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Working Like a Dog: Canine Labour, Technological Unemployment, and Extinction in Industrialising England 像狗一样工作:英国工业化中的犬类劳动、技术失业和灭绝
3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.3828/096734022x16384451127401
NEIL HUMPHREY
The turnspit dog, an extinct breed, powered English roasting spits from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries by rotating an apparatus comparable to a hamster wheel. It was not merely a working breed, however. It was an animal labourer. Breeders bred it solely for work. Contemporaries conceived of it as an industrious worker intrinsic to food production. Despite its importance, owners treated it contemptuously due to its utilitarian nature. Cooks replaced the dog with a machine, the smoke-jack, once the latter proved reliable. Rather than repackage it as a companion, the English ceased breeding it due to its inextricable connection with a disparaged trade. Industrialisation’s upheaval triggered the turnspit’s extinction by 1850. Examining its decline explicates how technological unemployment wrought catastrophic change on nonhumans. Elucidating comparable disturbances within cottage industry labour for canines and English workers provides scholars with a more-than-human understanding of industrialisation’s ramifications. Furthermore, uniting animal and labour history reconceives current theorisations of historical animals, affirms working animals’ past contributions and highlights their importance as labourers.
从16世纪到19世纪,一种已经灭绝的狗,通过旋转一种类似仓鼠轮的装置,为英国人的烤叉提供动力。然而,它不仅仅是一个工作品种。这是一个动物劳工。饲养员饲养它完全是为了工作。同时代的人认为它是一个勤劳的工人内在的食品生产。尽管它很重要,但由于它的功利性质,业主们对它不屑一顾。一旦机器被证明是可靠的,库克就用它代替了狗。英国人并没有把它重新包装成一种伴侣,而是停止了饲养它,因为它与一种被贬低的贸易有着千丝万缕的联系。1850年,工业化的剧变导致了转盘机的灭绝。研究它的衰落可以解释技术性失业是如何给非人类带来灾难性变化的。阐明犬类和英国工人在家庭手工业劳动力中的可比干扰,为学者们提供了对工业化后果的超越人类的理解。此外,将动物和劳动史结合起来,重新认识了历史上动物的当前理论,肯定了劳动动物过去的贡献,并强调了它们作为劳动者的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Ottoman Lakes and Fluid Landscapes: Environing, Wetlands and Conservation in the Marmara Lake Basin, Circa 1550–1900 奥斯曼湖泊和流动景观:马尔马拉湖盆地的环境、湿地和保护,大约1550-1900年
3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.3828/096734022x16470180631460
SEMIH ÇELIK, CHRISTINA LUKE, CHRISTOPHER H. ROOSEVELT
The study of Ottoman lakes and wetlands from the perspective of management and conservation is an emerging field. Scholars have explored Ottoman strategies for managing agricultural and extractive landscapes, yet detailed investigation of socio-political responses to dynamic wetlands, particularly during periods of drastic climate shifts, requires deeper investigation. Our research on wetlands and lakes moves from the purview of waqf s (pious foundations) to the emergence of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration (OPDA). By examining the shifting perspectives of institutional authority and community responses to it from the early modern period to the nineteenth century, we discuss the complexities of wetland management in the Marmara Lake Basin within the sancak of Saruhan (contemporary Manisa) in western Anatolia. We argue that intimate knowledge of this specific ecosystem played a critical role in mitigating attempts at reclamation and land grabbing and ultimately in developing legal structures of and policies for Ottoman conservation strategies. We situate our discussion within the paradigm of environing made possible by detailed longue-durée archival narratives; these micro-histories afford a dynamic perspective into non-linear responses to ecological and political changes and provide a local lens into the scalar impacts of human agency.
从管理和保护的角度研究奥斯曼湖泊和湿地是一个新兴的领域。学者们已经探索了奥斯曼帝国管理农业和采掘景观的策略,但对动态湿地的社会政治反应的详细调查,特别是在剧烈气候变化期间,需要更深入的调查。我们对湿地和湖泊的研究从waqf(虔诚的基金会)的范围转移到奥斯曼公共债务管理局(OPDA)的出现。通过研究从现代早期到19世纪机构权威和社区对其的反应的转变观点,我们讨论了安纳托利亚西部萨鲁汗(当代马尼萨)sancak内马尔马拉湖流域湿地管理的复杂性。我们认为,对这一特定生态系统的深入了解在减轻开垦和土地掠夺的企图以及最终为奥斯曼保护战略制定法律结构和政策方面发挥了关键作用。我们将我们的讨论置于环境的范例中,通过详细的长时间的档案叙述来实现;这些微观历史为生态和政治变化的非线性响应提供了一个动态的视角,并为人类机构的标量影响提供了一个局部的视角。
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引用次数: 0
Working Like a Dog: Canine Labour, Technological Unemployment, and Extinction in Industrialising England 像狗一样工作:英国工业化中的犬类劳动、技术失业和灭绝
IF 1.1 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.3197/096734022x16384451127401
N. Humphrey
The turnspit dog, an extinct breed, powered English roasting spits from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries by rotating an apparatus comparable to a hamster wheel. It was not merely a working breed, however. It was an animal labourer. Breeders bred it solely for work. Contemporaries conceived of it as an industrious worker intrinsic to food production. Despite its importance, owners treated it contemptuously due to its utilitarian nature. Cooks replaced the dog with a machine, the smoke-jack, once the latter proved reliable. Rather than repackage it as a companion, the English ceased breeding it due to its inextricable connection with a disparaged trade. Industrialisation’s upheaval triggered the turnspit’s extinction by 1850. Examining its decline explicates how technological unemployment wrought catastrophic change on nonhumans. Elucidating comparable disturbances within cottage industry labour for canines and English workers provides scholars with a more-than-human understanding of industrialisation’s ramifications. Furthermore, uniting animal and labour history reconceives current theorisations of historical animals, affirms working animals’ past contributions and highlights their importance as labourers.
从16世纪到19世纪,一种已经灭绝的狗,通过旋转一种类似仓鼠轮的装置,为英国人的烤叉提供动力。然而,它不仅仅是一个工作品种。这是一个动物劳工。饲养员饲养它完全是为了工作。同时代的人认为它是一个勤劳的工人内在的食品生产。尽管它很重要,但由于它的功利性质,业主们对它不屑一顾。一旦机器被证明是可靠的,库克就用它代替了狗。英国人并没有把它重新包装成一种伴侣,而是停止了饲养它,因为它与一种被贬低的贸易有着千丝万缕的联系。1850年,工业化的剧变导致了转盘机的灭绝。研究它的衰落可以解释技术性失业是如何给非人类带来灾难性变化的。阐明犬类和英国工人在家庭手工业劳动力中的可比干扰,为学者们提供了对工业化后果的超越人类的理解。此外,将动物和劳动史结合起来,重新认识了历史上动物的当前理论,肯定了劳动动物过去的贡献,并强调了它们作为劳动者的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
From Reintroduction to Rewilding: Autonomy, Agency and the Messy Liberation of the European Bison 《从重新引进到重新放归:欧洲野牛的自治、代理和混乱的解放》
IF 1.1 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.3197/096734022x16552219786618
M. Vasile
In the age of the sixth extinction, human interventions to save endangered species have become bigger, bolder and costlier than ever. Yet, policies of species conservation have also favoured non-intervention, furthering the idea that humans have tampered too much with wildness and wilderness. This article examines a reintroduction of European Bison (Bison bonasus, also known as wisent) into the South-Western Carpathians of Romania in the 2010s. It compares it with longer-term recovery efforts in the Białowieża forest in Poland and reveals how interventions and non-interventions have been practised in the conservation history of this species. I trace the complexities of lived reintroduction processes, both contemporary and historical. I show that practices of recovering European bison have (slowly) shifted away from a controlling approach to reintroductions inspired by livestock breeding, and towards a hands-off rewilding approach. Yet, entangled human–wildlife histories, in which management has been paramount, challenge contemporary non-intervention rewilding paradigms that advocate for the autonomy and agency of wildlife. Reintroduction managers walk a fine line between intervention and relinquishment, care and containment, permanently recalibrating human–animal relationships.
在第六次物种灭绝的时代,人类拯救濒危物种的干预比以往任何时候都更大、更大胆、更昂贵。然而,物种保护政策也倾向于不干预,这进一步加深了人类对野生环境和荒野进行了过多干预的观点。本文研究了2010年代欧洲野牛(Bison bonasus,也被称为wisent)重新引入罗马尼亚西南部喀尔巴阡山脉的情况。它将其与波兰Białowieża森林的长期恢复工作进行了比较,并揭示了在该物种的保护历史中如何实施干预和不干预。我追溯了当代和历史上生活重新引入过程的复杂性。我指出,恢复欧洲野牛的做法已经(慢慢地)从控制方法转向受牲畜繁殖启发的重新引入方法,并转向不干涉的放养方法。然而,错综复杂的人类与野生动物的历史,其中管理是至关重要的,挑战了当代倡导野生动物自治和代理的非干预式野生化范式。放归管理人员在干预和放归、照顾和收容之间走得很好,永久地重新校准人与动物的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Ottoman Lakes and Fluid Landscapes: Environing, Wetlands and Conservation in the Marmara Lake Basin, Circa 1550–1900 奥斯曼湖泊和流动景观:马尔马拉湖盆地的环境、湿地和保护,大约1550-1900年
IF 1.1 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.3197/096734022x16470180631460
Semih Çelik, C. Luke, C. Roosevelt
The study of Ottoman lakes and wetlands from the perspective of management and conservation is an emerging field. Scholars have explored Ottoman strategies for managing agricultural and extractive landscapes, yet detailed investigation of socio-political responses to dynamic wetlands, particularly during periods of drastic climate shifts, requires deeper investigation. Our research on wetlands and lakes moves from the purview of waqfs (pious foundations) to the emergence of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration (OPDA). By examining the shifting perspectives of institutional authority and community responses to it from the early modern period to the nineteenth century, we discuss the complexities of wetland management in the Marmara Lake Basin within the sancak of Saruhan (contemporary Manisa) in western Anatolia. We argue that intimate knowledge of this specific ecosystem played a critical role in mitigating attempts at reclamation and land grabbing and ultimately in developing legal structures of and policies for Ottoman conservation strategies. We situate our discussion within the paradigm of environing made possible by detailed longue-durée archival narratives; these micro-histories afford a dynamic perspective into non-linear responses to ecological and political changes and provide a local lens into the scalar impacts of human agency.
从管理和保护的角度研究奥斯曼湖泊和湿地是一个新兴的领域。学者们已经探索了奥斯曼帝国管理农业和采掘景观的策略,但对动态湿地的社会政治反应的详细调查,特别是在剧烈气候变化期间,需要更深入的调查。我们对湿地和湖泊的研究从waqfs(虔诚的基金会)的范围转移到奥斯曼公共债务管理局(OPDA)的出现。通过研究从现代早期到19世纪机构权威和社区对其的反应的转变观点,我们讨论了安纳托利亚西部萨鲁汗(当代马尼萨)sancak内马尔马拉湖流域湿地管理的复杂性。我们认为,对这一特定生态系统的深入了解在减轻开垦和土地掠夺的企图以及最终为奥斯曼保护战略制定法律结构和政策方面发挥了关键作用。我们将我们的讨论置于环境的范例中,通过详细的长时间的档案叙述来实现;这些微观历史为生态和政治变化的非线性响应提供了一个动态的视角,并为人类机构的标量影响提供了一个局部的视角。
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引用次数: 0
The Birth of Hirudiculture: Parisian Medicine, Leech Farming and the Transformation of Marshland in Nineteenth-Century France 水田农业的诞生:19世纪法国的巴黎医学、水蛭养殖和沼泽地的改造
3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.3828/096734022x16384451127384
ROBERT G. W. KIRK, NEIL PEMBERTON, THIBAUT SERVIANT-FINE
This article examines health, human–animal relationships and environments within nineteenth-century France, focusing on Hirudo medicinalis , the medicinal leech. Drawing upon medical, environmental and ‘more than human histories’, we investigate how a ‘mania’ for bloodletting in the wake of Parisian medicine and what Michel Foucault has characterised as the ‘birth of the clinic’ produced a trade in leeches that threatened to push the species to extinction. While urban-educated naturalists, physicians, pharmacists, merchants and politicians worried over the scarcity of what was widely considered a commodity of national economic and medical importance, rural ‘leech gatherers’ quietly developed ways to breed leeches artificially. The outcome was hirudiculture: the farming of leeches on an industrial scale. We argue that the birth of hirudiculture was more than a practical and commercial response to the needs of medicine; it reflected and embodied similar shifts in knowledge and reveals the complex and diverse ways in which rural and urban environments, human and non-human relationships, have shaped each other in the pursuit of shared visions of health.
这篇文章考察了19世纪法国的健康、人与动物的关系和环境,重点是药用水蛭。借助医学、环境和“超越人类的历史”,我们调查了巴黎医学兴起后对放血的“狂热”,以及米歇尔·福柯(Michel Foucault)所描述的“诊所的诞生”是如何导致水蛭交易的,从而威胁到水蛭物种的灭绝。当受过城市教育的博物学家、医生、药剂师、商人和政治家担心这种被广泛认为对国家经济和医疗具有重要意义的商品的稀缺时,农村的“水蛭采集者”悄悄地开发出人工养殖水蛭的方法。其结果是农业:以工业规模养殖水蛭。我们认为,农业的诞生不仅仅是对医学需求的实际和商业反应;它反映和体现了知识方面的类似变化,并揭示了农村和城市环境、人类和非人类关系在追求共同的健康愿景时相互影响的复杂多样方式。
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引用次数: 0
From Reintroduction to Rewilding: Autonomy, Agency and the Messy Liberation of the European Bison 《从重新引进到重新放归:欧洲野牛的自治、代理和混乱的解放》
3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.3828/096734022x16552219786618
MONICA VASILE
In the age of the sixth extinction, human interventions to save endangered species have become bigger, bolder and costlier than ever. Yet, policies of species conservation have also favoured non-intervention, furthering the idea that humans have tampered too much with wildness and wilderness. This article examines a reintroduction of European Bison ( Bison bonasus , also known as wisent) into the South-Western Carpathians of Romania in the 2010s. It compares it with longer-term recovery efforts in the Białowieża forest in Poland and reveals how interventions and non-interventions have been practised in the conservation history of this species. I trace the complexities of lived reintroduction processes, both contemporary and historical. I show that practices of recovering European bison have (slowly) shifted away from a controlling approach to reintroductions inspired by livestock breeding, and towards a hands-off rewilding approach. Yet, entangled human–wildlife histories, in which management has been paramount, challenge contemporary non-intervention rewilding paradigms that advocate for the autonomy and agency of wildlife. Reintroduction managers walk a fine line between intervention and relinquishment, care and containment, permanently recalibrating human–animal relationships.
在第六次物种灭绝的时代,人类拯救濒危物种的干预比以往任何时候都更大、更大胆、更昂贵。然而,物种保护政策也倾向于不干预,这进一步加深了人类对野生环境和荒野进行了过多干预的观点。本文研究了2010年代欧洲野牛(Bison bonasus,也被称为wisent)重新引入罗马尼亚西南部喀尔巴阡山脉的情况。它将其与波兰Białowieża森林的长期恢复工作进行了比较,并揭示了在该物种的保护历史中如何实施干预和不干预。我追溯了当代和历史上生活重新引入过程的复杂性。我指出,恢复欧洲野牛的做法已经(慢慢地)从控制方法转向受牲畜繁殖启发的重新引入方法,并转向不干涉的放养方法。然而,错综复杂的人类与野生动物的历史,其中管理是至关重要的,挑战了当代倡导野生动物自治和代理的非干预式野生化范式。放归管理人员在干预和放归、照顾和收容之间走得很好,永久地重新校准人与动物的关系。
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引用次数: 0
ESEH Notepad: Reflections on Legacies, Failures, and Successes ESEH记事本:对遗产、失败和成功的反思
IF 1.1 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.3197/096734023x16869924234796
M. Armiero
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引用次数: 0
Sean Nixon, Passions for Birds: Science, Sentiment and Sport 肖恩·尼克松,《对鸟类的热情:科学、情感和运动》
IF 1.1 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.3197/096734023x16869924234660
A. I. Queiroz
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引用次数: 0
Victor Seow, Carbon Technocracy: Energy Regimes in Modern East Asia 《碳技术统治:现代东亚的能源体制》
3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.3197/096734023x16869924234778
Clarence Hatton-Proulx
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引用次数: 0
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