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Reverse Pressure on Budgets and Proposed Solutions 预算的反向压力和建议的解决方案
IF 2 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 1996-07-01 DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290448
Lü Wangshi
The so-called phenomenon of reverse pressure on budgets refers to some unhealthy socioeconomic factors that weaken the administrative and legal authority in budget implementation, erode revenue sources, and solidify the scope and direction of budgetary expenditure. All this forms multidirectional forces and mechanisms that are more powerful than the so-called soft budget constraints and have contributed to the present financial predicament in China.
所谓预算反向压力现象,是指一些不健康的社会经济因素削弱预算执行的行政和法律权威,侵蚀收入来源,固化预算支出的范围和方向。这些都形成了比所谓的“软预算约束”更强大的多向力量和机制,造成了中国目前的财政困境。
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引用次数: 0
Special Zone Construction and Opening to the Outside (April 19, 1996) 特区建设与对外开放(1996年4月19日)
IF 2 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 1996-05-01 DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-147529036
Hu Ping
Over the years, the Communist Party Central Committee and the State Council have issued many important directives concerning special-zone construction and opening to the outside. And, quite recently, at a special-zone work meeting we held at Zhuhai, Premier Li Peng delivered an important speech, which has been made public in all newspapers; Vice-Premier Li Fengqing has also spoken on the issue. I do not wish to dwell on these aspects one by one. Nor do I intend to touch upon specific issues of the many practical problems pertaining to the special zones and opening to the outside, the contents of which are quite extensive, and about which all of you already know a good deal.
多年来,党中央、国务院就特区建设和对外开放作出了许多重要指示。最近,我们在珠海召开的特区工作会议上,李鹏总理作了重要讲话,各大报纸都发表了这个讲话。副总理李凤清也谈到了这个问题。我不想逐一讨论这些方面。我也不打算涉及与特区和对外开放有关的许多实际问题的具体问题,这些问题的内容相当广泛,你们大家都已经很了解了。
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引用次数: 2
How Should the Special Zones Continue to Be "Special"? 特区如何继续“特别”?
IF 2 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 1996-05-01 DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290347
Huang Ni
The rapid development and enormous contributions of the economic zones, as "test sites" for Comrade Deng Xiaoping's theories on building up a socialism with Chinese characteristics, a "window" for reform and opening up, are universally acknowledged; the special zones have performed noteworthy services in the course of China's reform and opening up. Since 1994, however, a large debate on "whether the special zones should continue to be special" and "how the special zones should be âspecialâ " has been drawing universal attention. This is the third large debate to emerge since the founding of the special economic zones. The first one took place in the early 1980s, and revolved mainly around the question, "Should One Go Ahead with the Special Zones?" The second discussion, in the mid-1980s, revolved mainly around the question, "Is It Possible to Do a Good Job of Operating the Special Zones?"
特区在中国改革开放进程中发挥了重要作用。然而,自1994年以来,一场关于“特区是否应该继续特殊”和“特区应该如何特殊”的大讨论引起了普遍关注。这是自经济特区成立以来出现的第三次大规模辩论。第一次会议发生在20世纪80年代初,主要围绕着一个问题:“应该继续设立特区吗?”第二次讨论是在20世纪80年代中期,主要围绕着“特区办得好不好?”
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引用次数: 1
Draw the Line Between Learning Advanced Things from the West and Worshiping Things Foreign 在学习西方先进的东西和崇拜外国的东西之间划清界限
IF 2 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 1996-05-01 DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290385
H. Zhenliang
Since the Third Plenary Session of the Party's Eleventh Congress, by opening up to the outside, we have learned and drawn upon the advanced science and technology and advanced business methods and management experience of the Western nations, enhanced foreign economic and cultural exchanges, promoted China's economic prosperity, and raised the people's material, cultural, and living standards. At the same time, however, Western capitalism's decadent ideology and culture have taken advantage of this opportunity to stream in, and the "worship-things-foreign mentality" and "worship-things-foreign phenomenon" have quietly developed and spread in some people's minds and in many domains of social life. In order to draw a line between learning advanced things from the West and worshiping things foreign, we must clarify such issues as why we should learn from the West, what we should learn from the West, and how to learn from the West in a truly enterprising fashion, drawing upon, and making use of Western advances without unduly underrating ourselves and blindly worshiping things foreign.
党的十一届三中全会以来,我们通过对外开放,学习和借鉴了西方国家先进的科学技术、先进的经营方法和管理经验,加强了对外经济文化交流,促进了中国经济的繁荣,提高了人民的物质文化和生活水平。但与此同时,西方资本主义的腐朽思想文化也乘势而入,“拜洋心态”和“拜洋现象”在一些人的思想和社会生活的许多领域悄然发展和蔓延。为了划清学习西方先进和崇洋媚外的界限,我们必须厘清为什么要向西方学习、向西方学习什么、如何真正进取、吸收、利用西方先进而不过分低估自己、盲目崇洋媚外等问题。
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引用次数: 0
On the Debate Regarding the Distribution of Personal Income 关于个人收入分配的争论
IF 2 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 1996-05-01 DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290365
Zheng Zhixiao
Ideological circles have different understandings of many issues regarding the distribution of personal income.
思想界对个人收入分配的许多问题有不同的理解。
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引用次数: 1
Has China Become Polarized 中国变得两极分化了吗?
IF 2 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 1996-05-01 DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290373
L. Peilin
"Polarization" is a concept used to describe an extreme disparity between rich and poor. The main yardstick for the rich-poor gap is based on observations in two aspects: Comparisons of income levels and analyses of possession of wealth.
“极化”是一个用来描述贫富之间极端差距的概念。贫富差距的主要衡量标准是基于两个方面的观察:收入水平的比较和财富占有的分析。
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引用次数: 7
A Brief Introduction to the Special Zones Debate 特区之争简介
IF 2 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 1996-05-01 DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290336
Zhu Tao
The following is a brief introduction to the circumstances surrounding a debate on the special zones, which emerged in the latter part of last year.
以下是去年下半年出现的特区争论的背景。
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引用次数: 2
On the Reform Process 论改革进程
IF 2 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 1996-03-01 DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290260
F. Gang
The primary purpose of this paper is not to seek some better road to reform, but to arrive at a systematic understanding of the various problems and phenomena that have emerged in the process of reform. In theory, to analyze and understand something involves nothing more or less than stripping off what lies on the surface of a subject and then boiling everything down to some fundamental essentials. The key to reforming the economic structure is the transformation of the relations of interests among people. We can, of course, use the language of the market to describe reform, in which case we would discuss issues of "supply" and "demand" in the economic system, and we can even place some kind of "price index" label on a system. Nonetheless, in the final analysis a structural reform itself is not a type of market process; rather, it belongs to the category of a "non-market choice." Therefore, we shall rely here more heavily upon a set of straightforward methods of analysis, namely those methods related to the theory of public choice. As a rule the creation of a new social economic structure on the foundations of an old structure is a greatly complex, time-consuming process, more so than the process, say, of producing the largest and most complicated aircraft carrier in the world. Therefore, we must strive our hardest to avoid [being trapped in] any "static" hypothesis. Instead, what we shall attempt to do here is to introduce a more active and developmental analysis into this study of the theory of structural reform and transformation.
本文的主要目的不是寻求更好的改革之路,而是对改革过程中出现的各种问题和现象有一个系统的认识。从理论上讲,分析和理解一件事无非是剥去表面的东西,然后把一切都归结为一些基本的要素。改革经济结构的关键是转变人民之间的利益关系。当然,我们可以用市场的语言来描述改革,在这种情况下,我们会讨论经济体系中的“供给”和“需求”问题,我们甚至可以在一个体系上贴上某种“价格指数”的标签。然而,归根结底,结构性改革本身并不是一种市场过程;相反,它属于“非市场选择”的范畴。因此,我们在这里将更多地依赖于一套直接的分析方法,即那些与公共选择理论有关的方法。一般来说,在旧结构的基础上创造一个新的社会经济结构是一个非常复杂和耗时的过程,比制造世界上最大、最复杂的航空母舰的过程还要复杂。因此,我们必须尽最大努力避免陷入任何“静态”假设。相反,我们在这里试图做的是,在结构改革与转型理论的研究中引入一种更为积极和发展的分析。
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引用次数: 3
A Survey of the Research on the Transitional Process of Market-Oriented Reform in China 中国市场化改革转型研究述评
IF 2 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 1996-03-01 DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-147529025
Sheng Hong
Of all the former planned-economy countries, China might be the most successful in market-oriented reforms. China's GNP grew 9.4 percent per year from 1978 to 1994 (Li T., 1995). By 1994, the reform of the product market was basically completed with more than 95 percent of product prices determined by the market (Li T., 1995). The factor market is also forming. Because of the flow of labor and the development of the non-state-owned sector, labor is increasingly evaluated by the market; similarly, the value of land factor is accessed by the market because of the emergence of the real estate market, and the capital market and money market are preliminarily established through the securities market and the liberalization of trade on the foreign exchange. The output of the non-state sector amounts to 53 percent of the entire GNP (1993, estimated by Qiu Xiaohua), indicating that there has been a significant change in the institution of property rights. What is more important is that these changes have led to the amendment of the Constitution into which the term "market economy" has already been inserted.
在所有前计划经济国家中,中国可能是市场导向改革最成功的国家。从1978年到1994年,中国的国民生产总值每年增长9.4%(李涛,1995)。到1994年,产品市场改革基本完成,95%以上的产品价格由市场决定(李涛,1995)。要素市场也在形成。由于劳动力的流动和非国有部门的发展,劳动力越来越受到市场的评价;同样,由于房地产市场的出现,土地要素的价值被市场获取,通过证券市场和外汇贸易自由化,资本市场和货币市场也初步建立起来。非国有部门的产出占全部国民生产总值的53%(1993年,邱晓华估计),这表明产权制度发生了重大变化。更重要的是,这些变化导致了《宪法》的修正,其中已经插入了“市场经济”一词。
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引用次数: 6
Feeding One Billion A Study on China's Grain Problem in the Twenty-First Century 养活10亿人——21世纪中国粮食问题研究
IF 2 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 1996-01-01 DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290122
Xikang Chen
The following article discusses many serious difficulties in Chinese grain production, such as shortage of arable land and water resources, over-supply of rural manpower, lack of funds, and low level of education, science, and technology. These difficulties result in a small scale of agricultural operation, high production costs, low agricultural profitability, and slow growth in grain output. After analyzing the basic international and domestic situation, the author argues that China cannot repeat the Japanese experience but should take the road of "basic self-sufficiency and gradual increase of import." The author shows that it is possible for China to avoid rapid shrinking of arable land in the course of industrialization and to maintain the stability of grain acreage over the long term, thus enabling domestic supply to basically satisfy the grain demand of 1.6 billion people in the twenty-first century. Finally, the article provides a projection of grain output and demand in China in the years 2000, 2020, and 2030. It is projected that China will gradually increase imports in the twenty-first century, reaching 55 million tons by 2030.
本文论述了中国粮食生产中存在的耕地和水资源短缺、农村人力供过于求、资金短缺、教育和科技水平低下等严重困难。这些困难导致农业经营规模小,生产成本高,农业盈利能力低,粮食产量增长缓慢。通过对国际国内基本形势的分析,认为中国不能重蹈日本的覆辙,而应走“基本自给、逐步增加进口”的道路。作者认为,中国有可能在工业化进程中避免耕地面积的迅速萎缩,并长期保持粮食种植面积的稳定,从而使国内供应基本满足21世纪16亿人口的粮食需求。最后,本文对中国2000年、2020年和2030年的粮食产量和需求进行了预测。预计21世纪中国将逐步增加进口,到2030年将达到5500万吨。
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引用次数: 1
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CHINESE ECONOMY
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