Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2019.1624299
M. Opiyo, J. Jumbe, C. Ngugi, H. Charo-Karisa
ABSTRACT Poor culture conditions in low input ponds make fish highly susceptible to infectious pathogens which lead to diseases and mortalities yet the effects of probiotics on immunity, gut microbiota and microbiological quality of fish in low input ponds are unknown. Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings (40 g) were randomly stocked at 50 fish m−3 in 1.25 m3 cages in low input ponds. The fish were fed on diets supplemented with either Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1 × 1010 CFU g−1) or Bacillus subtilis (1 × 109 CFU g−1) at six levels: Diet 0 (No probiotic); S. cerevisiae at 2 g kg−1 (Diet 1); 4 g kg−1 (Diet 2) and 6 g kg−1 (Diet 3) and B. subtilis at 5 g kg−1 (Diet 4); 10 g kg−1 (Diet 5) and 15 g kg−1 (Diet 6) for 180 days. Results indicate that hemato-immunological parameters (hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) serum protein, albumin, globulin and lysozyme activity) were significantly higher in fish fed on probiotic treated diets compared to the control (P < 0.05). On the contrary, fish fed on Diet 6 presented significantly similar Hb and globulin values compared to the control (P > 0.05). Additionally, fish fed on probiotic treated diets retained the probiotics in their guts and lower microbial load was realized in their muscle (P < 0.05). In conclusion, B. subtilis and S. cerevisiae supplementation in diets of Nile tilapia reared in low input ponds improves immunity, manipulates gut microbiota and enhances fish flesh quality.
低投入池塘养殖条件差，使鱼类极易感染传染性病原体，导致疾病和死亡，而益生菌对低投入池塘鱼类免疫力、肠道菌群和微生物质量的影响尚不清楚。尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)鱼苗(40 g)随机放养在1.25 m3网箱中，放养量为50鱼m - 3。在饲料中添加6个水平的酿酒酵母(1 × 1010 CFU g−1)或枯草芽孢杆菌(1 × 109 CFU g−1):饲料0(不添加益生菌);酿酒酵母2 g kg−1(饲料1);4 g kg−1(饲料2)和6 g kg−1(饲料3)，枯草芽孢杆菌为5 g kg−1(饲料4);10 g kg−1(饲粮5)和15 g kg−1(饲粮6)，连续180 d。结果表明，饲料中添加益生菌的鱼的血液免疫指标(血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞(RBC)、白细胞(WBC)、血清蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白和溶菌酶活性)均显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。相反，饲粮6的血红蛋白和球蛋白值与对照组显著相似(P > 0.05)。此外，饲喂益生菌饲料的鱼在肠道中保留了益生菌，在肌肉中实现了较低的微生物负荷(P < 0.05)。综上所述，在低投入池塘养殖的尼罗罗非鱼饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌和酿酒酵母可提高其免疫力，控制肠道菌群，改善鱼肉品质。
{"title":"Dietary administration of probiotics modulates non-specific immunity and gut microbiota of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in low input ponds","authors":"M. Opiyo, J. Jumbe, C. Ngugi, H. Charo-Karisa","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2019.1624299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2019.1624299","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Poor culture conditions in low input ponds make fish highly susceptible to infectious pathogens which lead to diseases and mortalities yet the effects of probiotics on immunity, gut microbiota and microbiological quality of fish in low input ponds are unknown. Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings (40 g) were randomly stocked at 50 fish m−3 in 1.25 m3 cages in low input ponds. The fish were fed on diets supplemented with either Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1 × 1010 CFU g−1) or Bacillus subtilis (1 × 109 CFU g−1) at six levels: Diet 0 (No probiotic); S. cerevisiae at 2 g kg−1 (Diet 1); 4 g kg−1 (Diet 2) and 6 g kg−1 (Diet 3) and B. subtilis at 5 g kg−1 (Diet 4); 10 g kg−1 (Diet 5) and 15 g kg−1 (Diet 6) for 180 days. Results indicate that hemato-immunological parameters (hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) serum protein, albumin, globulin and lysozyme activity) were significantly higher in fish fed on probiotic treated diets compared to the control (P < 0.05). On the contrary, fish fed on Diet 6 presented significantly similar Hb and globulin values compared to the control (P > 0.05). Additionally, fish fed on probiotic treated diets retained the probiotics in their guts and lower microbial load was realized in their muscle (P < 0.05). In conclusion, B. subtilis and S. cerevisiae supplementation in diets of Nile tilapia reared in low input ponds improves immunity, manipulates gut microbiota and enhances fish flesh quality.","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":"1 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83073464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2019.1689630
K. Abdel-moein, Hala M. Zaher
ABSTRACT Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an emerging pathogen causing serious public health threats. This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of multidrug-resistant MRSA among apparently healthy farm animals to shed the light on the potential role of these animals as a reservoir for such pathogen. For this purpose, 195 nasal swabs from apparently healthy farm animals (52 sheep, 51 goats, 47 cattle and 45 buffalo) were screened for multidrug-resistant MRSA. MRSA was isolated using a selective chromogenic medium and identified by colonial characters, Gram’s stain films, conventional biochemical tests, coagulase test, resistance to cefoxitin and amplification of nuc and mecA genes. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing profile was performed by disk diffusion method to identify multidrug-resistant MRSA. Of 195 samples, 7 yielded MRSA with an overall prevalence 3.6%, whereas the prevalence rates were 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.3% and 2.2% for sheep, goats, cattle and buffalo, respectively. All MRSA isolates were multidrug-resistant strains. The phylogenetic analysis of 2 mecA gene sequences from the obtained isolates revealed that both sequences were clustered in the same clade with those derived from human clinical cases from different countries to highlight the public health burden of such strains. The distribution of multidrug-resistant MRSA among all examined farm animal species being apparently healthy points out that farm animals could represent a potential reservoir for multidrug-resistant MRSA with public health implications.
{"title":"Occurrence of multidrug-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthy farm animals: a public health concern","authors":"K. Abdel-moein, Hala M. Zaher","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2019.1689630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2019.1689630","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an emerging pathogen causing serious public health threats. This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of multidrug-resistant MRSA among apparently healthy farm animals to shed the light on the potential role of these animals as a reservoir for such pathogen. For this purpose, 195 nasal swabs from apparently healthy farm animals (52 sheep, 51 goats, 47 cattle and 45 buffalo) were screened for multidrug-resistant MRSA. MRSA was isolated using a selective chromogenic medium and identified by colonial characters, Gram’s stain films, conventional biochemical tests, coagulase test, resistance to cefoxitin and amplification of nuc and mecA genes. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing profile was performed by disk diffusion method to identify multidrug-resistant MRSA. Of 195 samples, 7 yielded MRSA with an overall prevalence 3.6%, whereas the prevalence rates were 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.3% and 2.2% for sheep, goats, cattle and buffalo, respectively. All MRSA isolates were multidrug-resistant strains. The phylogenetic analysis of 2 mecA gene sequences from the obtained isolates revealed that both sequences were clustered in the same clade with those derived from human clinical cases from different countries to highlight the public health burden of such strains. The distribution of multidrug-resistant MRSA among all examined farm animal species being apparently healthy points out that farm animals could represent a potential reservoir for multidrug-resistant MRSA with public health implications.","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":"18 1","pages":"55 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89181850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2019.1680044
I. Hernández-Ávalos, D. Mota-Rojas, P. Mora-Medina, J. Martínez-Burnes, Alejandro Casas Alvarado, Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza, K. Lezama-García, A. Olmos-Hernández
ABSTRACT In light of the need to perform surgical techniques and the importance of animal welfare because of acute pain, the objectives of the veterinary anaesthetists are to manage muscle relaxation and adequate analgesia in order to conserve a balance in the autonomic nervous system, enhance the action of the parasympathetic system in the face of the emerging action of the sympathetic portion provoked by the surgeon, and maintain a balance among them. The aim of the present review is to describe different evaluation criteria for acute pain using unidimensional and multidimensional scales, correlating these findings to parasympathetic tone activity (PTA) and bispectral index (BIS) assessment, to conduct an objective evaluation of pain that patients (dog or cat) perceives, in order to administrate an adequate analgesic treatment in each case. In conclusion, this integral, objective evaluation will allow veterinarians – especially anaesthesiologists – to improve the management of pain in the patients.
{"title":"Review of different methods used for clinical recognition and assessment of pain in dogs and cats","authors":"I. Hernández-Ávalos, D. Mota-Rojas, P. Mora-Medina, J. Martínez-Burnes, Alejandro Casas Alvarado, Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza, K. Lezama-García, A. Olmos-Hernández","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2019.1680044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2019.1680044","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In light of the need to perform surgical techniques and the importance of animal welfare because of acute pain, the objectives of the veterinary anaesthetists are to manage muscle relaxation and adequate analgesia in order to conserve a balance in the autonomic nervous system, enhance the action of the parasympathetic system in the face of the emerging action of the sympathetic portion provoked by the surgeon, and maintain a balance among them. The aim of the present review is to describe different evaluation criteria for acute pain using unidimensional and multidimensional scales, correlating these findings to parasympathetic tone activity (PTA) and bispectral index (BIS) assessment, to conduct an objective evaluation of pain that patients (dog or cat) perceives, in order to administrate an adequate analgesic treatment in each case. In conclusion, this integral, objective evaluation will allow veterinarians – especially anaesthesiologists – to improve the management of pain in the patients.","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":"70 1","pages":"43 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77398539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2019.1637046
A. Samir, Amany Adel, A. Arafa, H. Sultan, H. A. Hussein Ahmed
ABSTRACT Since the introduction of H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus in Egypt, it became an endemic disease causing considerable economic losses in different poultry sectors especially in the presence of other secondary bacterial and viral infections. The H9N2 viruses in Egypt are in continuous evolution that needs deep analysis for their evolution pattern based on the genetic constitutions of the pathogenic determinant genes (HA, PB2, PB1, PA, and NS). In this work, samples were collected from the backyard chickens from 3 Egyptian governorates. Five selected viruses were sequenced and analyzed for the hemagglutinin gene which showed genetic relatedness to the Asian G1 lineage group B, similar to the circulating H9N2 viruses in Egypt since 2013. The sequence for PB2, PB1, PA, HA and NS genes of the selected five viruses indicate a natural re-assortment event with recent Eurasian subtypes and similar to Egyptian H9N2 virus isolated from pigeon in Egypt during 2014. The Egyptian viruses of our study possess amino acids signatures including S42, V127, L550, L672 and V504 in the internal genes NS1, PA, and PB2, of respectively of an impact on virus transmission and replication. This work indicates that the H9N2 is in continuous evolution with alarming to the reassortment occurrence.
{"title":"Molecular pathogenic and host range determinants of reassortant Egyptian low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 viruses from backyard chicken","authors":"A. Samir, Amany Adel, A. Arafa, H. Sultan, H. A. Hussein Ahmed","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2019.1637046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2019.1637046","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Since the introduction of H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus in Egypt, it became an endemic disease causing considerable economic losses in different poultry sectors especially in the presence of other secondary bacterial and viral infections. The H9N2 viruses in Egypt are in continuous evolution that needs deep analysis for their evolution pattern based on the genetic constitutions of the pathogenic determinant genes (HA, PB2, PB1, PA, and NS). In this work, samples were collected from the backyard chickens from 3 Egyptian governorates. Five selected viruses were sequenced and analyzed for the hemagglutinin gene which showed genetic relatedness to the Asian G1 lineage group B, similar to the circulating H9N2 viruses in Egypt since 2013. The sequence for PB2, PB1, PA, HA and NS genes of the selected five viruses indicate a natural re-assortment event with recent Eurasian subtypes and similar to Egyptian H9N2 virus isolated from pigeon in Egypt during 2014. The Egyptian viruses of our study possess amino acids signatures including S42, V127, L550, L672 and V504 in the internal genes NS1, PA, and PB2, of respectively of an impact on virus transmission and replication. This work indicates that the H9N2 is in continuous evolution with alarming to the reassortment occurrence.","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"10 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80351166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2019.1675287
Z. S. Ulhaq
ABSTRACT Oestradiol (E2) is known as a female reproductive hormone with pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system. Local E2 biosynthesis such as in the brain and myocardial cells have important physiological and pathophysiological roles. E2 production is catalysed by aromatase (Aro) enzyme. In teleost, two Aro isoforms are distinctly expressed in the ovary and brain. In this study, the role of brain Aro (AroB) in modulating cardiovascular system is investigated. AroB MO-mediated knockdown decreased ventricular functions. Moreover, embryos injected with AroB MO displays a sign in developing heart failure. All the effects caused by AroB MO were partially reversed by exposure to E2. Taken together, this study demonstrates the role of AroB in modulating normal cardiovascular function in zebrafish embryos.
{"title":"Brain aromatase modulates cardiac functions in embryonic zebrafish","authors":"Z. S. Ulhaq","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2019.1675287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2019.1675287","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Oestradiol (E2) is known as a female reproductive hormone with pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system. Local E2 biosynthesis such as in the brain and myocardial cells have important physiological and pathophysiological roles. E2 production is catalysed by aromatase (Aro) enzyme. In teleost, two Aro isoforms are distinctly expressed in the ovary and brain. In this study, the role of brain Aro (AroB) in modulating cardiovascular system is investigated. AroB MO-mediated knockdown decreased ventricular functions. Moreover, embryos injected with AroB MO displays a sign in developing heart failure. All the effects caused by AroB MO were partially reversed by exposure to E2. Taken together, this study demonstrates the role of AroB in modulating normal cardiovascular function in zebrafish embryos.","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":"28 1","pages":"31 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82568143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.13188/2325-4645.1000043
S. Lendzele
This study was designed to identify the landing preference sites of common hematophagous symbovine Dipterans and relate it to the FMD shedding sites. Three sets of zebu Goudali (from the DFG-COBE project herd) of different colors (black, brown and white) of same ages were restrained to sticks. Observations were made in October/November 2016 (seven days consecutively) and January 2017 (7days consecutively). Data from literature on FMDV infectious doses (TCID50/ml) shedding areas in clinical cases was used to map such sites on cattle and associate it to the landing predilection sites of hematophagous dipterous insects. The total number of observed biting insects on cattle was 26779 and the following fly-groups were identified in order of magnitude: Stomoxys (17453), culicids (8925), Simulium (293), Chrysops (74) and Tabanus (34). Chrysops preferred biting front legs. Culicids preferred biting around legs and neck. Tabanus preferred biting around head and legs. Stomoxys preferred biting around neck and legs. The neck and legs were body parts with the highest insect-vector frequency. The alighting predilection of each insect-group differed statistically (P<0.05). From the association test, an important number of each insect group was associated to at least one of the FMD contamination spots on cattle, but Stomoxys and culicids had a higher propensity of being contaminated as compared to others based on their high landing numbers on the exposed animals. Sevidzem Silas Lendzele1,2*, Jacques François Mavoungou2,3, Zinga-Koumba Roland Christophe2,3, M’batchi Betrand4
本研究旨在确定常见的食血同牛双翅目动物的着陆偏好位点，并将其与口蹄疫的传播位点联系起来。对3只相同年龄、不同颜色(黑、棕、白)的瘤胃Goudali(来自DFG-COBE项目群)进行了棍棒约束。观测时间为2016年10月/ 11月(连续7天)和2017年1月(连续7天)。利用有关临床病例中口蹄疫病毒感染剂量(TCID50/ml)脱落区域的文献数据，在牛身上绘制这些位点，并将其与嗜血双翅虫的着陆偏好位点联系起来。在牛身上观察到的咬人昆虫总数为26779只，鉴定出的蝇类类群依次为:Stomoxys(17453只)、culicides(8925只)、Simulium(293只)、Chrysops(74只)和Tabanus(34只)。菊花喜欢咬前腿。库蠓更喜欢叮咬腿部和颈部。Tabanus喜欢咬头部和腿部。口鼻龙更喜欢咬脖子和腿。颈部和腿部是昆虫媒介频率最高的身体部位。各组昆虫对羽化的偏好差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。从关联检验来看，每个昆虫类群都有一定数量的昆虫与牛身上的至少一个口蹄疫污染点相关，但由于它们在暴露动物身上的数量较多，因此与其他昆虫类群相比，气孔虫和杀虫具有更高的被污染倾向。Sevidzem Silas lendzele1,2 *， Jacques franois mavoungou2,3, Zinga-Koumba Roland christophe2,3, M 'batchi Betrand4
{"title":"Alighting Dipterous Insects on Cattle are Associated to Contaminative Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease During Epidemics in Ngaoundere- Cameroon","authors":"S. Lendzele","doi":"10.13188/2325-4645.1000043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13188/2325-4645.1000043","url":null,"abstract":"This study was designed to identify the landing preference sites of common hematophagous symbovine Dipterans and relate it to the FMD shedding sites. Three sets of zebu Goudali (from the DFG-COBE project herd) of different colors (black, brown and white) of same ages were restrained to sticks. Observations were made in October/November 2016 (seven days consecutively) and January 2017 (7days consecutively). Data from literature on FMDV infectious doses (TCID50/ml) shedding areas in clinical cases was used to map such sites on cattle and associate it to the landing predilection sites of hematophagous dipterous insects. The total number of observed biting insects on cattle was 26779 and the following fly-groups were identified in order of magnitude: Stomoxys (17453), culicids (8925), Simulium (293), Chrysops (74) and Tabanus (34). Chrysops preferred biting front legs. Culicids preferred biting around legs and neck. Tabanus preferred biting around head and legs. Stomoxys preferred biting around neck and legs. The neck and legs were body parts with the highest insect-vector frequency. The alighting predilection of each insect-group differed statistically (P<0.05). From the association test, an important number of each insect group was associated to at least one of the FMD contamination spots on cattle, but Stomoxys and culicids had a higher propensity of being contaminated as compared to others based on their high landing numbers on the exposed animals. Sevidzem Silas Lendzele1,2*, Jacques François Mavoungou2,3, Zinga-Koumba Roland Christophe2,3, M’batchi Betrand4","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81733364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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