Pub Date : 2023-11-12DOI: 10.1080/14639947.2023.2269334
Donna Lynn Brown
ABSTRACTMany Buddhist teachers in North America teach forgiveness: an attitude of non-anger not conditional on wrongdoers repairing their wrongs. Classical Buddhist texts and premodern Buddhist cultures also taught forgiveness: the act of reconciling after wrongdoers repaired wrongs. This article describes traditional Buddhist forgiveness processes, analyses how new processes to forgive arose in North America, and outlines the current state of Buddhist forgiveness teachings there. It shows that the predominant way North American Buddhists now teach forgiveness is new. It developed in the 1970–1990 period and incorporates non-Buddhist discourses. In addition to clarifying what forgiveness has long been in Buddhism and how, in North America, changes to that occurred, the article notes the frequent absence, among academic scholars and Buddhists alike, of awareness concerning (a) the replacement of longstanding Buddhist teachings on forgiveness by new teachings; (b) the predominantly non-Buddhist sources of the new teachings; and (c) the impact on victims, wrongdoers, relationships, and communities of the new teachings. The article contributes to scholarship on Buddhist ethics, forgiveness in Buddhism, and the development and hybridisation of Buddhism in North America.KEYWORDS: North American BuddhismBuddhist modernismBuddhist ethicstraditionhybridisationwrongdoingforgivenessreconciliationpurification Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Forgiveness has not been addressed by one long-time scholar of Buddhist ethics, Damien Keown, nor has it appeared in the Journal of Buddhist Ethics. Scholarly examinations of forgiveness in Buddhism include an early effort by Charles Hallisey, who describes Buddhist forgiveness as a combination of compassion and patience (Citation2001, 21–22). Peter Harvey, in his Introduction to Buddhist Ethics, also mentions it, first connecting it to forbearance, then noting that it is generally conditional on acknowledging faults and resolving not to repeat them, with the Mahāyāna adding a requirement for apology (Citation2000, 246–248). More recently, a scholarly series, Philosophy of Forgiveness, includes a chapter on Buddhism in Volume I (Citation2016), and two chapters in Volume III (Citation2019). In Volume I, Christopher Ketcham defines forgiveness in Buddhism as a ‘unilateral letting go of anger’. He differentiates forgiveness according to whether those facing wrongs are enlightened or unenlightened; in his view, only the unenlightened offer forgiveness. It is replaced, in enlightened beings, by unconditional compassion. This is, first, because the enlightened do not get angry, but also because they do not judge right and wrong (Citation2016, 245, 258, 270, 273). In Volume III, Sinkwan Cheng describes forgiveness in Buddhism as ‘giving up of one’s illusory fixation on a past deed … giving up one’s own claim … by giving up the illusions of self, other, and defilement’.
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Pub Date : 2023-11-07DOI: 10.1080/14639947.2023.2269333
Ampere A. Tseng
ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to examine the meditation practices of Chinese Buddhists during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on their motivation and activities, and the health benefits derived from meditation. Initially, the article delves into the motivations driving Chinese Buddhists to practise meditation. Subsequently, it explores the meditation-related activities undertaken by Chinese Buddhists. The article also investigates the role of faith in fostering resilience within the Chinese Buddhist community by exploring the medical benefits of meditation, with special emphasis on its effectiveness in alleviating health issues stemming from the COVID-19 outbreak. This article reveals that the motivation for practising meditation arises from the aspiration to attain enlightenment in accordance with Buddhist teachings and that the meditation-related activities not only spread across major Chinese Buddhist communities worldwide but also serve as a source of solace for followers grappling with the challenges posed by the pandemic. Additionally, the article provides strong evidence to support that meditation-based interventions have positive effects on mental and physical health problems caused by the pandemic.KEYWORDS: Buddhist meditationChinese BuddhistsCOVID-19 pandemicmedical benefitsonline interventiononline mindfulnessspiritual motivation Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.Notes1. For accuracy of translation and context, a Chinese translation is given when a specific Sanskrit or English term first appears in this article. In the case of Chinese translations or Chinese documents written before 1955, Traditional Chinese characters 繁體字 are used. Hanyu pinyin 漢語拼音 is used to transcribe Chinese names, place names, and terms.2. The bodhisattva path is the way of enlightenment pursued by Chinese Buddhists to attain enlightenment for the sake of all sentient beings (not only for self-interest but also for others’ interests) by embracing wisdom (to direct the mind to enlightenment) and compassion (concern for others).3. With few exceptions, Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures are cited according to their Chinese translations in the Taishō tripiṭaka (1934). For the convenience of readers, the author adds the Chinese sūtra names, e.g. 大寶積經, followed by the volume number in the Taishō tripiṭaka (T) and the text number (n) in parentheses, e.g., (T11n0310). The associated texts cited in this article are all based on the CBETA (Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association, Taipei, Taiwan) version, available at https://cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw/zh/.4. Nirvaṇa is the ultimate state of release from the cycle of rebirth to the end of suffering.Additional informationNotes on contributorsAmpere A. TsengAmpere A. Tseng is a Director and Professor Emeritus at Arizona State University (Tempe, USA). He received his PhD from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1978. In recent years, he has become interested in conducting
摘要本文旨在考察中国佛教徒在新冠肺炎疫情期间的冥想实践，重点关注他们的动机和活动，以及冥想带来的健康益处。文章首先探讨了促使中国佛教徒禅修的动机。随后，探讨了中国佛教徒所从事的与冥想有关的活动。本文还通过探索冥想的医疗益处，调查了信仰在培养中国佛教界韧性方面的作用，特别强调了它在缓解COVID-19爆发引发的健康问题方面的有效性。这篇文章揭示了练习冥想的动机是根据佛教教义获得启示的愿望，与冥想相关的活动不仅在全球主要的中国佛教社区传播，而且还为应对疫情带来的挑战的追随者提供了安慰。此外，文章还提供了强有力的证据，支持以冥想为基础的干预措施对大流行造成的身心健康问题具有积极影响。关键词:佛教冥想中国佛教covid -19大流行医疗福利在线干预在线正念精神动机披露声明作者未报告潜在利益冲突。为了翻译的准确性和上下文，当特定的梵语或英语术语首次出现在本文中时，将给出中文翻译。对于1955年以前的中文翻译或中文文件，使用繁体字。汉语拼音用于抄写中国的名字、地名和术语。菩萨道是中国佛教徒所追求的觉悟之道，通过智慧(引导思想走向觉悟)和慈悲(关心他人)，为一切众生(不仅为自己的利益，也为他人的利益)而达到觉悟。除了少数例外，梵文佛经都是根据《大典》tripiṭaka(1934)的中文翻译引用的。为方便读者，作者在括号中添加了中文名称sūtra，如:《大书》tripiṭaka (T)的卷号和文本号(n)，如:(T11n0310)。本文引用的相关文本均基于CBETA(中华佛教电子文本协会，台北，台湾)版本，可在https://cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw/zh/.4上获得。Nirvaṇa是从轮回轮回到痛苦终结的终极解脱状态。作者简介sampere a . Tseng是美国亚利桑那州立大学(Tempe, USA)的董事和名誉教授。他于1978年获得佐治亚理工学院博士学位。近年来，他对佛教素食主义领域的研究，以及全球大乘佛教徒的形象和实践产生了兴趣。截至2022年8月，他发表了200篇期刊文章，谷歌h指数为42分，i10指数为115分。他拥有9项美国专利，并发表了200多次受邀研讨会或主题演讲。最近，他编辑了专著《探索亚洲大乘佛教徒的生活和教义》，由纽约新星科学出版社于2020年10月出版。先后被清华大学(新竹)、台湾科技大学(台北)、布尔诺理工大学(捷克)、河南大学(开封)聘为讲座教授。他被国立台湾大学(台北)和国立成功大学(台南)授予国家研究委员会教授。他还被清华大学(北京)、上海交通大学和中国科学技术大学(合肥)授予客座教授(在他被任命时，没有一所大学向外国人授予主席或教授职位)。
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Pub Date : 2023-11-07DOI: 10.1080/14639947.2023.2269332
Chien-Te Lin
ABSTRACTThe core teaching of Buddhism revolves around understanding and alleviating suffering. Since the purpose of international humanitarian law (IHL) is to minimise suffering during armed conflict, by protecting the innocent and restricting the means and methods of warfare, Buddhists should support IHL. In this paper, I try not to utilise the Buddha’s well-known teachings such as karma, impermanence, non-self, emptiness, compassion and so on, to explain why Buddhists should support IHL. Instead, I present how and why Buddhism underlines the importance of secular ethics, indicating that humanity comes first for Buddhism, which would be the main reason for Buddhists to support IHL. Buddhist monks such as Yinshun and the 14th Dalai Lama view common humanity, conventional morality and inner values as the grounds for Buddhism. An enhancement of humanity and the promotion of morality are also part of the way of Buddhist practice. Viewed from a humanistic perspective, Buddhism may endorse all laws, rules, and regulations that are in the best interest of the public and align with values such as peace, freedom, equality, justice, benevolence, and more, regardless of whether they are applied internationally or domestically. Buddhism upholds IHL for similar reasons.KEYWORDS: IHLthe Buddhist theory of the two-truthscommon humanitysecular ethicsthe 14th Dalai LamaVen. Yinshun Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.Notes1. IHL is a set of rules designed to limit the effects of armed conflict for humanitarian reasons. It restricts the methods and means of warfare and protects persons who are not or are no longer participating in the fight. It is part of international law and contained in agreements between states but does not regulate whether a state may actually use force. It is governed by an important part of international law set out in the United Nations Charter. For a comprehensive introduction to IHL, including its history, scope of application, implementation, and enforcement, see Nils Melzer (Citation2016). Also see Bartles-Smitha et al. (Citation2021) for the pilot introduction of IHL and its interface with Buddhism.2. The syllogism may assume an alternative form such as: Premise 1: Buddhism lends support to regulations that are conducive to well-being. Premise 2: IHL embodies such wholesome regulations. Conclusion: Buddhism’s endorsement extends to IHL.3. The example of Chinese Buddhism incorporating the significance of filial piety (xiaoshun 孝順), as emphasised in Confucianism, serves as an illustration.4. Da Zhidu Lun大智度論 is a text that interprets the teachings of The Mahāprajñāpāramitā Sūtra and has had a significant impact on the development of Chinese Buddhist philosophy. The text is traditionally attributed to Nāgārjuna and was translated into Chinese by Kumārajīva in the fourth century (although some contemporary scholars have raised questions about its authorship).5. The original Chinese:「佛法非但佛口說者是，
【摘要】佛教的核心教义是理解和减轻痛苦。由于国际人道法的目的是通过保护无辜者和限制战争的手段和方法，尽量减少武装冲突期间的痛苦，佛教徒应该支持国际人道法。在本文中，我尽量不利用佛陀众所周知的教义，如因果报应、无常、无我、空性、慈悲等等，来解释为什么佛教徒应该支持国际人道法。相反，我将介绍佛教如何以及为何强调世俗伦理的重要性，并指出佛教将人性放在首位，这将是佛教徒支持国际人道法的主要原因。像银顺和十四世达赖喇嘛这样的佛教僧侣把共同的人性、传统的道德和内在的价值作为佛教的基础。提高人性和促进道德也是佛教修行之道的一部分。从人道主义的角度来看，佛教可能赞同所有符合公众利益的法律、法规和条例，并与和平、自由、平等、正义、仁慈等价值观相一致，无论这些法律、法规和条例是在国际上还是在国内适用。佛教也出于类似的原因支持国际人道法。关键词:佛教两真论共同人性世俗伦理十四世达赖喇嘛银顺披露声明作者未报告潜在利益冲突。国际人道法是一套旨在出于人道原因限制武装冲突影响的规则。它限制作战方法和手段，并保护不参加或不再参加战斗的人。它是国际法的一部分，包含在国家间的协议中，但并不规定一个国家是否可以实际使用武力。它受《联合国宪章》所载国际法的一个重要部分的管辖。有关国际人道法的全面介绍，包括其历史、适用范围、实施和执行，请参见Nils Melzer (Citation2016)。另见Bartles-Smitha等人(Citation2021)对国际人道法的试点介绍及其与佛教的结合。三段论可以采用另一种形式，如:前提1:佛教支持有利于福祉的法规。前提2:国际人道法体现了这些有益健康的规则。结论:佛教的背书延伸到了IHL.3。中国佛教融入了儒家所强调的孝顺的重要性，这就是一个例子。《大知都论》是一部解释Mahāprajñāpāramitā Sūtra教义的文本，对中国佛教哲学的发展产生了重大影响。传统上认为该文本出自Nāgārjuna，并在四世纪由Kumārajīva翻译成中文(尽管一些当代学者对其作者提出了质疑)。原中国:“佛法非但佛口說者是,一切世間真實善語,微妙好語,皆出佛法中。(CBETA, T25, no。1509, p. 66, b . 4)。Satyasiddhiśāstra (Citation2016)是由哈里瓦曼撰写，Kumārajīva()在四世纪翻译的文本。它说明了佛教的空性理论(Śūnyatā)，揭示了佛陀教导的真理和现实。Satyasiddhiśāstra在中国古代佛教中很流行，并导致了中国佛教学派的形成(成氏宗)。原中国:“一切世間所有善語皆是佛說”(CBETA, T32,没有。1646, p. 243, c . 5)。五戒是戒杀生、戒偷盗、戒奸淫、戒说谎、戒醉酒的承诺。十善是建立在五戒基础上的道德行为。他们可以分为三个部分:身体(不杀人，偷窃或通奸);口头的(不说谎，不闲聊，不诽谤);和精神(没有贪婪，仇恨，或无知)。释(citation1998,221 - 224)称其为“十行菩萨”。这些有争议的伦理和法律问题可能不得不使用诡辩或基于案例的推理，而不是基于原则的推理。诡辩是一种案例推理方法，用于处理涉及道德困境的案例，特别是在应用伦理学(如生命伦理学)的讨论中。参见Jonsen和Toulmin (Citation1990)获取更多信息。《佛法》137 (Citation2000)说，对手无寸铁的人施暴，对无辜的人施暴的人，很快就会因业力而遭受苦难。有越来越多的学者从佛教的角度来看待战争(参见Jerryson和Juergensmeyer引文，2010)，包括关于为捍卫佛法而战的战争概念的辩论。参见加菲德的引言(引文19959,298)，了解Nāgārjuna的论点，即如果没有传统真理的前提，就不可能理解最终真理的意义，而实现解放则需要对最终真理的理解。
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Pub Date : 2023-09-21DOI: 10.1080/14639947.2023.2251962
Yinying Cai
ABSTRACTThe research purpose is to investigate the influence of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism on Chinese folklore vocals and their elements in modern music. The research methodology is based on descriptive, comparative, interpretative and statistical analysis (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient). The analysis of the folk vocals of each thematic group among 110 folk songs of the Shi Jing supports the argument that Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism had the greatest influence on the vocals. During the analysis, it was determined that folk songs about love (0.942) and songs themed around nature (0.917) exhibit the most pronounced influence on their potential utilisation in the performance of popular compositions. The findings indicated that 75% of the folk vocal compositions with nature-related themes demonstrated discernible influences from Buddhism. The research findings have enabled the identification of exemplary renditions of the folkloric composition ‘Czo-yui’ from the ‘Book of Changes’, adeptly adapted to contemporary motifs, which were achieved at a notably high level within respondent groups #1 (7.2), #4 (7.4) and #5 (7.1). These commendable outcomes are attributed to the preservation of harmonious tonality, precise intonation and artistic expression during the performance process.KEYWORDS: Aesthetic valuesfolkloreintonation motifsmusical culturephilosophical traditionsthe Shi Jing Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.Data availability statementData will be made available on request.Ethics approvalThe research was conducted ethically in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. The research was approved by the local ethics committees of Zhejiang Normal University.Additional informationFundingExploration on the hybrid teaching of modern educational technology online and traditional education offline in colleges and universities, No. 220605618130352.Notes on contributorsYinying CaiYinying Cai is an associate professor at the Academy of Music, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China. Interests include Chinese culture, folk music and philosophy.
{"title":"The Influence of the Ideas of Confucianism with the Ideas of Taoism and Buddhism on Chinese Folk Vocals: On the Example of the Performance of Songs from the Shi Jing (Book of Songs)","authors":"Yinying Cai","doi":"10.1080/14639947.2023.2251962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2023.2251962","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe research purpose is to investigate the influence of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism on Chinese folklore vocals and their elements in modern music. The research methodology is based on descriptive, comparative, interpretative and statistical analysis (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient). The analysis of the folk vocals of each thematic group among 110 folk songs of the Shi Jing supports the argument that Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism had the greatest influence on the vocals. During the analysis, it was determined that folk songs about love (0.942) and songs themed around nature (0.917) exhibit the most pronounced influence on their potential utilisation in the performance of popular compositions. The findings indicated that 75% of the folk vocal compositions with nature-related themes demonstrated discernible influences from Buddhism. The research findings have enabled the identification of exemplary renditions of the folkloric composition ‘Czo-yui’ from the ‘Book of Changes’, adeptly adapted to contemporary motifs, which were achieved at a notably high level within respondent groups #1 (7.2), #4 (7.4) and #5 (7.1). These commendable outcomes are attributed to the preservation of harmonious tonality, precise intonation and artistic expression during the performance process.KEYWORDS: Aesthetic valuesfolkloreintonation motifsmusical culturephilosophical traditionsthe Shi Jing Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.Data availability statementData will be made available on request.Ethics approvalThe research was conducted ethically in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. The research was approved by the local ethics committees of Zhejiang Normal University.Additional informationFundingExploration on the hybrid teaching of modern educational technology online and traditional education offline in colleges and universities, No. 220605618130352.Notes on contributorsYinying CaiYinying Cai is an associate professor at the Academy of Music, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China. Interests include Chinese culture, folk music and philosophy.","PeriodicalId":45708,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Buddhism","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136136567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.1080/14639947.2023.2242074
Xuefei Shi, Hang Li
{"title":"Chinese Buddhism in Africa: The Entanglement of Religion, Politics and Diaspora","authors":"Xuefei Shi, Hang Li","doi":"10.1080/14639947.2023.2242074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2023.2242074","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45708,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Buddhism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43406531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-21DOI: 10.1080/14639947.2023.2243125
B. Van Overmeire
{"title":"Journeys of Transformation: Searching for No-Self in Western Buddhist Travel Narratives","authors":"B. Van Overmeire","doi":"10.1080/14639947.2023.2243125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2023.2243125","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45708,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Buddhism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46846554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-12DOI: 10.1080/14639947.2023.2214335
Liyong Zhang
{"title":"Chinese Religious Funeral Paperwork Entombed with the Tomb Owner","authors":"Liyong Zhang","doi":"10.1080/14639947.2023.2214335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2023.2214335","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45708,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Buddhism","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42341914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-31DOI: 10.1080/14639947.2023.2208026
Blayne K. Harcey
{"title":"Restoring Lumbinī: Theravāda Buddhism and Heritage on the Nepal Frontier","authors":"Blayne K. Harcey","doi":"10.1080/14639947.2023.2208026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2023.2208026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45708,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Buddhism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47497429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-08DOI: 10.1080/14639947.2023.2185065
Rafal K. Stepien
{"title":"Buddhism and Its Religious Others: Historical Encounters and Representations","authors":"Rafal K. Stepien","doi":"10.1080/14639947.2023.2185065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2023.2185065","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45708,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Buddhism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48728695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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