This paper explores the role of iconicity in spoken language and other human communication systems. First, we concentrate on graphical and gestural communication and show how semantically motivated iconic signs play an important role in creating such communication systems from scratch. We then consider how iconic signs tend to become simplified and symbolic as the communication system matures and argue that this process is driven by repeated interactive use of the signs. We then consider evidence for iconicity at the level of the system in graphical communication and finally draw comparisons between iconicity in graphical and gestural communication systems and in spoken language.
{"title":"Iconicity: From sign to system in human communication and language","authors":"N. Fay, Mark Ellison, S. Garrod","doi":"10.1075/PC.22.2.05FAY","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/PC.22.2.05FAY","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the role of iconicity in spoken language and other human communication systems. First, we concentrate on graphical and gestural communication and show how semantically motivated iconic signs play an important role in creating such communication systems from scratch. We then consider how iconic signs tend to become simplified and symbolic as the communication system matures and argue that this process is driven by repeated interactive use of the signs. We then consider evidence for iconicity at the level of the system in graphical communication and finally draw comparisons between iconicity in graphical and gestural communication systems and in spoken language.","PeriodicalId":45741,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics & Cognition","volume":"22 1","pages":"244-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1075/PC.22.2.05FAY","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59060237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we seek an inferential and cognitive model explaining some characteristics of abduction to composite hypotheses. In the first section, we introduce the matter of composite hypotheses, stressing how it is coherent with the intuitive and philosophical contention that a single event can be caused not only by several causes acting together, but also by several kinds of causation. In the second section, we argue that gossip could serve as an interesting model to study the generation of composite hypotheses at a larger scale: several characteristics of gossip (for instance its being diluted over time and its collaborative dimension) make it extremely prone to produce composite hypotheses considering different levels of causation. In the third and final section, we try to illustrate some specificities of abduction to composite hypotheses for individual agents basing on the analysis of collective agents.
{"title":"Gossip as a model of inference to composite hypotheses","authors":"T. Bertolotti, L. Magnani","doi":"10.1075/PC.22.3.02BER","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/PC.22.3.02BER","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we seek an inferential and cognitive model explaining some characteristics of abduction to composite hypotheses. In the first section, we introduce the matter of composite hypotheses, stressing how it is coherent with the intuitive and philosophical contention that a single event can be caused not only by several causes acting together, but also by several kinds of causation. In the second section, we argue that gossip could serve as an interesting model to study the generation of composite hypotheses at a larger scale: several characteristics of gossip (for instance its being diluted over time and its collaborative dimension) make it extremely prone to produce composite hypotheses considering different levels of causation. In the third and final section, we try to illustrate some specificities of abduction to composite hypotheses for individual agents basing on the analysis of collective agents.","PeriodicalId":45741,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics & Cognition","volume":"22 1","pages":"309-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1075/PC.22.3.02BER","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59060392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although researchers have paid much attention to the journey metaphor (e.g., Forceville, 2006a, 2011a, 2011b; Forceville & Jeulink, 2011), little seems known about its role for moral political cognition. Using data from the US and UK public discourses on the Euro crisis as an example, this paper draws on Lakoff’s (1996) Moral Politics Theory, demonstrating that the journey metaphor can play a crucial role for political cognition, and especially for moral political judgment.
{"title":"The JOURNEY metaphor and moral political cognition","authors":"A. Abdel-Raheem","doi":"10.1075/PC.22.3.06ABD","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/PC.22.3.06ABD","url":null,"abstract":"Although researchers have paid much attention to the journey metaphor (e.g., Forceville, 2006a, 2011a, 2011b; Forceville & Jeulink, 2011), little seems known about its role for moral political cognition. Using data from the US and UK public discourses on the Euro crisis as an example, this paper draws on Lakoff’s (1996) Moral Politics Theory, demonstrating that the journey metaphor can play a crucial role for political cognition, and especially for moral political judgment.","PeriodicalId":45741,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics & Cognition","volume":"22 1","pages":"373-401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1075/PC.22.3.06ABD","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59060722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper features a critical review of the book Politeness and Audience Response in Chinese-English Subtitling . A brief introduction of the book’s content is given first, followed by a critical appraisal on merits and loopholes in the book. Furthermore, some interdisciplinary amendments — based on House’s (1998) comprehensive politeness theory and Lakoff’s (1987) embodiment concept — are put forward to remedy the loopholes in question. It is argued that covert translation works better in subtitling for it is compatible with different social norms at the micro level and universally explanative politeness maxims at the macro level. Another issue discussed in this paper is the pretextual influence on audience interpretation. Pretextual influence — or embodiment system which we render more pertinent in cognitive interpretation practice — can barely be mitigated in the audience’s interpretation. Given the audience’s potential misunderstanding derived from access to various pretextual experiences, the translator may as well transfer the right implications underneath paralinguistic behaviors to the subtitling in domesticalized terms.
{"title":"The cognitive pragmatics of subtitling","authors":"C. Xie, Sheng You, Xiaoying Wu","doi":"10.1075/PC.22.3.07XIE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/PC.22.3.07XIE","url":null,"abstract":"This paper features a critical review of the book Politeness and Audience Response in Chinese-English Subtitling . A brief introduction of the book’s content is given first, followed by a critical appraisal on merits and loopholes in the book. Furthermore, some interdisciplinary amendments — based on House’s (1998) comprehensive politeness theory and Lakoff’s (1987) embodiment concept — are put forward to remedy the loopholes in question. It is argued that covert translation works better in subtitling for it is compatible with different social norms at the micro level and universally explanative politeness maxims at the macro level. Another issue discussed in this paper is the pretextual influence on audience interpretation. Pretextual influence — or embodiment system which we render more pertinent in cognitive interpretation practice — can barely be mitigated in the audience’s interpretation. Given the audience’s potential misunderstanding derived from access to various pretextual experiences, the translator may as well transfer the right implications underneath paralinguistic behaviors to the subtitling in domesticalized terms.","PeriodicalId":45741,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics & Cognition","volume":"22 1","pages":"402-420"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1075/PC.22.3.07XIE","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59060918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to the Common Ground account proposed by Stalnaker (2002, 2009), speakers involved in a verbal interaction have different propositional attitudes towards presuppositions. In this paper we propose an experimental study aimed at estimating the psychological plausibility of the Stalnakerian model. In particular, the goal of our experiment is to evaluate variations in accepting as appropriate a sentence that triggers a presupposition, where different attitudes are taken towards the presupposition required. The study conducted suggests that if a speaker has the attitude of belief towards the content of a presupposition, she may evaluate an utterance as more appropriate in a shorter time than in cases where she holds an attitude of presumption or of assumption . Therefore, data collected support the psychological soundness of what might be considered the main, but also most debated, theory of presupposition on the market.
{"title":"Propositional attitudes towards presuppositions","authors":"Filippo Domaneschi, E. Carrea, A. Greco, C. Penco","doi":"10.1075/PC.22.3.01DOM","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/PC.22.3.01DOM","url":null,"abstract":"According to the Common Ground account proposed by Stalnaker (2002, 2009), speakers involved in a verbal interaction have different propositional attitudes towards presuppositions. In this paper we propose an experimental study aimed at estimating the psychological plausibility of the Stalnakerian model. In particular, the goal of our experiment is to evaluate variations in accepting as appropriate a sentence that triggers a presupposition, where different attitudes are taken towards the presupposition required. The study conducted suggests that if a speaker has the attitude of belief towards the content of a presupposition, she may evaluate an utterance as more appropriate in a shorter time than in cases where she holds an attitude of presumption or of assumption . Therefore, data collected support the psychological soundness of what might be considered the main, but also most debated, theory of presupposition on the market.","PeriodicalId":45741,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics & Cognition","volume":"22 1","pages":"291-308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1075/PC.22.3.01DOM","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59060381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Participants in cognitive psychology experiments on reasoning and problem solving are commonly sequestered: Efforts are made to impoverish the physical context in which the problem is presented, decoupling people from the richer and modifiable environment that naturally instantiates it outside the lab. Sense-making activities are constrained, but this conforms to the strong internalist and individualist commitments implicit to these research efforts: Cognition reflects internal computations and the scientists’ toils must focus on the individual and what she is thinking, decoupled from the world. We contrast this position with one that identifies cognition as the product of a cognitive system that is configured and enacted by, minimally, an agent and the world in which she is embedded. We review work on the psychology of hypothesis testing and problem solving and argue that refocusing research efforts on the dynamic agent-environment couplings that generate cognitive products — such as a problem representation, a hypothesis or a problem solution — offers a much richer set of methodological opportunities to unveil how people actually think outside the cognitive psychologist’s laboratory. We conclude by exploring the ontological implications of a systemic perspective on cognition.
{"title":"Diagrams, jars, and matchsticks: A systemicist’s toolkit","authors":"F. Vallée‐Tourangeau, G. Vallée-Tourangeau","doi":"10.1075/PC.22.2.02VAL","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/PC.22.2.02VAL","url":null,"abstract":"Participants in cognitive psychology experiments on reasoning and problem solving are commonly sequestered: Efforts are made to impoverish the physical context in which the problem is presented, decoupling people from the richer and modifiable environment that naturally instantiates it outside the lab. Sense-making activities are constrained, but this conforms to the strong internalist and individualist commitments implicit to these research efforts: Cognition reflects internal computations and the scientists’ toils must focus on the individual and what she is thinking, decoupled from the world. We contrast this position with one that identifies cognition as the product of a cognitive system that is configured and enacted by, minimally, an agent and the world in which she is embedded. We review work on the psychology of hypothesis testing and problem solving and argue that refocusing research efforts on the dynamic agent-environment couplings that generate cognitive products — such as a problem representation, a hypothesis or a problem solution — offers a much richer set of methodological opportunities to unveil how people actually think outside the cognitive psychologist’s laboratory. We conclude by exploring the ontological implications of a systemic perspective on cognition.","PeriodicalId":45741,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics & Cognition","volume":"22 1","pages":"187-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1075/PC.22.2.02VAL","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59060172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel C. Burnston, Benjamin Sheredos, A. Abrahamsen, W. Bechtel
We explore the crucial role of diagrams in scientific reasoning, especially reasoning directed at developing mechanistic explanations of biological phenomena. We offer a case study focusing on one research project that resulted in a published paper advancing a new understanding of the mechanism by which the central circadian oscillator in Synechococcus elongatus controls gene expression. By examining how the diagrams prepared for the paper developed over the course of multiple drafts, we show how the process of generating a new explanation vitally involved the development and integration of multiple versions of different types of diagrams, and how reasoning about the mechanism proceeded in tandem with the development of the diagrams used to represent it.
{"title":"Scientists’ use of diagrams in developing mechanistic explanations: A case study from chronobiology","authors":"Daniel C. Burnston, Benjamin Sheredos, A. Abrahamsen, W. Bechtel","doi":"10.1075/PC.22.2.04BUR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/PC.22.2.04BUR","url":null,"abstract":"We explore the crucial role of diagrams in scientific reasoning, especially reasoning directed at developing mechanistic explanations of biological phenomena. We offer a case study focusing on one research project that resulted in a published paper advancing a new understanding of the mechanism by which the central circadian oscillator in Synechococcus elongatus controls gene expression. By examining how the diagrams prepared for the paper developed over the course of multiple drafts, we show how the process of generating a new explanation vitally involved the development and integration of multiple versions of different types of diagrams, and how reasoning about the mechanism proceeded in tandem with the development of the diagrams used to represent it.","PeriodicalId":45741,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics & Cognition","volume":"22 1","pages":"224-243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1075/PC.22.2.04BUR","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59060183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Tylén, Riccardo Fusaroli, Johanne S. Bjørndahl, J. Rączaszek-Leonardi, S. Østergaard, F. Stjernfelt
Many types of everyday and specialized reasoning depend on diagrams: we use maps to find our way, we draw graphs and sketches to communicate concepts and prove geometrical theorems, and we manipulate diagrams to explore new creative solutions to problems. The active involvement and manipulation of representational artifacts for purposes of thinking and communicating is discussed in relation to C.S. Peirce’s notion of diagrammatical reasoning. We propose to extend Peirce’s original ideas and sketch a conceptual framework that delineates different kinds of diagram manipulation: Sometimes diagrams are manipulated in order to profile known information in an optimal fashion. At other times diagrams are explored in order to gain new insights, solve problems or discover hidden meaning potentials. The latter cases often entail manipulations that either generate additional information or extract information by means of abstraction. Ideas are substantiated by reference to ethnographic, experimental and historical examples.
{"title":"Diagrammatic reasoning: Abstraction, interaction, and insight","authors":"K. Tylén, Riccardo Fusaroli, Johanne S. Bjørndahl, J. Rączaszek-Leonardi, S. Østergaard, F. Stjernfelt","doi":"10.1075/PC.22.2.06TYL","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/PC.22.2.06TYL","url":null,"abstract":"Many types of everyday and specialized reasoning depend on diagrams: we use maps to find our way, we draw graphs and sketches to communicate concepts and prove geometrical theorems, and we manipulate diagrams to explore new creative solutions to problems. The active involvement and manipulation of representational artifacts for purposes of thinking and communicating is discussed in relation to C.S. Peirce’s notion of diagrammatical reasoning. We propose to extend Peirce’s original ideas and sketch a conceptual framework that delineates different kinds of diagram manipulation: Sometimes diagrams are manipulated in order to profile known information in an optimal fashion. At other times diagrams are explored in order to gain new insights, solve problems or discover hidden meaning potentials. The latter cases often entail manipulations that either generate additional information or extract information by means of abstraction. Ideas are substantiated by reference to ethnographic, experimental and historical examples.","PeriodicalId":45741,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics & Cognition","volume":"22 1","pages":"264-283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1075/PC.22.2.06TYL","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59060324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
2. Prosody and humor (by Attardo, Salvatore) 4. Recognizing sarcasm without language: A cross-linguistic study of English and Cantonese (by Cheang, Henry S.) 5. Prosodic and multimodal markers of humor in conversation (by Attardo, Salvatore) 6. Prosody in spontaneous humor: Evidence for encryption (by Flamson, Thomas) 7. Formulaic jokes in interaction: The prosody of riddle openings (by Bird, Christy) 8. Verbal irony in the wild (by Bryant, Gregory A.) 9. Rich pitch: The humorous effects of deaccent and L+H* pitch accent (by Wennerstrom, Ann) 10. Does prosody play a specific role in conversational humor? (by Bertrand, Roxane) 11. Prosody of humor in Sex and the City (by Urios-Aparisi, Eduardo) 12. Index
{"title":"Prosody and humor","authors":"S. Attardo, M. Wagner, Eduardo Urios-Aparisi","doi":"10.1075/PC.19.2.01ATT","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/PC.19.2.01ATT","url":null,"abstract":"2. Prosody and humor (by Attardo, Salvatore) 4. Recognizing sarcasm without language: A cross-linguistic study of English and Cantonese (by Cheang, Henry S.) 5. Prosodic and multimodal markers of humor in conversation (by Attardo, Salvatore) 6. Prosody in spontaneous humor: Evidence for encryption (by Flamson, Thomas) 7. Formulaic jokes in interaction: The prosody of riddle openings (by Bird, Christy) 8. Verbal irony in the wild (by Bryant, Gregory A.) 9. Rich pitch: The humorous effects of deaccent and L+H* pitch accent (by Wennerstrom, Ann) 10. Does prosody play a specific role in conversational humor? (by Bertrand, Roxane) 11. Prosody of humor in Sex and the City (by Urios-Aparisi, Eduardo) 12. Index","PeriodicalId":45741,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics & Cognition","volume":"19 1","pages":"189-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2013-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1075/PC.19.2.01ATT","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59055510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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