Pub Date : 1996-07-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290448
Lü Wangshi
The so-called phenomenon of reverse pressure on budgets refers to some unhealthy socioeconomic factors that weaken the administrative and legal authority in budget implementation, erode revenue sources, and solidify the scope and direction of budgetary expenditure. All this forms multidirectional forces and mechanisms that are more powerful than the so-called soft budget constraints and have contributed to the present financial predicament in China.
{"title":"Reverse Pressure on Budgets and Proposed Solutions","authors":"Lü Wangshi","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475290448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475290448","url":null,"abstract":"The so-called phenomenon of reverse pressure on budgets refers to some unhealthy socioeconomic factors that weaken the administrative and legal authority in budget implementation, erode revenue sources, and solidify the scope and direction of budgetary expenditure. All this forms multidirectional forces and mechanisms that are more powerful than the so-called soft budget constraints and have contributed to the present financial predicament in China.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":"29 1","pages":"48-52"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-05-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290347
Huang Ni
The rapid development and enormous contributions of the economic zones, as "test sites" for Comrade Deng Xiaoping's theories on building up a socialism with Chinese characteristics, a "window" for reform and opening up, are universally acknowledged; the special zones have performed noteworthy services in the course of China's reform and opening up. Since 1994, however, a large debate on "whether the special zones should continue to be special" and "how the special zones should be âspecialâ " has been drawing universal attention. This is the third large debate to emerge since the founding of the special economic zones. The first one took place in the early 1980s, and revolved mainly around the question, "Should One Go Ahead with the Special Zones?" The second discussion, in the mid-1980s, revolved mainly around the question, "Is It Possible to Do a Good Job of Operating the Special Zones?"
{"title":"How Should the Special Zones Continue to Be \"Special\"?","authors":"Huang Ni","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475290347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475290347","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid development and enormous contributions of the economic zones, as \"test sites\" for Comrade Deng Xiaoping's theories on building up a socialism with Chinese characteristics, a \"window\" for reform and opening up, are universally acknowledged; the special zones have performed noteworthy services in the course of China's reform and opening up. Since 1994, however, a large debate on \"whether the special zones should continue to be special\" and \"how the special zones should be âspecialâ \" has been drawing universal attention. This is the third large debate to emerge since the founding of the special economic zones. The first one took place in the early 1980s, and revolved mainly around the question, \"Should One Go Ahead with the Special Zones?\" The second discussion, in the mid-1980s, revolved mainly around the question, \"Is It Possible to Do a Good Job of Operating the Special Zones?\"","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":"29 1","pages":"47-58"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CES1097-1475290347","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-05-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-147529036
Hu Ping
Over the years, the Communist Party Central Committee and the State Council have issued many important directives concerning special-zone construction and opening to the outside. And, quite recently, at a special-zone work meeting we held at Zhuhai, Premier Li Peng delivered an important speech, which has been made public in all newspapers; Vice-Premier Li Fengqing has also spoken on the issue. I do not wish to dwell on these aspects one by one. Nor do I intend to touch upon specific issues of the many practical problems pertaining to the special zones and opening to the outside, the contents of which are quite extensive, and about which all of you already know a good deal.
{"title":"Special Zone Construction and Opening to the Outside (April 19, 1996)","authors":"Hu Ping","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-147529036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-147529036","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years, the Communist Party Central Committee and the State Council have issued many important directives concerning special-zone construction and opening to the outside. And, quite recently, at a special-zone work meeting we held at Zhuhai, Premier Li Peng delivered an important speech, which has been made public in all newspapers; Vice-Premier Li Fengqing has also spoken on the issue. I do not wish to dwell on these aspects one by one. Nor do I intend to touch upon specific issues of the many practical problems pertaining to the special zones and opening to the outside, the contents of which are quite extensive, and about which all of you already know a good deal.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":"29 1","pages":"6-35"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-05-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290385
H. Zhenliang
Since the Third Plenary Session of the Party's Eleventh Congress, by opening up to the outside, we have learned and drawn upon the advanced science and technology and advanced business methods and management experience of the Western nations, enhanced foreign economic and cultural exchanges, promoted China's economic prosperity, and raised the people's material, cultural, and living standards. At the same time, however, Western capitalism's decadent ideology and culture have taken advantage of this opportunity to stream in, and the "worship-things-foreign mentality" and "worship-things-foreign phenomenon" have quietly developed and spread in some people's minds and in many domains of social life. In order to draw a line between learning advanced things from the West and worshiping things foreign, we must clarify such issues as why we should learn from the West, what we should learn from the West, and how to learn from the West in a truly enterprising fashion, drawing upon, and making use of Western advances without unduly underrating ourselves and blindly worshiping things foreign.
{"title":"Draw the Line Between Learning Advanced Things from the West and Worshiping Things Foreign","authors":"H. Zhenliang","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475290385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475290385","url":null,"abstract":"Since the Third Plenary Session of the Party's Eleventh Congress, by opening up to the outside, we have learned and drawn upon the advanced science and technology and advanced business methods and management experience of the Western nations, enhanced foreign economic and cultural exchanges, promoted China's economic prosperity, and raised the people's material, cultural, and living standards. At the same time, however, Western capitalism's decadent ideology and culture have taken advantage of this opportunity to stream in, and the \"worship-things-foreign mentality\" and \"worship-things-foreign phenomenon\" have quietly developed and spread in some people's minds and in many domains of social life. In order to draw a line between learning advanced things from the West and worshiping things foreign, we must clarify such issues as why we should learn from the West, what we should learn from the West, and how to learn from the West in a truly enterprising fashion, drawing upon, and making use of Western advances without unduly underrating ourselves and blindly worshiping things foreign.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":"29 1","pages":"85-92"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-05-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290365
Zheng Zhixiao
Ideological circles have different understandings of many issues regarding the distribution of personal income.
思想界对个人收入分配的许多问题有不同的理解。
{"title":"On the Debate Regarding the Distribution of Personal Income","authors":"Zheng Zhixiao","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475290365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475290365","url":null,"abstract":"Ideological circles have different understandings of many issues regarding the distribution of personal income.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":"29 1","pages":"65-72"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-05-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290373
L. Peilin
"Polarization" is a concept used to describe an extreme disparity between rich and poor. The main yardstick for the rich-poor gap is based on observations in two aspects: Comparisons of income levels and analyses of possession of wealth.
{"title":"Has China Become Polarized","authors":"L. Peilin","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475290373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475290373","url":null,"abstract":"\"Polarization\" is a concept used to describe an extreme disparity between rich and poor. The main yardstick for the rich-poor gap is based on observations in two aspects: Comparisons of income levels and analyses of possession of wealth.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":"29 1","pages":"73-76"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CES1097-1475290373","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-05-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290336
Zhu Tao
The following is a brief introduction to the circumstances surrounding a debate on the special zones, which emerged in the latter part of last year.
以下是去年下半年出现的特区争论的背景。
{"title":"A Brief Introduction to the Special Zones Debate","authors":"Zhu Tao","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475290336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475290336","url":null,"abstract":"The following is a brief introduction to the circumstances surrounding a debate on the special zones, which emerged in the latter part of last year.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":"29 1","pages":"36-46"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CES1097-1475290336","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-03-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290260
F. Gang
The primary purpose of this paper is not to seek some better road to reform, but to arrive at a systematic understanding of the various problems and phenomena that have emerged in the process of reform. In theory, to analyze and understand something involves nothing more or less than stripping off what lies on the surface of a subject and then boiling everything down to some fundamental essentials. The key to reforming the economic structure is the transformation of the relations of interests among people. We can, of course, use the language of the market to describe reform, in which case we would discuss issues of "supply" and "demand" in the economic system, and we can even place some kind of "price index" label on a system. Nonetheless, in the final analysis a structural reform itself is not a type of market process; rather, it belongs to the category of a "non-market choice." Therefore, we shall rely here more heavily upon a set of straightforward methods of analysis, namely those methods related to the theory of public choice. As a rule the creation of a new social economic structure on the foundations of an old structure is a greatly complex, time-consuming process, more so than the process, say, of producing the largest and most complicated aircraft carrier in the world. Therefore, we must strive our hardest to avoid [being trapped in] any "static" hypothesis. Instead, what we shall attempt to do here is to introduce a more active and developmental analysis into this study of the theory of structural reform and transformation.
{"title":"On the Reform Process","authors":"F. Gang","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475290260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475290260","url":null,"abstract":"The primary purpose of this paper is not to seek some better road to reform, but to arrive at a systematic understanding of the various problems and phenomena that have emerged in the process of reform. In theory, to analyze and understand something involves nothing more or less than stripping off what lies on the surface of a subject and then boiling everything down to some fundamental essentials. The key to reforming the economic structure is the transformation of the relations of interests among people. We can, of course, use the language of the market to describe reform, in which case we would discuss issues of \"supply\" and \"demand\" in the economic system, and we can even place some kind of \"price index\" label on a system. Nonetheless, in the final analysis a structural reform itself is not a type of market process; rather, it belongs to the category of a \"non-market choice.\" Therefore, we shall rely here more heavily upon a set of straightforward methods of analysis, namely those methods related to the theory of public choice. As a rule the creation of a new social economic structure on the foundations of an old structure is a greatly complex, time-consuming process, more so than the process, say, of producing the largest and most complicated aircraft carrier in the world. Therefore, we must strive our hardest to avoid [being trapped in] any \"static\" hypothesis. Instead, what we shall attempt to do here is to introduce a more active and developmental analysis into this study of the theory of structural reform and transformation.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":"13 1","pages":"60-95"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-03-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-147529025
Sheng Hong
Of all the former planned-economy countries, China might be the most successful in market-oriented reforms. China's GNP grew 9.4 percent per year from 1978 to 1994 (Li T., 1995). By 1994, the reform of the product market was basically completed with more than 95 percent of product prices determined by the market (Li T., 1995). The factor market is also forming. Because of the flow of labor and the development of the non-state-owned sector, labor is increasingly evaluated by the market; similarly, the value of land factor is accessed by the market because of the emergence of the real estate market, and the capital market and money market are preliminarily established through the securities market and the liberalization of trade on the foreign exchange. The output of the non-state sector amounts to 53 percent of the entire GNP (1993, estimated by Qiu Xiaohua), indicating that there has been a significant change in the institution of property rights. What is more important is that these changes have led to the amendment of the Constitution into which the term "market economy" has already been inserted.
{"title":"A Survey of the Research on the Transitional Process of Market-Oriented Reform in China","authors":"Sheng Hong","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-147529025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-147529025","url":null,"abstract":"Of all the former planned-economy countries, China might be the most successful in market-oriented reforms. China's GNP grew 9.4 percent per year from 1978 to 1994 (Li T., 1995). By 1994, the reform of the product market was basically completed with more than 95 percent of product prices determined by the market (Li T., 1995). The factor market is also forming. Because of the flow of labor and the development of the non-state-owned sector, labor is increasingly evaluated by the market; similarly, the value of land factor is accessed by the market because of the emergence of the real estate market, and the capital market and money market are preliminarily established through the securities market and the liberalization of trade on the foreign exchange. The output of the non-state sector amounts to 53 percent of the entire GNP (1993, estimated by Qiu Xiaohua), indicating that there has been a significant change in the institution of property rights. What is more important is that these changes have led to the amendment of the Constitution into which the term \"market economy\" has already been inserted.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":"29 1","pages":"5-38"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290122
Xikang Chen
The following article discusses many serious difficulties in Chinese grain production, such as shortage of arable land and water resources, over-supply of rural manpower, lack of funds, and low level of education, science, and technology. These difficulties result in a small scale of agricultural operation, high production costs, low agricultural profitability, and slow growth in grain output. After analyzing the basic international and domestic situation, the author argues that China cannot repeat the Japanese experience but should take the road of "basic self-sufficiency and gradual increase of import." The author shows that it is possible for China to avoid rapid shrinking of arable land in the course of industrialization and to maintain the stability of grain acreage over the long term, thus enabling domestic supply to basically satisfy the grain demand of 1.6 billion people in the twenty-first century. Finally, the article provides a projection of grain output and demand in China in the years 2000, 2020, and 2030. It is projected that China will gradually increase imports in the twenty-first century, reaching 55 million tons by 2030.
{"title":"Feeding One Billion A Study on China's Grain Problem in the Twenty-First Century","authors":"Xikang Chen","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475290122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475290122","url":null,"abstract":"The following article discusses many serious difficulties in Chinese grain production, such as shortage of arable land and water resources, over-supply of rural manpower, lack of funds, and low level of education, science, and technology. These difficulties result in a small scale of agricultural operation, high production costs, low agricultural profitability, and slow growth in grain output. After analyzing the basic international and domestic situation, the author argues that China cannot repeat the Japanese experience but should take the road of \"basic self-sufficiency and gradual increase of import.\" The author shows that it is possible for China to avoid rapid shrinking of arable land in the course of industrialization and to maintain the stability of grain acreage over the long term, thus enabling domestic supply to basically satisfy the grain demand of 1.6 billion people in the twenty-first century. Finally, the article provides a projection of grain output and demand in China in the years 2000, 2020, and 2030. It is projected that China will gradually increase imports in the twenty-first century, reaching 55 million tons by 2030.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":"29 1","pages":"22-41"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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