International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine最新文献

Recently, nanoparticles have attracted attention as a preventive tool for certain infectious diseases affecting fish in aquaculture. Furthermore, freshwater fishes are frequently vulnerable to summer mass morality caused by Aeromonas bacteria. In this regard, we focused on the evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of chitosan (CNPs) and silver (AgNPs) nanoparticles against Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila. CNPs and AgNPs were prepared at a mean particle size of 9.03 and 12.8 nm and a charge equalled+36.4 and -19.3 mV for CNPs and AgNPs, respectively. A. hydrophila subsp. hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae, and Aeromonas punctata were retrieved and identified by traditional and molecular techniques. The sensitivity of the obtained bacteria to eight different antibiotic discs was also tested. The antibiotic sensitivity studies revealed the presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Aeromonas species (spp.). The bacterium that showed the highest multidrug resistance against the tested antibiotic discs was Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila. Therefore, CNPs and AgNPs were in vitro tested against the isolated bacterium and exhibited inhibition zones of 15 and 25 mm, respectively. TEM images also showed that CNPs and AgNPs had an antagonistic action against the same bacterium causing loss of architecture and bacterial death.

It is assumed that all species, including sheep, demonstrate significant variation between individuals including the characteristics of their bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). These differences may account for limited success in pre-clinical animal studies and may also impact on treatment strategies that are used within regenerative medicine. This study investigates variations between ovine MSCs (oMSCs) isolated from 13 English Mule sheep donors by studying cell viability, expansion, the cells' trilineage differentiation potential and the expression of cell surface markers. In addition to the primary objective, this article also compares various differentiation media used for the trilineage differentiation of oMSCs. In this study, a clear individual variation between the sheep donors regarding oMSCs characterization, tri-lineage differentiation potential and marker expression was effectively demonstrated. The results set out to systematically explore the ovine mesenchymal stem cell population derived from multiple donors. With this information, it is possible to start addressing the issues of personalized approaches to regenerative therapies.

The lumbar nerve distribution can differ depending on vertebral count variations among individuals of the same species. The variation in the lumbar vertebra formula and the lumbar nerve distribution in twenty adult common opossums (eight female and twelve males) was studied. Radiographs were taken to confirm vertebral identification and count. Two vertebral patterns were recognized: three specimens presented five lumbar vertebrae (5VP) and seventeen individuals presented six lumbar vertebrae (6VP). All the 6VP specimens had the same innervation pattern; however, the 5PV had three different innervation patterns (5PVa, 5VPB, and 5PVc). 5VPa and 6VP differed only in the origin of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (L2-L3 and L3, respectively). The differences among 5PVa, 5PVb, and 5VPc were seen in the iliohypogastric nerve, which was formed by L1 in 5VPa and 5VPb, and T13 in 5VPc. The ilioinguinal nerve was formed by L1-L2 in 5VPa and 5VPb, while it was formed by T13-L1 in 5VPc. The genitofemoral nerve was formed by L2-L3 in 5VPa, L2 in 5VPb, and L1-L2 in 5VPc. The cutaneous femoris lateralis was formed by L2-L3 in 5VPa and 5VPc, while it is formed only by L2 in 5VPb. The femoral and obturator nerves were formed by L3-L4 in 5VPa, and L2-L3 in 5VPb and 5VPc. The lumbosacral trunk originated from L4-L5-S1 in 5VP and L5-L6-S1 in 6VP. The data provided in this study may help understand the relationship between the spine and lumbosacral plexus variations and may find application in veterinary spine surgery.

Arterial thromboembolism (ATE) in cats usually relates to cardiogenic causes that can be diagnosed by conventional echocardiography. Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) is a new ultrasound modality with higher sensitivity. Our objective was to investigate left atrial myocardial deformation in cats with both cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic ATE and normal cats using 2D-STE. Twenty-three normal cats and 21 cats with ATE cats were recruited and performed conventional echocardiography and 2D-STE. From the results, left atrial (LA) strain and strain rate from 2D-STE were significantly decreased in cats with cardiogenic ATE (P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in non-cardiogenic ATE compared with normal cats. From the correlation test, the use of left atrial strain during the reservoir phase (LASr) could represent the overall LA deformation. The intra- and inter-observer coefficient of variation of LASr was less than 15%. The logistic regression revealed that the LASr value of less than 11% was a significant factor for the occurrence of ATE (odd ratio = 189.0, P < 0.001). In conclusion, LASr derived by 2D-STE is a repeatable and non-invasive technique to assess LA myocardial deformation in cats with ATE. By 2D-STE, impaired LA function was detected in cats with cardiogenic ATE. LASr < 11% may use as a predictor of the risk of ATE occurrence in cats.

Bats have long been associated with multiple pathogens, including viruses affecting humans such as henipaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses and coronaviruses. The alpha and beta coronaviruses genera can infect most mammalian species. Among them, betacoronavirus SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, which have caused the three major pandemics in the last two decades, have been proposed to originate in bats. In this study, 194 oral swabs from 22 bats species sampled in 19 locations of the Iberian Peninsula were analysed and characterized by three different PCR tests (coronavirus generic real-time RT-PCR, multiplex conventional PCR, and SARS-CoV-2 specific real-time RT-PCR) to detect bat coronaviruses. Screening with coronavirus generic PCR showed 102 positives out of 194 oral swabs analysed. Then, metabarcoding with multiplex PCR amplified 15 positive samples. Most of the coronaviruses detected in this study belong to alphacoronavirus (α-CoV) genus, with multiple alphacoronaviruses identified by up to five different genetic variants coexisting in the same bat. One of the positive samples identified in a Miniopterus schreibersii bat positive for the generic coronavirus PCR and the specific SARS-CoV-2 PCR was classified as betacoronavirus (-CoV) through phylogenetic analysis. These results support the rapid evolution of coronaviruses to generate new genomic potentially pathogenic variants likely through co-infection and recombination.

The use of anticoccidial drugs in broilers has led to concerns, especially the drug residues in meat and the occurrence of drug resistance. This study aimed to extract, standardize, quantify and utilize mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) containing α-mangostin as a replacement for anticoccidial drugs in broiler feed. The pericarp was acquired from different areas of Thailand and used for extraction and standardization. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated. The extract was formulated into granules, and the flowability and stability of the granules were assessed. The MPE formulation was added to the broiler feed and then fed to the broilers that were infected with Eimeria tenella. The growth rate and intestinal lesion score (post-mortem) of the broilers were assessed. The pericarp obtained passed the identification test and phytochemical analyses. The active compound, α-mangostin, was best extracted using 95% ethanol. The MPE had superior antioxidant activity compared to standard antioxidants. Granules of the extract formulated with Avicel® PH102 provided desirable flowability and stability. The broilers fed with the feed containing 500 mg/kg α-mangostin showed a similar growth rate and post-mortem lesion score compared with the control group and those that received feed containing 60 mg/kg salinomycin. Our findings demonstrated that MPE with a high content of the active compound could be developed and used in place of anticoccidial drugs in the broiler feed.

Non-conventional feeds help alleviate competition faced by the poultry industry as the prices of conventional poultry feed ingredients, are continually increasing. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of palm kernel cake (PKC) on the performance of Sasso X44 broiler chicks. Four hundred and fifty (450) unsexed 21-day-old broiler chicks of homogenous weight were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with six replicates having 15 birds per replicate. Diets comprised the control, PKC0 (basal broiler diet), PKC10 (10% PKC diet), PKC10 + E (10% PKC diet+ 0.05% enzyme), PKC20 (20% PKC diet) and PKC20 + E (20% PKC diet + 0.05% enzyme). Data were collected on feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and carcase parameters. Results revealed that birds in the PKC10 + E group obtained improved (p < 0.05) FCR compared to the control group at the grower phase. At the finisher phase, the PKC20 + E group consumed more feed (p < 0.05), which was significantly different from the other groups except for the PKC10 + E group. Average daily body weight gain was highest for birds fed PKC10 + E diet, which, was significantly different (p < 0.05) from birds fed PKC20 diet. The percent dressed weight was significantly superior [p < 0.05) for birds fed PKC10 + E and PKC10 relative to PKC20. Sasso broilers could therefore benefit from a diet partially replaced with 10% palm kernel cake incorporated with multi-blend enzyme.

Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria have recently developed antibiotic resistance to treatments for bovine mastitis, creating a serious concern for public and animal health. The objective of this study was to analyse in vitro microbicidal activity of tea tree oil, thymol and carvacrol (composed of oregano and thyme essential oils) on bacteria isolated from clinical mastitis. Field isolates and ATCC strains of the Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans genera were analysed. The agar diffusion technique was used to test bactericidal susceptibility and plate microdilution was utilized to determine the minimum inhibitory, bactericidal, and fractional inhibitory concentrations. Thymol alone and the combinations of thymol-carvacrol and thymol-TTO obtained the highest inhibition diameters for Gram-negative bacteria, while for Gram-positive bacteria and C. albicans, thymol and the combination thymol-carvacrol obtained the highest indices. TTO, thymol, and carvacrol had MIC values of 1.56-25 mg/ml, 0.05-0.4 mg/ml, and 0.02-0.2 mg/ml, respectively. CMB results for the Gram-negative and gram-positive groups were 0.39-0.78 mg/ml, and for C. albicans, 0.78-1.56 mg/ml. Results for the fractional inhibitory concentrations show that the TTO+thymol and thymol+carvacrol combinations had additive activity against groups of Gram-negative bacteria and C. albicans. These natural components, evaluated individually and in combinations, have an effectiveness above 70%.

In developing countries such as Thailand, free-ranging dogs are frequently involved in road accidents and contribute to the cost of public healthcare. Shelters play a vital role in communities because they help to control the population of unwanted and free-ranging dogs. This study aimed to investigate blood pathogen infection in sheltered dogs, as it is one of the factors contributing to animal welfare. Blood samples were randomly collected from 141 dogs from the largest shelter (approximately 400-500 dogs in total) in southern Thailand. Blood pathogens were detected using both PCR and light microscopy. Four blood pathogens were identified: Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia canis, Babesia canis vogeli, and Hepatozoon canis. No trypanosomes were detected. The incidence of blood parasite infection was 56.7% (80/141) by PCR, and 28.4% (40/141) by microscopy. E. canis was the most prevalent pathogen, accounting for 46.1% (65/141) of the cases, while multiple infections accounted for 22% (31/141) of the cases. A triple infection with E. canis, A. platys, and B. canis vogeli was observed in 5.7% (8/141) of the cases. Although PCR is far more sensitive than microscopy, it appears to have equivalent specificity. In conclusion, this study reported a high occurrence of blood pathogen infections in clinically healthy sheltered dogs. Many of them were infected with multiple pathogens and may have been infected before entering the shelter. These findings suggest that a blood test is necessary to screen dogs prior to their admission to the shelter to prevent disease transmission and enhance animal welfare.

Some studies have shown that the betel nut Areca catechu L and "binahong" leaves Anredera cordifolia (Ten) Steenis have anti-parasite and wound healing properties. This study evaluated the effect of A. catechu nut and A. cordifolia leaves powder supplementation on faecal parasite number and type, histopathology of the intestine, caecum, associated organs, some serum biochemistry, and egg production of laying hens. Twenty-four 54-week-old ISA-brown laying hens from local layer farmers were assigned randomly into 4-treatment groups: 1) without supplementation (T₀), 2) supplemented with 0.25% (T_0.25%), 3) 0.5% (T_0.5%), 4) 1.0% (T_1.0%). We carried out the supplementation for 18 days by administering A. catechu nut powder for 3-days, and subsequently, A. cordifolia leaves powder for another 3-days for 3-rounds to control the parasite larvae. Faecal parasite count and type were enumerated at the beginning and end of treatment. Egg production was recorded daily during the 18 days experiment. Blood was sampled at the end of the experiment to determine serum albumin, globulin, and transaminases. The intestinal tract, liver, and spleen samples were collected at the end of the study for histopathological examination. Faecal Ascaridia galli in control hens increased by 87.5% after 18 days of the experiment, while A. catechu nut and A. cordifolia leaves powder supplementation prevented such an increase. Supplemented hens have a better reduction of Railentina cesticillus compared to control birds. Supplementation improved intestinal and other tissue histopathology, especially in the caecum (free of erosion), improving serum albumin and transaminases without affecting egg production.