ the humanitarian logic to also pursue parallel objectives and ethically ambiguous goals. Specifically, the article examines the parallel diplomatic initiatives and business-colonial projects of the founding father of the Red Cross, Henry Dunant. It then assesses the Swiss legacy of neutrality and discreet diplomacy of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) vis-à-vis the advocacy of more vocal humanitarian organisations. It looks at the decolonisation of the Movement and pursuit of national objectives and assesses the shift from humanitarian to human rights diplomacy, and the moral tensions of pursuing one or the other, or approaching them as a continuum.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49129106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-16DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2042982
Jacqueline Parry, Olga Aymerich
ABSTRACT This article examines how the transition from soldier to civilian is affected by a militarised environment, relying on fieldwork conducted in Basra in the period following Iraq’s war with the Islamic State (2014–2017). The article begins by mapping community perceptions of militaristic behaviours and ideologies present within Basra society. It demonstrates that respondents distinguished different types of militarised behaviour and ideology, accepting or tolerating some while rejecting or denouncing others. The article then considers how these perceptions of militarisation affected community attitudes towards the reintegration of ex-combatants. We find that ‘acceptable’ forms of militarised behaviour and ideology were often described as consistent with the reintegration of ex-combatants, whereas the failure to reintegrate reflected ‘non-acceptable’ forms of militarised behaviour or ideology. This approach offers new insights to community-based DDR programming in militarised environments and points to a model of transformation grounded in local realities.
{"title":"Reintegration of ex-combatants in a militarized society","authors":"Jacqueline Parry, Olga Aymerich","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2042982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2042982","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines how the transition from soldier to civilian is affected by a militarised environment, relying on fieldwork conducted in Basra in the period following Iraq’s war with the Islamic State (2014–2017). The article begins by mapping community perceptions of militaristic behaviours and ideologies present within Basra society. It demonstrates that respondents distinguished different types of militarised behaviour and ideology, accepting or tolerating some while rejecting or denouncing others. The article then considers how these perceptions of militarisation affected community attitudes towards the reintegration of ex-combatants. We find that ‘acceptable’ forms of militarised behaviour and ideology were often described as consistent with the reintegration of ex-combatants, whereas the failure to reintegrate reflected ‘non-acceptable’ forms of militarised behaviour or ideology. This approach offers new insights to community-based DDR programming in militarised environments and points to a model of transformation grounded in local realities.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48998082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-23DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2042111
M. Kaldor, M. Theros, R. Turkmani
ABSTRACT This article introduces a Peacebuilding special issue on local agreements in intractable conflicts. By ‘local’, we refer to any type of agreement that covers a geographical area less than the entire national territory although the issues and actors may be national, regional, international as well as local. Our main finding is that local agreements are a pervasive feature of contemporary conflict, owing to the fragmented decentred character of conflicts. . Local agreements are not necessarily about peace ; they may be a form of surrender, or about tactical alliances and deployment of armed groups. The overall conclusion is that local talks can contribute to what the paper defines as a peace logic, if they involve local civilians and multilateral actors, and are based on a detailed knowledge of context. Expanding this type of process on a large-scale may be the best opportunity for addressing the social condition that characterises contemporary intractable conflicts.
{"title":"Local agreements - an introduction to the special issue","authors":"M. Kaldor, M. Theros, R. Turkmani","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2042111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2042111","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article introduces a Peacebuilding special issue on local agreements in intractable conflicts. By ‘local’, we refer to any type of agreement that covers a geographical area less than the entire national territory although the issues and actors may be national, regional, international as well as local. Our main finding is that local agreements are a pervasive feature of contemporary conflict, owing to the fragmented decentred character of conflicts. . Local agreements are not necessarily about peace ; they may be a form of surrender, or about tactical alliances and deployment of armed groups. The overall conclusion is that local talks can contribute to what the paper defines as a peace logic, if they involve local civilians and multilateral actors, and are based on a detailed knowledge of context. Expanding this type of process on a large-scale may be the best opportunity for addressing the social condition that characterises contemporary intractable conflicts.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46600055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-21DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2032942
R. Turkmani
ABSTRACT Based on two case studies from Syria, this article argues that unilateral external intervention in protracted conflicts is not only about military and financial support to one or other warring party. Unilateral external actors often get involved in the negotiation of local agreements, creating a hybrid form of intervention that combines the roles of warfighting, mediation, and policing. In this context, external actors are able to transform their military, financial and logistical support to states and non-state armed groups into leverage and negotiating power that determines the outcome of local negotiations, thereby gearing the dynamics of the conflict towards their own interests and away from the local agenda. This hybrid external intervention may, in some circumstances, contribute to an unjust and uncertain stabilisation process, while in other circumstances, it can undermine local peace efforts. The clear implication is the need for a greater role and mandate for multilateral actors.
{"title":"How local are local agreements? Shaping local agreements as a new form of third-party intervention in protracted conflicts","authors":"R. Turkmani","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2032942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2032942","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Based on two case studies from Syria, this article argues that unilateral external intervention in protracted conflicts is not only about military and financial support to one or other warring party. Unilateral external actors often get involved in the negotiation of local agreements, creating a hybrid form of intervention that combines the roles of warfighting, mediation, and policing. In this context, external actors are able to transform their military, financial and logistical support to states and non-state armed groups into leverage and negotiating power that determines the outcome of local negotiations, thereby gearing the dynamics of the conflict towards their own interests and away from the local agenda. This hybrid external intervention may, in some circumstances, contribute to an unjust and uncertain stabilisation process, while in other circumstances, it can undermine local peace efforts. The clear implication is the need for a greater role and mandate for multilateral actors.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48817534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-21DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2040228
Stipe Odak
ABSTRACT Religious discourse on reconciliation significantly influenced many past and present peacebuilding efforts. However, the concept of reconciliation is also often criticized on two main counts: 1) for promoting unrealistic visions of harmony among former enemies, and 2) for pressuring victims to grant forgiveness and leave the past behind. In this paper, I suggest a re-evaluation of these claims in light of theoretical sources and interviews with religious leaders from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Theological understandings of reconciliation are inherently pluralistic. Religious leaders are inspired by prospects of reconciled humanity at the end of time, but they are also wary of too hasty reconciliation-projects, especially when reconciliation might harm other values, such as truth and justice. Proper understanding of religious traditions is thus essential for honest and realistic collaboration on peacebuilding projects between secular and religious actors.
{"title":"Reevaluating religious understandings of reconciliation: a study in Bosnia and Herzegovina","authors":"Stipe Odak","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2040228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2040228","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Religious discourse on reconciliation significantly influenced many past and present peacebuilding efforts. However, the concept of reconciliation is also often criticized on two main counts: 1) for promoting unrealistic visions of harmony among former enemies, and 2) for pressuring victims to grant forgiveness and leave the past behind. In this paper, I suggest a re-evaluation of these claims in light of theoretical sources and interviews with religious leaders from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Theological understandings of reconciliation are inherently pluralistic. Religious leaders are inspired by prospects of reconciled humanity at the end of time, but they are also wary of too hasty reconciliation-projects, especially when reconciliation might harm other values, such as truth and justice. Proper understanding of religious traditions is thus essential for honest and realistic collaboration on peacebuilding projects between secular and religious actors.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41493781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2040229
Delphine Griveaud
ABSTRACT Why does peacebuilding keep on failing? A large body of academic literature tackles that question, through the lenses of liberal peace and its ‘local turn’, and with categories, such as ‘the local’ and ‘the international’. This article offers to question the terms of the debates on peacebuilding failure in lights of an empirical research conducted in Côte d’Ivoire on the Dialogue Truth and Reconciliation Commission, set up by the victor of the 2010–2011 electoral crisis after at least a decade of a ‘fragmented civil war’ in the country. The empirical method makes it possible to grasp exactly how power relations, first between very heterogeneous domestic actors, then between them and external actors, shape the announced reconciliation process. Despite the role they are given in the literature, the internationals’ hold on the process empirically appears ambiguous and tenuous in Côte d’Ivoire.
{"title":"An empirical take on the debates on peacebuilding’s failure: the case study of the Ivorian Dialogue Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2011–2014)","authors":"Delphine Griveaud","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2040229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2040229","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Why does peacebuilding keep on failing? A large body of academic literature tackles that question, through the lenses of liberal peace and its ‘local turn’, and with categories, such as ‘the local’ and ‘the international’. This article offers to question the terms of the debates on peacebuilding failure in lights of an empirical research conducted in Côte d’Ivoire on the Dialogue Truth and Reconciliation Commission, set up by the victor of the 2010–2011 electoral crisis after at least a decade of a ‘fragmented civil war’ in the country. The empirical method makes it possible to grasp exactly how power relations, first between very heterogeneous domestic actors, then between them and external actors, shape the announced reconciliation process. Despite the role they are given in the literature, the internationals’ hold on the process empirically appears ambiguous and tenuous in Côte d’Ivoire.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48382134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-15DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2032941
R. Turkmani
ABSTRACT This article sets out why it is important to conceptualise local agreements as a process of talks that have a value in their own right rather than as a discrete event reached on a particular date. Throughout this process the terms of intermittently negotiated agreements are continuously shaped by two competing logics, the logic of violence and peace. Based on detailed empirical evidence covering six years of local talks in the city of Homs and its Al-Waer suburb, the article shows that even if an agreement is not reached, the mere process of local talks could lead to a steep reduction in the level of violence, fatalities and an improvement in the standard of living at a time when talks at higher level fail to deliver such results. The article also challenges the main methods of gathering empirical evidence about local peace agreements and discussed potential policy implications.
{"title":"Local agreements as a process: the example of local talks in Homs in Syria","authors":"R. Turkmani","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2032941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2032941","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article sets out why it is important to conceptualise local agreements as a process of talks that have a value in their own right rather than as a discrete event reached on a particular date. Throughout this process the terms of intermittently negotiated agreements are continuously shaped by two competing logics, the logic of violence and peace. Based on detailed empirical evidence covering six years of local talks in the city of Homs and its Al-Waer suburb, the article shows that even if an agreement is not reached, the mere process of local talks could lead to a steep reduction in the level of violence, fatalities and an improvement in the standard of living at a time when talks at higher level fail to deliver such results. The article also challenges the main methods of gathering empirical evidence about local peace agreements and discussed potential policy implications.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41887958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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