Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475300171
Wu Jing-lian
Today, most people are already of the opinion that setting up a modern enterprise system is the only way out for China's large and medium-sized enterprises, and that current nonstandard "shareholding system enterprises" should be refashioned in line with the normative requirements for a modern corporate system. The most pressing issue today is to overcome existing systemic obstacles in order to effect smoothly this major transformation of the enterprise system.
{"title":"How to Convert Large and/Medium-Sized State-Owned Enterprises into Corporations","authors":"Wu Jing-lian","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475300171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475300171","url":null,"abstract":"Today, most people are already of the opinion that setting up a modern enterprise system is the only way out for China's large and medium-sized enterprises, and that current nonstandard \"shareholding system enterprises\" should be refashioned in line with the normative requirements for a modern corporate system. The most pressing issue today is to overcome existing systemic obstacles in order to effect smoothly this major transformation of the enterprise system.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":"30 1","pages":"71-93"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CES1097-1475300171","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-147530018
Wu Jing-lian
There are three basic enterprise (firm) systems in countries with market economies, that is, the proprietorship [original in English] [>i>yezhu zhi>/i>], the partnership [original in English] [>i>hehuo zhi>/i>], and the corporation [original in English] [>i>gongsi zhi>/i>, which may also be translated as >i>faren zhi>/i>]. Of these, the proprietorship and partnership systems are very old and have existed for several thousand years, whereas incorporated enterprises emerged between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and have a history of only some 400 years. The term "modern enterprises" means the modern corporations that have emerged and taken shape in developed market economies since the final years of the last century.
{"title":"The Modern Enterprise System","authors":"Wu Jing-lian","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-147530018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-147530018","url":null,"abstract":"There are three basic enterprise (firm) systems in countries with market economies, that is, the proprietorship [original in English] [>i>yezhu zhi>/i>], the partnership [original in English] [>i>hehuo zhi>/i>], and the corporation [original in English] [>i>gongsi zhi>/i>, which may also be translated as >i>faren zhi>/i>]. Of these, the proprietorship and partnership systems are very old and have existed for several thousand years, whereas incorporated enterprises emerged between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and have a history of only some 400 years. The term \"modern enterprises\" means the modern corporations that have emerged and taken shape in developed market economies since the final years of the last century.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":"30 1","pages":"8-38"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CES1097-147530018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475300139
Wu Jing-lian
After trying out such policy innovations as administrative division of powers [>i>xingzheng xing fen quan>/i>], decentralized powers and profit retention by enterprises [>i>fang quan rang li>/i>], and promoting the contract responsibility system [>i>qiye chengbao zhi>/i>], and having failed to obtain any noticeable results, some economists in China proposed that large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises could switch over to the corporate system (often referred to at the time as the "shareholding system" [>i>gufen zhidu>/i>]) currently practiced in the world's market-economy countries. An economic survey team of the World Bank, in its 1985 "China: Long-Term Development Issues and Options,">sup>1>/sup> opined that the fundamental issue to be solved by the enterprise reform was the establishment of appropriate relationships between the state and the enterprises, that ownership of the property of state-owned enterprises could be dispersed among a number of different institutions (the government, banks, pension funds, insurance companies, and other enterprises), and that a modern corporate system based on public ownership could be implemented. Toward the end of 1986, when the leadership gave up its idea of conducting complementary reforms [>i>peitao gaige>/i>] and shifted its focus to enterprise reform, "shareholding experimental projects" [>i>gufen shidian>/i>] were formally started up. Up to now [1993], more than 3,000 experimental "shareholding system enterprises" [>i>gufen zhi qiye>/i>] have been set up. The work on these experimental projects has broken out of the old set patterns of previous reforms of state-owned enterprises, accumulated much experience, and is most beneficial. However, because a good many gray areas exist in Chinese economic circles in their understanding of the corporate system, these "shareholding enterprises" are frequently out of synch with current international norms that have taken shape over the past 400 years. This, plus the fact that other aspects of the marketization reform have not yet come into position, has prevented the "shareholding system" reform from attaining the expected results. In this chapter, I will conduct a chronological analysis of the circumstances and problems of the "shareholding system" reform.
{"title":"Circumstances and Problems of \"Shareholding Experimental Projects\" in Chinese Enterprises","authors":"Wu Jing-lian","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475300139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475300139","url":null,"abstract":"After trying out such policy innovations as administrative division of powers [>i>xingzheng xing fen quan>/i>], decentralized powers and profit retention by enterprises [>i>fang quan rang li>/i>], and promoting the contract responsibility system [>i>qiye chengbao zhi>/i>], and having failed to obtain any noticeable results, some economists in China proposed that large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises could switch over to the corporate system (often referred to at the time as the \"shareholding system\" [>i>gufen zhidu>/i>]) currently practiced in the world's market-economy countries. An economic survey team of the World Bank, in its 1985 \"China: Long-Term Development Issues and Options,\">sup>1>/sup> opined that the fundamental issue to be solved by the enterprise reform was the establishment of appropriate relationships between the state and the enterprises, that ownership of the property of state-owned enterprises could be dispersed among a number of different institutions (the government, banks, pension funds, insurance companies, and other enterprises), and that a modern corporate system based on public ownership could be implemented. Toward the end of 1986, when the leadership gave up its idea of conducting complementary reforms [>i>peitao gaige>/i>] and shifted its focus to enterprise reform, \"shareholding experimental projects\" [>i>gufen shidian>/i>] were formally started up. Up to now [1993], more than 3,000 experimental \"shareholding system enterprises\" [>i>gufen zhi qiye>/i>] have been set up. The work on these experimental projects has broken out of the old set patterns of previous reforms of state-owned enterprises, accumulated much experience, and is most beneficial. However, because a good many gray areas exist in Chinese economic circles in their understanding of the corporate system, these \"shareholding enterprises\" are frequently out of synch with current international norms that have taken shape over the past 400 years. This, plus the fact that other aspects of the marketization reform have not yet come into position, has prevented the \"shareholding system\" reform from attaining the expected results. In this chapter, I will conduct a chronological analysis of the circumstances and problems of the \"shareholding system\" reform.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":"30 1","pages":"39-70"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CES1097-1475300139","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-11-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290662
Lei Xiancheng
The income of the peasantry is a comprehensive measurement criterion of rural reform and development. In-depth analysis of the current state of peasant income since the advent of reform and openness has an important bearing on a correct understanding of the guiding principles, policies, and measures of the Ninth Five-Year plan and of rural reform up to the year 2010.
{"title":"Analysis of the Income Situation of the Chinese Peasantry Since Reform and Openness","authors":"Lei Xiancheng","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475290662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475290662","url":null,"abstract":"The income of the peasantry is a comprehensive measurement criterion of rural reform and development. In-depth analysis of the current state of peasant income since the advent of reform and openness has an important bearing on a correct understanding of the guiding principles, policies, and measures of the Ninth Five-Year plan and of rural reform up to the year 2010.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":"29 1","pages":"62-67"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CES1097-1475290662","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-11-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290668
Li Qiang, Zhang Zhiying
Today, the stratum of the rich on China's mainland probably consists first and foremost of private entrepreneurs whose property and income levels are indeed considerably higher than those of ordinary inhabitants. However, if seen from another angle, that is, in light of international comparison, China's so-called stratum of the rich has only a medium-income level internationally, and if compared with the rich nations, the average property and income of the above amount to no more than a lower-middle level. Over many years, we in China have become accustomed to poverty and some people have only started to become well-off and cannot be called truly wealthy as yet.
{"title":"Lasting Political Stability Requires a Massive Middle-Income Stratum","authors":"Li Qiang, Zhang Zhiying","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475290668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475290668","url":null,"abstract":"Today, the stratum of the rich on China's mainland probably consists first and foremost of private entrepreneurs whose property and income levels are indeed considerably higher than those of ordinary inhabitants. However, if seen from another angle, that is, in light of international comparison, China's so-called stratum of the rich has only a medium-income level internationally, and if compared with the rich nations, the average property and income of the above amount to no more than a lower-middle level. Over many years, we in China have become accustomed to poverty and some people have only started to become well-off and cannot be called truly wealthy as yet.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":"29 1","pages":"68-71"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-11-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290641
Ye Fujin
The Distribution Department [fenpei si] of the State Systemic Reform Commission recently convened a symposium. Invited to participate were relevant comrades from nine departmentsâthe State Planning Commission, the Ministry of Finance, the People's Bank, the State Bureau of Industry and Commerce, the State Statistical Bureau, the General Office of the State Administration of Taxation, the Bureau of Labor, the Bureau of Personnel, and the All-China Federation of Trade Unions. Meeting participants conducted earnest and in-depth studies of several major issues pertaining to income and distribution in China. The following is a round-up of the symposium's principal contents.
{"title":"Since the Government Is the Referee, Why Does It Get Into the Game?","authors":"Ye Fujin","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475290641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475290641","url":null,"abstract":"The Distribution Department [fenpei si] of the State Systemic Reform Commission recently convened a symposium. Invited to participate were relevant comrades from nine departmentsâthe State Planning Commission, the Ministry of Finance, the People's Bank, the State Bureau of Industry and Commerce, the State Statistical Bureau, the General Office of the State Administration of Taxation, the Bureau of Labor, the Bureau of Personnel, and the All-China Federation of Trade Unions. Meeting participants conducted earnest and in-depth studies of several major issues pertaining to income and distribution in China. The following is a round-up of the symposium's principal contents.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":"29 1","pages":"41-45"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CES1097-1475290641","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-11-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290646
Y. Yiyong
Studies on the subject "Macrocosmic Adjustment Mechanism for the Personal Incomes of Urban Inhabitants," conducted in 1994 by the Economics Research Center under the State Economic Commission, indicate that in recent years, the aggregate increase in personal incomes of urban inhabitants shows a tendency toward an abnormal rate of speed as compared with economic growth. In order to accurately reflect the relationship between aggregate increase in the personal incomes of inhabitants and the growth of the national economy, the topic team compared and studied five sets of corresponding quantitative indices at different levels and from different angles, conducted a multitiered analysis of the aggregate increase in the personal incomes of urban inhabitants since 1991, and put forward a number of assessments.
{"title":"Is \"Excessive Distribution\" a Good Thing or a Bad Thing?","authors":"Y. Yiyong","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475290646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475290646","url":null,"abstract":"Studies on the subject \"Macrocosmic Adjustment Mechanism for the Personal Incomes of Urban Inhabitants,\" conducted in 1994 by the Economics Research Center under the State Economic Commission, indicate that in recent years, the aggregate increase in personal incomes of urban inhabitants shows a tendency toward an abnormal rate of speed as compared with economic growth. In order to accurately reflect the relationship between aggregate increase in the personal incomes of inhabitants and the growth of the national economy, the topic team compared and studied five sets of corresponding quantitative indices at different levels and from different angles, conducted a multitiered analysis of the aggregate increase in the personal incomes of urban inhabitants since 1991, and put forward a number of assessments.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":"29 1","pages":"46-53"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CES1097-1475290646","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-11-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290676
Huang Shikeng
Since reform and openness, the eastern coastal regions have developed by leaps and bounds by means of setting up special economic zones, opening up the coastal port cities, initiating economic and technical development zones, and actively importing foreign capital and advanced technology. They have played the part of a driving force in the development of the entire national economy. Between 1979 and 1992, our country's total value of national economic output increased at a rate of 9 percent annually, and the total value of industrial output, at a rate of 13 percent annually. The sustained high speed of China's economic growth was due mainly to the impetus of the rapid growth in the eastern coastal regions. This is a generally acknowledged fact. However, a problem—a fairly serious problem—has emerged in another aspect, and that is the further widening of the development gap between the seaboard and the interior regions.
{"title":"Control the Development Gap Between the Seaboard and the Interior; Accelerate the Development of the Central and Western Regions","authors":"Huang Shikeng","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475290676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475290676","url":null,"abstract":"Since reform and openness, the eastern coastal regions have developed by leaps and bounds by means of setting up special economic zones, opening up the coastal port cities, initiating economic and technical development zones, and actively importing foreign capital and advanced technology. They have played the part of a driving force in the development of the entire national economy. Between 1979 and 1992, our country's total value of national economic output increased at a rate of 9 percent annually, and the total value of industrial output, at a rate of 13 percent annually. The sustained high speed of China's economic growth was due mainly to the impetus of the rapid growth in the eastern coastal regions. This is a generally acknowledged fact. However, a problem—a fairly serious problem—has emerged in another aspect, and that is the further widening of the development gap between the seaboard and the interior regions.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":"29 1","pages":"76-82"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-11-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-1475290618
Z. Ye
Since the reform of the economic system, important changes have taken place in the distribution setup of national income in China. The proportion of individual income has markedly increased and the proportion of government fiscal revenue has markedly diminished. Inequalities of income distribution are becoming increasingly prominent in the distribution of personal income, and the channels of income are becoming progressively more diversified. Such major changes in income distribution are, to an increasing extent, affecting China's national economic development, and embody a change in the mechanism of income distribution, that is, a change from the planned-economy pattern of income distribution to a socialist market economy pattern. The marketization reform of the distribution of personal incomeâan important component of income distributionâhas also had a distinct role in promoting economic development; it has improved the efficiency of resource allocation and promoted the development of the social forces of production. However, absolutely free and uncontrolled distribution of income could intensify and expand unreasonable income disparities among the various [social] strata, and the widening of such unreasonable income disparities could affect social peace and stability. Many countries, therefore, adopt comparatively free income distribution models that come under government regulation and control. Our country is implementing a socialist market economy system, as against an absolutely free market economy system, and government regulation and control over personal income distribution is especially necessary. (Note: all further references to income distribution will indicate "distribution of personal income.")
{"title":"Analysis of Governmental Action in the Distribution of Personal Income During the Marketization Reform","authors":"Z. Ye","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-1475290618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475290618","url":null,"abstract":"Since the reform of the economic system, important changes have taken place in the distribution setup of national income in China. The proportion of individual income has markedly increased and the proportion of government fiscal revenue has markedly diminished. Inequalities of income distribution are becoming increasingly prominent in the distribution of personal income, and the channels of income are becoming progressively more diversified. Such major changes in income distribution are, to an increasing extent, affecting China's national economic development, and embody a change in the mechanism of income distribution, that is, a change from the planned-economy pattern of income distribution to a socialist market economy pattern. The marketization reform of the distribution of personal incomeâan important component of income distributionâhas also had a distinct role in promoting economic development; it has improved the efficiency of resource allocation and promoted the development of the social forces of production. However, absolutely free and uncontrolled distribution of income could intensify and expand unreasonable income disparities among the various [social] strata, and the widening of such unreasonable income disparities could affect social peace and stability. Many countries, therefore, adopt comparatively free income distribution models that come under government regulation and control. Our country is implementing a socialist market economy system, as against an absolutely free market economy system, and government regulation and control over personal income distribution is especially necessary. (Note: all further references to income distribution will indicate \"distribution of personal income.\")","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":"29 1","pages":"18-40"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2753/CES1097-1475290618","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-11-01DOI: 10.2753/CES1097-147529066
Shen Shuisheng, Yao Yuqun
Relevant statistics show that from 1978 to 1993, after deducting price factors, China's GDP increased 3.8 times and the total income of China's urban and rural residents rose 3.4 times. The total amount of wages for urban employees rose rapidly from 56.89 billion yuan in 1978 to 477 billion yuan in 1993, and rose further to 665.64 billion yuan in 1994. The average [annual] wage level of urban employees rose from 614 yuan in 1978 to 3,371 yuan in 1993, and further to 4,538 yuan in 1994. The rates of increase of actual wages in 1993 and 1994, after deducting price factors, were 2.8 percent and 8.6 percent, respectively. The average per capita net income of the peasantry increased from 134 yuan in 1978 to 921 yuan in 1993, rising 3.4 times after deducting price factors.
{"title":"On the Problems of Distribution of Social Income in China","authors":"Shen Shuisheng, Yao Yuqun","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-147529066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-147529066","url":null,"abstract":"Relevant statistics show that from 1978 to 1993, after deducting price factors, China's GDP increased 3.8 times and the total income of China's urban and rural residents rose 3.4 times. The total amount of wages for urban employees rose rapidly from 56.89 billion yuan in 1978 to 477 billion yuan in 1993, and rose further to 665.64 billion yuan in 1994. The average [annual] wage level of urban employees rose from 614 yuan in 1978 to 3,371 yuan in 1993, and further to 4,538 yuan in 1994. The rates of increase of actual wages in 1993 and 1994, after deducting price factors, were 2.8 percent and 8.6 percent, respectively. The average per capita net income of the peasantry increased from 134 yuan in 1978 to 921 yuan in 1993, rising 3.4 times after deducting price factors.","PeriodicalId":45785,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE ECONOMY","volume":"29 1","pages":"6-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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