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Individuals as Subjects of International Law 个人作为国际法的主体
Q4 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2008-03-04 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.1101693
M. Janis
Legal positivism has long provided the usual theory for comprehending international law. The typical positivist definition of international law is grounded on a subject-based differentiation between international and municipal rules. Positivism views international law as a set of rules with states as its subjects. Municipal law is thought of as pertaining to individuals who are subjects of a single state. This Article rejects the positivist subject based approach to international law and calls for a definition of the discipline that recognizes individuals as subjects of international law. This Article is divided into three parts. First, it briefly reviews the development of the positivist theory of international law. Second, it tests the subject-based approach against some realities of international practice and shows that international law actually has long involved individual rights and obligations. Finally, it suggests that a different, albeit older, theoretical foundation for international law may be a better way to encompass individuals as subjects of international law.
长期以来,法律实证主义一直是理解国际法的常用理论。典型的实证主义国际法定义是建立在区分国际法和国内法的主体基础之上的。实证主义认为国际法是一套以国家为主体的规则。市政法被认为与属于单一国家的个人有关。本文反对实证主义的以主体为基础的国际法研究方法,并呼吁对承认个人为国际法主体的学科进行定义。本文共分为三个部分。首先,简要回顾了实证主义国际法理论的发展历程。第二,它以国际实践的一些现实来检验主体本位主义,表明国际法实际上早就涉及个人的权利和义务。最后,它表明,一种不同的、尽管较古老的国际法理论基础可能是将个人纳入国际法主体的更好方法。
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引用次数: 18
Another Kind of Justice: Transitional Justice as Recognition 另一种正义:作为承认的过渡正义
Q4 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2007-01-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.1458308
F. Haldemann
What criteria of justice should guide societies emerging from mass atrocity? This question lies at the heart of the ongoing debate on 'Transitional Justice.' It has become commonplace in mainstream Transitional Justice discourse to speak as though we were presented with an either/or choice: retributive or restorative justice? In arguing that this is a false antithesis, this essay elaborates on the idea of 'justice as recognition' — the kind of justice that is involved in recognizing the victims of massive wrongs, and thereby acknowledging their human and civic worth. This argument is developed through a series of critical engagements with recent works in moral and political theory that are representative of a general shift away from an exclusive concern with a 'politics of distribution,' focused on the just distribution of social goods, toward a 'politics of recognition,' focused on the reduction of humiliation and moral cruelty. Drawing on the ideas of social and political thinkers such as Axel Honneth and Avishai Margalit, this analysis sets out to construe transitional justice as a moral, political and legal project of recognition that puts victims and their negative experiences of injury and humiliation at its center. In formulating this project, it identifies two levels at which recognition may operate. While the first level focuses on an understanding of crime as interpersonal conflict, the second level concerns the inherently political nature of large-scale instances of evil. The strategy pursued here is to argue for an integrative approach that encompasses both aspects of recognition.
从大规模暴行中崛起的社会应该遵循什么样的正义标准?这个问题是正在进行的关于“过渡时期司法”的辩论的核心。在主流的过渡正义话语中,似乎我们面临着一个非此即彼的选择:报应性正义还是恢复性正义?在论证这是一个错误的对立时,这篇文章详细阐述了“正义作为承认”的概念——这种正义涉及到承认大规模错误的受害者,从而承认他们的人性和公民价值。这一论点是通过对近期道德和政治理论著作的一系列批判性接触而发展起来的,这些著作代表了一种普遍的转变,即从专注于社会物品的公正分配的“分配政治”,转向专注于减少羞辱和道德残酷的“承认政治”。借鉴阿克塞尔·霍内斯(Axel Honneth)和阿维沙·马加里特(Avishai Margalit)等社会和政治思想家的思想,这一分析开始将过渡时期的司法解释为一种道德、政治和法律上的承认项目,将受害者及其伤害和羞辱的负面经历置于其中心。在制定这个项目时,它确定了可能在两个层面上进行认可。第一个层次侧重于将犯罪理解为人际冲突,而第二个层次则关注大规模邪恶事件的内在政治性质。本文所追求的策略是主张一种包含两个方面的认知的综合方法。
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引用次数: 41
Iraq’s Constitution: A Drafting History 伊拉克宪法:起草历史
Q4 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2007-01-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.3068137
A. Deeks, M. Burton
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引用次数: 25
Errors and Missteps: Key Lessons the Iraqi Special Tribunal Can Learn from the ICTY, ICTR and SCSL 错误和过失:伊拉克特别法庭可从前南问题国际法庭、卢旺达问题国际法庭和特别法庭吸取的主要教训
Q4 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2005-09-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.804607
M. Scharf, Ahran Kang
In a few months, the trial of Saddam Hussein and other former Iraqi regime leaders will begin before the Iraqi Special Tribunal (IST). The IST is a unique "internationalized-domestic tribunal" whose Statute and Rules of Procedure are modeled upon the UN-created Yugoslavia War Crimes Tribunal (ICTY), Rwanda Genocide Tribunal (ICTR), and the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), but whose judges are all Iraqis and whose courtroom is in Baghdad. There is much the IST can learn both from the successes and missteps of the ICTY, ICTR, and SCSL; many of the issues that will arise in the trials of Saddam Hussein and other Ba'ath party leaders have been tested in the real-world judicial laboratory of the three ad hoc tribunals. This article thus analyzes the experience of the ICTY, ICTR, and SCSL with respect to the following ten questions: (1) What is the most effective prosecutorial strategy for the trial of Saddam Hussein; (2) How should the IST handle challenges to its legitimacy; (3) Must the IST permit Saddam Hussein to act as his own lawyer; (4) should the IST televise its proceedings; (5) should the IST employ international trial observers; (6) what steps should the IST take to protect witnesses; (7) should the IST employ plea bargaining; (8) should the IST employ a hearsay rule; (9) should the IST take judicial notice of certain historic facts; and (10) how should the IST handle some of the unique defenses that are often raised in war crimes trials such as the tu quoque (you also) defense.
几个月后,伊拉克特别法庭将开始审判萨达姆·侯赛因和其他前伊拉克政权领导人。国际刑事法庭是一个独特的“国际化-国内法庭”,其规约和程序规则以联合国设立的南斯拉夫战争罪行法庭(ICTY)、卢旺达种族灭绝法庭(ICTR)和塞拉利昂特别法庭(SCSL)为蓝本,但其法官均为伊拉克人,法庭设在巴格达。国际法庭可以从前南问题国际法庭、卢旺达问题国际法庭和南苏丹特别法庭的成功和失误中学到很多东西;在对萨达姆·侯赛因和其他复兴党领导人的审判中出现的许多问题,已经在三个特设法庭的现实司法实验室中得到了检验。因此,本文分析了前南问题国际法庭、卢旺达问题国际法庭和特别法庭在下列十个问题方面的经验:(1)审判萨达姆·侯赛因的最有效的起诉战略是什么;(2)科技界应如何应对对其合法性的挑战;(3)法庭必须允许萨达姆·侯赛因担任自己的律师吗?(四)法院是否应当对其诉讼程序进行电视转播;(五)国际法庭是否应聘请国际审判观察员;(六)法庭应采取哪些措施保护证人;(七)法院是否应采用辩诉交易;(8)是否应采用传闻证据规则;(9)科技法庭是否应当对某些历史事实进行司法注意;(10)国际刑事法庭应该如何处理一些在战争罪审判中经常出现的独特辩护,比如“你也是”辩护。
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引用次数: 7
The Law and Politics of Contemporary Transitional Justice 当代过渡时期司法的法律与政治
Q4 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195394948.003.0007
Ruti G. Teitel
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引用次数: 54
Global Criminal Justice: An Idea Whose Time Has Passed 全球刑事司法:一个过时的理念
Q4 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI: 10.4324/9781315254081-10
J. Rabkin
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引用次数: 19
Theory in Search of Practice: The Right of Innocent Passage in the Territorial Sea 寻求实践的理论:领海无害通过权
Q4 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-33192-1_4
K. Agyebeng
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引用次数: 19
Misapplied ethical considerations: U.S. federal stem cell mandates lack global focus and market foresight. 误用伦理考虑:美国联邦干细胞法规缺乏全球关注和市场远见。
Q4 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2004-01-01
Heather L Fowler
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引用次数: 0
Limiting attacks on dual-use facilities performing indispensable civilian functions 限制攻击具有不可或缺民用功能的两用设施
Q4 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2002-12-01 DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198767626.003.0015
H. Shue, D. Wippman
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引用次数: 23
The Role of Reciprocity in International Law 互惠在国际法中的作用
Q4 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2002-04-12 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.307141
F. Parisi, Nita Ghei
International public law, in a Hobbesian sense, exists in a state of nature - there is no overarching legal authority to enforce agreements. Inevitably, reciprocity has become an important element in the body of existing law. This paper explores the role of reciprocity in the context of the law of nations. This paper draws on earlier work to characterize certain types of interactions between countries in a game-theoretic framework. We then consider the types of games where reciprocity constraints would yield an optimal outcome, and when such constraints would be ineffective, in the context of examples from international law. No external reciprocity constraint is necessary to achieve the Pareto optimum when the interests of all players coincide, as in a Common Interest game. In such a case, the reciprocity condition is termed structural. We find that different types of external reciprocity constraints are effective in Prisoner's Dilemma and Divergent Preference (Battle of the Sexes) games. Induced reciprocity, which eliminates the off-diagonal options is sufficient to get the players out of Prisoner's Dilemma. Stochastic reciprocity, based on the concept of role reversibility, can result in cooperation in a repeat Divergent Preference game. Reciprocity constraints are not effective in achieving cooperation in fixed sum games, or in what we term Unilateral games, where one player has a dominant strategy, regardless of what the other player does, and each player's dominant strategy could differ. We examine a number of areas of international law, including the law on the Continental Shelf, the GATT regime, the Law of the Sea and the CTBT to analyze the role of reciprocity. In view of the prevalence of reciprocity in the major sources of international law - treaties, custom and generalized principles - we conclude that, despite the occasional failure, as in the case of the CTBT, reciprocity is a meta-rule in international law.
在霍布斯的意义上,国际公法存在于一种自然状态中——没有至高无上的法律权威来执行协议。互惠不可避免地成为现行法律体系的重要组成部分。本文探讨了国际法背景下互惠的作用。本文借鉴了早期的工作,在博弈论框架下描述了国家之间某些类型的相互作用。然后,我们以国际法为例,考虑互惠约束产生最佳结果的游戏类型,以及这种约束何时无效。当所有参与者的利益一致时,就像在共同利益博弈中一样,达到帕累托最优是不需要外部互惠约束的。在这种情况下,互易条件被称为结构条件。我们发现不同类型的外部互惠约束在囚徒困境和分歧偏好(性别之战)博弈中是有效的。诱导互惠,它消除了非对角线选项,足以让玩家摆脱囚徒困境。基于角色可逆性概念的随机互惠可以在重复的分歧偏好博弈中导致合作。在固定和博弈或单边博弈中,互惠约束在实现合作方面是无效的,在单边博弈中,一个参与者有一个优势策略,而不管另一个参与者做什么,每个参与者的优势策略可能不同。我们研究了国际法的一些领域,包括大陆架法、关贸总协定制度、海洋法和全面禁试条约,以分析互惠的作用。鉴于互惠原则在国际法的主要渊源——条约、习惯和广义原则——中普遍存在,我们得出的结论是,尽管偶尔会出现失败,就像《全面禁试条约》的情况一样,互惠原则是国际法中的元规则。
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引用次数: 39
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CORNELL INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL
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