Pub Date : 2022-11-02DOI: 10.1080/0023656X.2023.2173729
Héctor González Pérez
ABSTRACT In the aftermath of the Franco dictatorship, a pole of workers’ militancy was forged in the city of Gijón around a critical current of Comisiones Obreras, the main Spanish trade union, called the Corriente de Izquierdas (Left Current). This group of workers was the driving force behind some of the most important conflicts of the new democracy, including a strike of strict solidarity that lasted almost three months. Expelled from their union in 1982, the Corriente Sindical de Izquierdas became the main reference point for radical trade unionism in Asturias. Despite its small size and limited presence, for forty years it has been at the forefront of many of the most notorious and agonising conflicts against the deindustrialisation of the city and the region, with trade union methods characterised by their radicalism, but above all, by their strong commitment to solidarity. Such has been its trade union history that the organisation has earned a notable place in Asturian and even Spanish popular culture. Here we will review its evolution as a trade union and what have been the signs of identity that have made it possible for an admittedly small organisation to accumulate such remarkable social prominence and symbolic capital.
在佛朗哥独裁统治的余波中，围绕着西班牙主要工会“西班牙劳工委员会”(Comisiones Obreras)的一个批判潮流，即左派潮流(Corriente de Izquierdas)，在西班牙城市Gijón形成了工人战斗性的一极。这群工人是新民主主义一些最重要冲突背后的推动力量，包括持续了近三个月的严格团结罢工。1982年被驱逐出工会后，工会成为阿斯图里亚斯激进工会主义的主要参照点。尽管它的规模小，存在有限，但40年来，它一直站在反对城市和地区去工业化的许多最臭名昭著和最痛苦的冲突的最前沿，工会的方式以其激进主义为特征，但最重要的是，他们坚定地承诺团结一致。这就是它的工会历史，该组织在阿斯图里亚甚至西班牙的流行文化中赢得了显著的地位。在这里，我们将回顾它作为一个工会的演变，以及什么是身份的标志，使一个公认的小组织有可能积累如此显著的社会声望和象征性资本。
{"title":"Solidarity happens: Corriente Sindical de Izquierdas, radical trade unionism in democratic Asturias","authors":"Héctor González Pérez","doi":"10.1080/0023656X.2023.2173729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2023.2173729","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the aftermath of the Franco dictatorship, a pole of workers’ militancy was forged in the city of Gijón around a critical current of Comisiones Obreras, the main Spanish trade union, called the Corriente de Izquierdas (Left Current). This group of workers was the driving force behind some of the most important conflicts of the new democracy, including a strike of strict solidarity that lasted almost three months. Expelled from their union in 1982, the Corriente Sindical de Izquierdas became the main reference point for radical trade unionism in Asturias. Despite its small size and limited presence, for forty years it has been at the forefront of many of the most notorious and agonising conflicts against the deindustrialisation of the city and the region, with trade union methods characterised by their radicalism, but above all, by their strong commitment to solidarity. Such has been its trade union history that the organisation has earned a notable place in Asturian and even Spanish popular culture. Here we will review its evolution as a trade union and what have been the signs of identity that have made it possible for an admittedly small organisation to accumulate such remarkable social prominence and symbolic capital.","PeriodicalId":45777,"journal":{"name":"Labor History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41375463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-03DOI: 10.1080/0023656X.2022.2130214
Kyung-Pil Kim
ABSTRACT This study examines the characteristics of and changes in the Korean academic labor market and labor struggle. The strategies of three agents (government, capital, and universities) and the resulting response of labor drive the evolution of the academic labor market, which can be analyzed based on market stratification, employment status (tenured vs non-tenured and full-time vs part-time), wage level, and availability of performance-based systems. The growth of Korean universities starting in the late 1970s, forcing universities to recruit larger numbers of low wage part-time lecturers and resulting in the segmentation of the academic labor market. Following the 1987 democratization movement, part-time lecturers established organizations that called for improvements in labor conditions, but few things changed. After the 1997 financial crisis, capital and the government implemented a neoliberal agenda and the government and universities made wages flexible, and the new category of non-tenured full-time faculty started to replace tenured full-time faculty, creating a three-tiered labor market. This aggravated the hardship that part-time lecturers had faced and drove them to engage in the labor struggle. The Korean example shows that the academic labor market emerges, evolves, and changes through strategic interaction and strife among the parties involved, and reminds us of the importance of workers’ organizational capabilities and counterstrategies.
{"title":"Changes in the South Korean academic labor market and labor struggle","authors":"Kyung-Pil Kim","doi":"10.1080/0023656X.2022.2130214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2022.2130214","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examines the characteristics of and changes in the Korean academic labor market and labor struggle. The strategies of three agents (government, capital, and universities) and the resulting response of labor drive the evolution of the academic labor market, which can be analyzed based on market stratification, employment status (tenured vs non-tenured and full-time vs part-time), wage level, and availability of performance-based systems. The growth of Korean universities starting in the late 1970s, forcing universities to recruit larger numbers of low wage part-time lecturers and resulting in the segmentation of the academic labor market. Following the 1987 democratization movement, part-time lecturers established organizations that called for improvements in labor conditions, but few things changed. After the 1997 financial crisis, capital and the government implemented a neoliberal agenda and the government and universities made wages flexible, and the new category of non-tenured full-time faculty started to replace tenured full-time faculty, creating a three-tiered labor market. This aggravated the hardship that part-time lecturers had faced and drove them to engage in the labor struggle. The Korean example shows that the academic labor market emerges, evolves, and changes through strategic interaction and strife among the parties involved, and reminds us of the importance of workers’ organizational capabilities and counterstrategies.","PeriodicalId":45777,"journal":{"name":"Labor History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48145345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-03DOI: 10.1080/0023656X.2022.2133101
Xuan Zhang, Feiyang Lin, Yue Wang, Mingliang Wang
ABSTRACT In the digital economy era, researchers believe that the development of the digital economy has benefitted the labor market. However, by 2019, employment polarization was as high as 94.74% in China, and middle- and low-skilled workers faced severe employment challenges. Therefore, this study aims to explore the impact and mechanisms of the digital economy on employment polarization. To this end, data were collected from 30 Chinese provinces between 2014 and 2019. The results show that the digital economy’s development has intensified job market polarization. Technological innovation further intensifies the structural imbalances of the digital economy’s labor market, leading to employment polarization. However, the information effect and efficient government governance help alleviate the digital economy’s employment polarization. This study advances the focus on employment equity and opportunities for low-and middle-skilled employees.
{"title":"The impact of digital economy on employment polarization: an analysis based on Chinese provincial panel data","authors":"Xuan Zhang, Feiyang Lin, Yue Wang, Mingliang Wang","doi":"10.1080/0023656X.2022.2133101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2022.2133101","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the digital economy era, researchers believe that the development of the digital economy has benefitted the labor market. However, by 2019, employment polarization was as high as 94.74% in China, and middle- and low-skilled workers faced severe employment challenges. Therefore, this study aims to explore the impact and mechanisms of the digital economy on employment polarization. To this end, data were collected from 30 Chinese provinces between 2014 and 2019. The results show that the digital economy’s development has intensified job market polarization. Technological innovation further intensifies the structural imbalances of the digital economy’s labor market, leading to employment polarization. However, the information effect and efficient government governance help alleviate the digital economy’s employment polarization. This study advances the focus on employment equity and opportunities for low-and middle-skilled employees.","PeriodicalId":45777,"journal":{"name":"Labor History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44199631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-03DOI: 10.1080/0023656X.2022.2142541
Nguyen Thi Trang
ABSTRACT This study focuses on the penetration of sovereign power in regulating Vietnamese labour migration to the French colonies and Establishments in the Pacific Islands in the late 19th to mid-20th centuries. It argues that the French colonial authorities in Vietnam played an overt and directly intervening role in the labour migration system in their colonies, in contrast to the British approach, which was much more hands-off. First, this paper shows the interaction between the French colonial states to solve the labour shortage problem in the Pacific Islands under Metropolitan France’s regulations. Then, it provides a detailed account of how the French colonial government exercised its power over the inhabitants by organising, monitoring, and transforming Vietnamese migrants into docile subjects even when they were in other French colonies. Finally, this study points to some legacies of the colonial government’s migration policy for Vietnamese migrants in decolonisation. From there, it provides new insights into studying the relationship of the colonial state with migrant workers and adds more knowledge about Vietnamese indentured labourers under the domination of French colonialism.
{"title":"Vietnamese indentured labourers: The intervention of the French colonial government in regulating the flow of Vietnamese labourers to the Pacific Islands in the early twentieth century","authors":"Nguyen Thi Trang","doi":"10.1080/0023656X.2022.2142541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2022.2142541","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study focuses on the penetration of sovereign power in regulating Vietnamese labour migration to the French colonies and Establishments in the Pacific Islands in the late 19th to mid-20th centuries. It argues that the French colonial authorities in Vietnam played an overt and directly intervening role in the labour migration system in their colonies, in contrast to the British approach, which was much more hands-off. First, this paper shows the interaction between the French colonial states to solve the labour shortage problem in the Pacific Islands under Metropolitan France’s regulations. Then, it provides a detailed account of how the French colonial government exercised its power over the inhabitants by organising, monitoring, and transforming Vietnamese migrants into docile subjects even when they were in other French colonies. Finally, this study points to some legacies of the colonial government’s migration policy for Vietnamese migrants in decolonisation. From there, it provides new insights into studying the relationship of the colonial state with migrant workers and adds more knowledge about Vietnamese indentured labourers under the domination of French colonialism.","PeriodicalId":45777,"journal":{"name":"Labor History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43692783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-03DOI: 10.1080/0023656X.2022.2103526
P. Gibson
ABSTRACT Post-indenture has largely been neglected in historical examinations of Chinese indentured labour in colonial contexts. We know little about what happened to workers after their contracts expired. Through the life of one Chinese man, Chi, and his small farming community in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Illawarra, New South Wales, Australia, I consider this issue. Drawing chiefly on church and other records usually used for research into local and family history, sources in which Chi’s voice is often audible, this paper highlights a continuity between indenture and post-indenture. Indeed, Chi’s ‘freedom’ after indenture was qualified. This indicates, I argue, that further attention to post-indenture could enable us to better understand indenture itself, as a system that may have endured well beyond the expiration of the labour contract. Concentrating on the individual and small community, I also contend, holds value in this respect, as a way of further exploring the continuity between the two states, and as a means of incrementally forming a fuller picture of post-indenture in its own right.
{"title":"The post-indenture of Chi, New South Wales, Australia, 1857–1908","authors":"P. Gibson","doi":"10.1080/0023656X.2022.2103526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2022.2103526","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Post-indenture has largely been neglected in historical examinations of Chinese indentured labour in colonial contexts. We know little about what happened to workers after their contracts expired. Through the life of one Chinese man, Chi, and his small farming community in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Illawarra, New South Wales, Australia, I consider this issue. Drawing chiefly on church and other records usually used for research into local and family history, sources in which Chi’s voice is often audible, this paper highlights a continuity between indenture and post-indenture. Indeed, Chi’s ‘freedom’ after indenture was qualified. This indicates, I argue, that further attention to post-indenture could enable us to better understand indenture itself, as a system that may have endured well beyond the expiration of the labour contract. Concentrating on the individual and small community, I also contend, holds value in this respect, as a way of further exploring the continuity between the two states, and as a means of incrementally forming a fuller picture of post-indenture in its own right.","PeriodicalId":45777,"journal":{"name":"Labor History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42462686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-03DOI: 10.1080/0023656X.2022.2133100
Nina Kleinöder
ABSTRACT The article offers new insights into the business-historical perspective of German colonial railway construction in West Africa. Two archival case studies of German colonial railroad construction in Cameroon and Togo reveal the relationship and character of training and work in specific colonial contexts at the turn of the century. The case studies demonstrate that skills on construction sites went beyond mere questions of unskilled manual work or education. This article argues that, from a business-historical perspective, not only was the general (mass) availability of unskilled labour power crucial to infrastructural projects in the former German colonies, but also that was a substantial element of skill involved, ranging from literacy to the (technical) pre- and initial training of workers and craftsmen. Moreover, firms struggled to retain (semi-)skilled workers on construction sites for longer periods.
{"title":"Skilled labour in colonial economies. Recruitment, education and employment in construction companies in German colonial West Africa, c. 1902–1912","authors":"Nina Kleinöder","doi":"10.1080/0023656X.2022.2133100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2022.2133100","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The article offers new insights into the business-historical perspective of German colonial railway construction in West Africa. Two archival case studies of German colonial railroad construction in Cameroon and Togo reveal the relationship and character of training and work in specific colonial contexts at the turn of the century. The case studies demonstrate that skills on construction sites went beyond mere questions of unskilled manual work or education. This article argues that, from a business-historical perspective, not only was the general (mass) availability of unskilled labour power crucial to infrastructural projects in the former German colonies, but also that was a substantial element of skill involved, ranging from literacy to the (technical) pre- and initial training of workers and craftsmen. Moreover, firms struggled to retain (semi-)skilled workers on construction sites for longer periods.","PeriodicalId":45777,"journal":{"name":"Labor History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43976008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-03DOI: 10.1080/0023656X.2022.2130215
Yizheng Zou
ABSTRACT This study aims to reveal the labor–management conflicts within the South China Morning Post (SCMP) in the early 20th century, which resulted in complex social turmoil. As a result of decreasing racial discrimination and the provision of a fair working environment, SCMP striking workers, during the company’s developmental period, became its stakeholders and protectors until the Japanese takeover of the newspaper. During the Great Strike of 1925–1926, Chinese workers unexpectedly supported the company, which not only survived the crisis but also helped stabilize the British colony of Hong Kong. Additionally, a series of solutions for Chinese workers and the SCMP’s management were proposed to promote the growth and development of Chinese media personnel, form a stable company management and organizational structure, and make the SCMP a commercial success. This success was also aimed at ensuring the newspaper played a role in the status, influence, and social identity of Hong Kong Chinese people, and the development of Hong Kong society. The study also examines how the English-language media became powerful and contributed to the rise of the status and influence of Chinese leadership in Hong Kong society.
{"title":"Managing strikes and racial issues in the South China Morning Post","authors":"Yizheng Zou","doi":"10.1080/0023656X.2022.2130215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2022.2130215","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study aims to reveal the labor–management conflicts within the South China Morning Post (SCMP) in the early 20th century, which resulted in complex social turmoil. As a result of decreasing racial discrimination and the provision of a fair working environment, SCMP striking workers, during the company’s developmental period, became its stakeholders and protectors until the Japanese takeover of the newspaper. During the Great Strike of 1925–1926, Chinese workers unexpectedly supported the company, which not only survived the crisis but also helped stabilize the British colony of Hong Kong. Additionally, a series of solutions for Chinese workers and the SCMP’s management were proposed to promote the growth and development of Chinese media personnel, form a stable company management and organizational structure, and make the SCMP a commercial success. This success was also aimed at ensuring the newspaper played a role in the status, influence, and social identity of Hong Kong Chinese people, and the development of Hong Kong society. The study also examines how the English-language media became powerful and contributed to the rise of the status and influence of Chinese leadership in Hong Kong society.","PeriodicalId":45777,"journal":{"name":"Labor History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47026567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-03DOI: 10.1080/0023656X.2022.2139362
Xiaotao Li, Richel L. Lamadrid, Li Zhou
ABSTRACT A new business model for ride-hailing was born due to the sharing economy. With the rapid development of the ride-hailing market, labour relations in the ride-hailing industry revealed numerous issues that need to be addressed immediately. With China as the context, this study seeks to answer four questions: How can labour rights be promoted and protected in the ride-hailing industry? How can labour remuneration be balanced? How can workers be safeguarded? How can labour disputes be avoided? Over 20 drivers from the online ride-hailing industry in China were interviewed for the study’s primary data. This information is processed using the grounded theory to produce a novel ‘Harmonious Labour Relations’ model (also known as the ‘HLR’ model or the ‘RRSD’ model). The model provides an explanatory framework to understand labour rights and interests, labour compensation, labour safety, and labour disputes in the online ride-hailing industry. Our findings offer significant implications for the government’s effort to regulate the ride-hailing market and manage ride-hailing businesses. Furthermore, our study paves the way for future research on labour and industrial relations in the global ride-hailing industry.
{"title":"Labour relations in the online ride-hailing industry: evidence from China","authors":"Xiaotao Li, Richel L. Lamadrid, Li Zhou","doi":"10.1080/0023656X.2022.2139362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2022.2139362","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A new business model for ride-hailing was born due to the sharing economy. With the rapid development of the ride-hailing market, labour relations in the ride-hailing industry revealed numerous issues that need to be addressed immediately. With China as the context, this study seeks to answer four questions: How can labour rights be promoted and protected in the ride-hailing industry? How can labour remuneration be balanced? How can workers be safeguarded? How can labour disputes be avoided? Over 20 drivers from the online ride-hailing industry in China were interviewed for the study’s primary data. This information is processed using the grounded theory to produce a novel ‘Harmonious Labour Relations’ model (also known as the ‘HLR’ model or the ‘RRSD’ model). The model provides an explanatory framework to understand labour rights and interests, labour compensation, labour safety, and labour disputes in the online ride-hailing industry. Our findings offer significant implications for the government’s effort to regulate the ride-hailing market and manage ride-hailing businesses. Furthermore, our study paves the way for future research on labour and industrial relations in the global ride-hailing industry.","PeriodicalId":45777,"journal":{"name":"Labor History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45063173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-29DOI: 10.1080/0023656X.2022.2115026
Tingting Qian, Jiale Bian, Shejian Liu
ABSTRACT China’s employment policy has been continuously improved,and the employment situation has undergone tremendouschanges. Based on the economic system and typical employmentpolicy since the founding of China in 1949, this paper dividesthe employment system into five stages: the period ofplanned economic system featuring ‘unified contracting anddistribution’ (1949-1977), the period of dual-track system featuring‘three-in-one combination’ (1978-1991), the period of promoting the‘re-employment project’ (1992-2001), the period of implementingactive employment policy (2002-2011), and the period of promotinghigher quality and fuller employment (2012-present). In these fivestages, while China has made great achievements in employmentwork, the pressure still exists and the quality of employmentremains the focus of attention. Can the development of employmentpolicy improve China’s labor market? To study the effectivenessof employment policy in each stage, this paper uses two keyindicators of the unemployment rate and structural deviationdegree, then it reflects the economic effect in each stage andconcludes that the coordination degree between employment andindustrial structure is improving, but it still has a long way to go.Finally, the paper puts forward solutions to the remaining problemsand points out the direction for future employment work.
{"title":"China’s employment policy since 1949: retrospect, present, and future directions","authors":"Tingting Qian, Jiale Bian, Shejian Liu","doi":"10.1080/0023656X.2022.2115026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2022.2115026","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT China’s employment policy has been continuously improved,and the employment situation has undergone tremendouschanges. Based on the economic system and typical employmentpolicy since the founding of China in 1949, this paper dividesthe employment system into five stages: the period ofplanned economic system featuring ‘unified contracting anddistribution’ (1949-1977), the period of dual-track system featuring‘three-in-one combination’ (1978-1991), the period of promoting the‘re-employment project’ (1992-2001), the period of implementingactive employment policy (2002-2011), and the period of promotinghigher quality and fuller employment (2012-present). In these fivestages, while China has made great achievements in employmentwork, the pressure still exists and the quality of employmentremains the focus of attention. Can the development of employmentpolicy improve China’s labor market? To study the effectivenessof employment policy in each stage, this paper uses two keyindicators of the unemployment rate and structural deviationdegree, then it reflects the economic effect in each stage andconcludes that the coordination degree between employment andindustrial structure is improving, but it still has a long way to go.Finally, the paper puts forward solutions to the remaining problemsand points out the direction for future employment work.","PeriodicalId":45777,"journal":{"name":"Labor History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43448949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-21DOI: 10.1080/0023656X.2022.2111550
B. Arriaza, Damir Galaz-Mandakovic
ABSTRACT This study reviews the working conditions of the miners of Corral Quemado, near Andacollo in the Coquimbo region of northern Chile, during the extraction and processing of manganese between 1941 and 1969. The extractivism’s extraction techniques, mineral processing methods, and mining policies are presented and discussed. The poor working conditions in the mines led to significant manganese overexposure, resulting in a condition known as ‘manganese madness’ in the miners. Prolonged exposure to manganese causes several health complications that affect the central nervous system, resulting in psychomotor problems, body stiffness, involuntary movements, and facial spasms, in addition to psychological issues (compulsive behavior, emotional lability, and hallucinations, among others). Given that the negative effects of manganese poisoning, which were first reported in Europe in 1837, were already well known, the historiography and health condition of the Andacollo miners require attention. The Andacollo miners’ precarious working conditions and the manganese toxicity created lasting mining and economic issues, and left a permanent imprint on the miners’ bodies. At the time, miners’ dramatic working conditions and disabling injuries prompted a series of parliamentary petitions aimed at improving their working conditions. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Manganese mining in Corral Quemado: extractivism Processes that resulted in manganese madness among miners (Coquimbo region, Chile, 1941–1969)","authors":"B. Arriaza, Damir Galaz-Mandakovic","doi":"10.1080/0023656X.2022.2111550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2022.2111550","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study reviews the working conditions of the miners of Corral Quemado, near Andacollo in the Coquimbo region of northern Chile, during the extraction and processing of manganese between 1941 and 1969. The extractivism’s extraction techniques, mineral processing methods, and mining policies are presented and discussed. The poor working conditions in the mines led to significant manganese overexposure, resulting in a condition known as ‘manganese madness’ in the miners. Prolonged exposure to manganese causes several health complications that affect the central nervous system, resulting in psychomotor problems, body stiffness, involuntary movements, and facial spasms, in addition to psychological issues (compulsive behavior, emotional lability, and hallucinations, among others). Given that the negative effects of manganese poisoning, which were first reported in Europe in 1837, were already well known, the historiography and health condition of the Andacollo miners require attention. The Andacollo miners’ precarious working conditions and the manganese toxicity created lasting mining and economic issues, and left a permanent imprint on the miners’ bodies. At the time, miners’ dramatic working conditions and disabling injuries prompted a series of parliamentary petitions aimed at improving their working conditions. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":45777,"journal":{"name":"Labor History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43986032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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