Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/0015587X.2022.2115721
A. Dykstra
Abstract This article deals with the relationship between men and women as expressed in the Frisian–Latin Lexicon Frisicum (1872), compiled by Joost Hiddes Halbertsma (1789–1869). The article begins with a brief outline of the Frisian language, then introduces Halbertsma and his dictionary. The main part of the article tries to draw a picture of the relationship between men and women in nineteenth-century Friesland from sample sentences in the dictionary. As expected, we clearly recognize a male-dominated society, reflecting the social division of roles. Taking a broader view, the image that emerges from the various examples is often not as specifically Frisian as one might think at first glance. Although a dictionary can provide a time- and place-bound picture of gender relationships, we must be careful about drawing firm conclusions about the ideological and moral biases of the Lexicon Frisicum and its author. What makes such conclusions even more difficult is that the dictionary was not aimed at ordinary Frisians.
{"title":"Joost Halbertsma’s 1872 Lexicon Frisicum and the Relationship between Men and Women in Nineteenth-Century Friesland","authors":"A. Dykstra","doi":"10.1080/0015587X.2022.2115721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0015587X.2022.2115721","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article deals with the relationship between men and women as expressed in the Frisian–Latin Lexicon Frisicum (1872), compiled by Joost Hiddes Halbertsma (1789–1869). The article begins with a brief outline of the Frisian language, then introduces Halbertsma and his dictionary. The main part of the article tries to draw a picture of the relationship between men and women in nineteenth-century Friesland from sample sentences in the dictionary. As expected, we clearly recognize a male-dominated society, reflecting the social division of roles. Taking a broader view, the image that emerges from the various examples is often not as specifically Frisian as one might think at first glance. Although a dictionary can provide a time- and place-bound picture of gender relationships, we must be careful about drawing firm conclusions about the ideological and moral biases of the Lexicon Frisicum and its author. What makes such conclusions even more difficult is that the dictionary was not aimed at ordinary Frisians.","PeriodicalId":45773,"journal":{"name":"FOLKLORE","volume":"19 1","pages":"190 - 203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88540549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/0015587x.2022.2139106
T. DuBois
Abstract The role of lexicographers of Davvisámegiella (North Sámi) in the historical colonization and present-day decolonization of Sámi society is examined. The careers and agendas of dictionary makers—both Sámi and non-Sámi—from the late eighteenth century until the present are surveyed, with attention to the ways they include and portray elements of folklore in their dictionaries and other works—including items of belief, traditional knowledge, and custom. Where the earliest Sámi dictionaries were intended as tools for missionaries and for the suppression of Sámi belief traditions, the dictionaries of today seek to equip users of North Sámi with the bureaucratic, professional, and cultural lexicon needed for effective functioning in modern Nordic societies, in which North Sámi has gained recognition as an official state language.
摘要:本文考察了Davvisámegiella (North Sámi)词典编纂者在Sámi社会的历史殖民化和当今非殖民化中的作用。对词典编纂者的职业和议程——Sámi和non-Sámi-from从18世纪晚期到现在——进行了调查，并注意到他们在词典和其他作品中包括和描绘民间传说元素的方式——包括信仰、传统知识和习俗。最早的Sámi词典是作为传教士的工具和对Sámi信仰传统的压制，而今天的词典则试图为North Sámi的用户提供在现代北欧社会中有效运作所需的官僚、专业和文化词汇，在北欧社会中，North Sámi已被认可为官方语言。
{"title":"Decolonizing Dictionaries: The Telling Agendas of North Sámi Dictionaries","authors":"T. DuBois","doi":"10.1080/0015587x.2022.2139106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0015587x.2022.2139106","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The role of lexicographers of Davvisámegiella (North Sámi) in the historical colonization and present-day decolonization of Sámi society is examined. The careers and agendas of dictionary makers—both Sámi and non-Sámi—from the late eighteenth century until the present are surveyed, with attention to the ways they include and portray elements of folklore in their dictionaries and other works—including items of belief, traditional knowledge, and custom. Where the earliest Sámi dictionaries were intended as tools for missionaries and for the suppression of Sámi belief traditions, the dictionaries of today seek to equip users of North Sámi with the bureaucratic, professional, and cultural lexicon needed for effective functioning in modern Nordic societies, in which North Sámi has gained recognition as an official state language.","PeriodicalId":45773,"journal":{"name":"FOLKLORE","volume":"104 1","pages":"155 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87600348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/0015587X.2023.2176993
D. Hopkin, J. Roper
Abstract Dictionaries are an unexpected, and underused, source of folklore data. In this introduction to a selection of articles addressing the virtues and peculiarities of such a repurposing of dictionaries, the authors raise some general issues and briefly sketch the wider intellectual and social historical background to the compilation of dictionaries, especially in Europe in recent centuries, that explains the presence of folkloric information. They also introduce the articles that follow.
{"title":"The Folklore Buried in Dictionaries","authors":"D. Hopkin, J. Roper","doi":"10.1080/0015587X.2023.2176993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0015587X.2023.2176993","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Dictionaries are an unexpected, and underused, source of folklore data. In this introduction to a selection of articles addressing the virtues and peculiarities of such a repurposing of dictionaries, the authors raise some general issues and briefly sketch the wider intellectual and social historical background to the compilation of dictionaries, especially in Europe in recent centuries, that explains the presence of folkloric information. They also introduce the articles that follow.","PeriodicalId":45773,"journal":{"name":"FOLKLORE","volume":"95 1","pages":"143 - 154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75002898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/0015587X.2023.2186594
J. Roper
Abstract Decades of work enabled A. M. Alcover (and subsequent collaborators) to produce a monumental dictionary of Catalan. The work is rich in folklore due to the nature of its often oral sources and presumably also due to the predilections of Alcover, a collector of folk song and, especially, folktales. In Alcover we thus have a prominent example of a lexicographer-folklorist, but he also represents another class of folklorist, particularly important historically—that of clerical folklorist. The work of clerical folklorists may be affected by two processes that serve to filter out some of the entirety of traditional culture, which seems to have happened to some extent in this project. The dictionary Alcover founded continues to be culturally important, and also has had something of a second life.
{"title":"The Catalan–Valencian–Balearic Dictionary as a Source of Folklore Data","authors":"J. Roper","doi":"10.1080/0015587X.2023.2186594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0015587X.2023.2186594","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Decades of work enabled A. M. Alcover (and subsequent collaborators) to produce a monumental dictionary of Catalan. The work is rich in folklore due to the nature of its often oral sources and presumably also due to the predilections of Alcover, a collector of folk song and, especially, folktales. In Alcover we thus have a prominent example of a lexicographer-folklorist, but he also represents another class of folklorist, particularly important historically—that of clerical folklorist. The work of clerical folklorists may be affected by two processes that serve to filter out some of the entirety of traditional culture, which seems to have happened to some extent in this project. The dictionary Alcover founded continues to be culturally important, and also has had something of a second life.","PeriodicalId":45773,"journal":{"name":"FOLKLORE","volume":"1 1","pages":"176 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88248032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0015587X.2022.2152252
O. Davies
Abstract The Old Testament account in 1 Samuel 28 of how the Woman or Witch of Endor apparently raised the spirit of the prophet Samuel has been a matter of much theological debate for many centuries. Hundreds of scholarly articles have also been written about it with regard to its significance in Biblical exegesis from late antiquity to the early modern period. Yet very little research has been done on the religious and cultural significance of the Endor story in the age of the folklorist. This lecture explores the influence of sermons and literary culture on folk beliefs, examines the theories of early folklorists and anthropologists regarding the Endor story, and charts the emergence of a positive view of the ‘Witch’.
{"title":"The Witch of Endor in History and Folklore","authors":"O. Davies","doi":"10.1080/0015587X.2022.2152252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0015587X.2022.2152252","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Old Testament account in 1 Samuel 28 of how the Woman or Witch of Endor apparently raised the spirit of the prophet Samuel has been a matter of much theological debate for many centuries. Hundreds of scholarly articles have also been written about it with regard to its significance in Biblical exegesis from late antiquity to the early modern period. Yet very little research has been done on the religious and cultural significance of the Endor story in the age of the folklorist. This lecture explores the influence of sermons and literary culture on folk beliefs, examines the theories of early folklorists and anthropologists regarding the Endor story, and charts the emergence of a positive view of the ‘Witch’.","PeriodicalId":45773,"journal":{"name":"FOLKLORE","volume":"23 1","pages":"1 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82784716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0015587X.2022.2154492
Andrew L. Giarelli
Abstract Cheyenne narrative is among the most collected and published bodies of Native American narrative. This comparative analysis of material from 1890 onwards attempts to evaluate documentation methods by considering collaborator identification and interlocutors’ own agendas. It also attempts to identify key critical approaches to Cheyenne narrative. Dividing the history of Cheyenne narrative documentation into three periods (early ethnographers, autobiography collectors, and contemporary collaborators), the analysis shows both continuances and changes in major Cheyenne narratives. Original field notes and interviews are examined to re-evaluate published material, and future documentation and analysis paths are suggested.
{"title":"Cheyenne Narrative, 1890–2020","authors":"Andrew L. Giarelli","doi":"10.1080/0015587X.2022.2154492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0015587X.2022.2154492","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cheyenne narrative is among the most collected and published bodies of Native American narrative. This comparative analysis of material from 1890 onwards attempts to evaluate documentation methods by considering collaborator identification and interlocutors’ own agendas. It also attempts to identify key critical approaches to Cheyenne narrative. Dividing the history of Cheyenne narrative documentation into three periods (early ethnographers, autobiography collectors, and contemporary collaborators), the analysis shows both continuances and changes in major Cheyenne narratives. Original field notes and interviews are examined to re-evaluate published material, and future documentation and analysis paths are suggested.","PeriodicalId":45773,"journal":{"name":"FOLKLORE","volume":"17 1","pages":"23 - 47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78043756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0015587X.2022.2154502
W. de Blécourt
Abstract Engelbert Heupers’s ‘folktales’, collected in the 1960s, form the second largest collection in the Netherlands. Although they relate to ‘superstition’, they should be regarded as fragments of oral history, albeit on legendary subjects, rather than legends, or even memorates. They were told as genuine memories. Especially the witchcraft texts, analysed here, referred to past events and some were corroborated by newspaper reports. Heupers’s work suffered from his supervisor’s lack of knowledge of or interest in legends. The reminiscences were influenced by press reports on witchcraft which persuaded some people to remain silent or only divulge commonplace information about the subject. There was a striking difference between Roman Catholic and Reformed Protestant interviewees. Local witchcraft texts need to be understood as a patchwork of stories which sometimes enabled the identification of a witch and a reconstruction of historical events.
{"title":"Reading Heupers: The Witchcraft Texts. An Analysis of Eight Years of Oral Interviews","authors":"W. de Blécourt","doi":"10.1080/0015587X.2022.2154502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0015587X.2022.2154502","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Engelbert Heupers’s ‘folktales’, collected in the 1960s, form the second largest collection in the Netherlands. Although they relate to ‘superstition’, they should be regarded as fragments of oral history, albeit on legendary subjects, rather than legends, or even memorates. They were told as genuine memories. Especially the witchcraft texts, analysed here, referred to past events and some were corroborated by newspaper reports. Heupers’s work suffered from his supervisor’s lack of knowledge of or interest in legends. The reminiscences were influenced by press reports on witchcraft which persuaded some people to remain silent or only divulge commonplace information about the subject. There was a striking difference between Roman Catholic and Reformed Protestant interviewees. Local witchcraft texts need to be understood as a patchwork of stories which sometimes enabled the identification of a witch and a reconstruction of historical events.","PeriodicalId":45773,"journal":{"name":"FOLKLORE","volume":"37 1","pages":"91 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80588561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0015587X.2022.2088957
Agnieszka Pieńczak, Polina B. Povetkina
Abstract In the ethnolinguistic dictionary Slavianskie drevnosti (Slavic Antiquities), the zmora—a supernatural being from Polish folklore whose main function is to try to suffocate people while they are asleep—is classified as double-souled. Nevertheless, the archives of the Polish Ethnographic Atlas and other Polish sources show that informants mention the double-souled nature of the zmora in the Polish folk tradition quite rarely. Therefore, the following questions arise: to what extent may the zmora be classified as double-souled in Polish folk tradition, and how important is this feature for characterizing the zmora? In order to answer these questions, this article briefly reviews the current understanding of the term ‘double-souled’, the main motifs that are connected with it, and the history of the formation of this term, as well as analysing examples of the double-souled zmora in Polish folklore, including their geography in the context of other manifestations of soul dualism in Polish folk tradition.
{"title":"The Polish Nightmare Being (Zmora) and the Problem with Defining the Category of Supernatural Double-Souled Beings","authors":"Agnieszka Pieńczak, Polina B. Povetkina","doi":"10.1080/0015587X.2022.2088957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0015587X.2022.2088957","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the ethnolinguistic dictionary Slavianskie drevnosti (Slavic Antiquities), the zmora—a supernatural being from Polish folklore whose main function is to try to suffocate people while they are asleep—is classified as double-souled. Nevertheless, the archives of the Polish Ethnographic Atlas and other Polish sources show that informants mention the double-souled nature of the zmora in the Polish folk tradition quite rarely. Therefore, the following questions arise: to what extent may the zmora be classified as double-souled in Polish folk tradition, and how important is this feature for characterizing the zmora? In order to answer these questions, this article briefly reviews the current understanding of the term ‘double-souled’, the main motifs that are connected with it, and the history of the formation of this term, as well as analysing examples of the double-souled zmora in Polish folklore, including their geography in the context of other manifestations of soul dualism in Polish folk tradition.","PeriodicalId":45773,"journal":{"name":"FOLKLORE","volume":"5 1","pages":"73 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75259778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0015587X.2022.2093966
Dorian Jurić
Abstract This article traces the history of scholarly analysis of the South Slavic vila. By asking a simple question, ‘where does the vila live?’, I return to that scholarship to weed out problematic older theories and clarify historical conjecture. I offer a refinement of the analysis of origin by returning to the art and assertions of nineteenth- and twentieth-century peasant storytellers, singers, and other tradition-bearers.
{"title":"Where Does the Vila Live? Returning to a Simple Question","authors":"Dorian Jurić","doi":"10.1080/0015587X.2022.2093966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0015587X.2022.2093966","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article traces the history of scholarly analysis of the South Slavic vila. By asking a simple question, ‘where does the vila live?’, I return to that scholarship to weed out problematic older theories and clarify historical conjecture. I offer a refinement of the analysis of origin by returning to the art and assertions of nineteenth- and twentieth-century peasant storytellers, singers, and other tradition-bearers.","PeriodicalId":45773,"journal":{"name":"FOLKLORE","volume":"41 1","pages":"48 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75723121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0015587X.2022.2104518
M. Quirk
Abstract This article considers the Australian ‘bunyip’, a cryptid that has captured the colonial imagination since the European invasion. In doing so, the article will track the transformation of the creature through the invasion of Australia, and subsequently raise concerns regarding the application of an ‘apolitical’ bricolage in cases of myths translated across knowledge systems, especially in the context of colonialism. It considers the relationship between cryptozoology and the natural sciences, as well as the origins of the bunyip within Indigenous cosmologies. Ultimately, this article demonstrates the transformation of the bunyip from Indigenous contexts to its current position as a pseudoscientific cryptid.
{"title":"From Banib to Bunyip: Tracking Bricolage and Knowledge Systems in Colonized Aboriginal Spirituality","authors":"M. Quirk","doi":"10.1080/0015587X.2022.2104518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0015587X.2022.2104518","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article considers the Australian ‘bunyip’, a cryptid that has captured the colonial imagination since the European invasion. In doing so, the article will track the transformation of the creature through the invasion of Australia, and subsequently raise concerns regarding the application of an ‘apolitical’ bricolage in cases of myths translated across knowledge systems, especially in the context of colonialism. It considers the relationship between cryptozoology and the natural sciences, as well as the origins of the bunyip within Indigenous cosmologies. Ultimately, this article demonstrates the transformation of the bunyip from Indigenous contexts to its current position as a pseudoscientific cryptid.","PeriodicalId":45773,"journal":{"name":"FOLKLORE","volume":"42 1","pages":"111 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91131303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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