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Contested administrative capacity in border management: China and the Greater Mekong Subregion 边境管理中有争议的行政能力:中国与大湄公河次区域
IF 2.1 3区 社会学 Q1 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-06-03 DOI: 10.1177/0920203X221103053
Franziska Plümmer
This article investigates China’s efforts to develop the administrative capacity of its border agents to effectively provide border security. It does so by contextualizing national efforts in relevant multilateral cooperation on border and immigration management. Regional frameworks such as ASEAN and Greater Mekong Subregion follow a regional border management approach that challenges Beijing’s notion of sovereign border management. However, China and the border provinces selectively engage in cross-border cooperation. These cooperation projects include training programmes for immigrants, standardizing and facilitating immigration procedures at the border, joint efforts against human trafficking and illicit border mobilities, and enhancing local cross-border relations. Against this background, this article investigates how norms – such as administrative capacity and cooperation through border liaison mechanisms – are negotiated, adapted, and practised in the different regional organizations, as well as how they are implemented locally in national immigration laws and procedures in Yunnan Province. The analysis builds on a multi-method approach including fieldwork, policy, and institutional analysis. The article finds that while Chinese local and regional security interests are closely intertwined, norm dynamics are not.
本文考察了中国为有效提供边境安全而发展边防人员管理能力的努力。为此,它将各国在有关的边界和移民管理多边合作方面的努力纳入背景。东盟(ASEAN)和大湄公河次区域(Greater Mekong Subregion)等区域框架采用了一种区域边界管理方法,挑战了中国政府的主权边界管理理念。然而,中国与边境省份有选择地开展跨境合作。这些合作项目包括移民培训方案、标准化和便利边境移民程序、共同努力打击贩卖人口和非法边境流动以及加强地方跨界关系。在此背景下,本文探讨了规范——如行政能力和通过边境联络机制的合作——如何在不同的区域组织中进行谈判、调整和实践,以及它们如何在云南省的国家移民法律和程序中在当地实施。该分析建立在多种方法的基础上,包括实地考察、政策和制度分析。文章发现,虽然中国的地方和地区安全利益紧密交织,但规范动态并非如此。
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引用次数: 0
Guest workers and development–security conflict: Managing labour migration at the Sino-Vietnamese border 外来工与发展安全冲突:中越边境劳动力迁移管理
IF 2.1 3区 社会学 Q1 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-05-17 DOI: 10.1177/0920203X221098546
Tabitha Speelman
This article investigates the increasing development–security conflict in China’s immigration management through the case of a policy trial regularizing Vietnamese labour migration in two Guangxi border cities. China’s border regions host low-income immigrant labourers from neighbouring nations. In the 2010s, China launched a series of policy initiatives to regulate temporary and irregular migrant flows. Based on fieldwork and policy research, this study analyses the development and early implementation of this trial, with a focus on state perspectives. It shows how state actors mobilize migrant temporariness and other policy tools within a negotiation process that aims to resolve tensions between developmental policy aims for transnational economic integration and a drive towards securitizing cross-border mobility. I conclude that state actors fail to reach a balance between the conflicting development and security concerns. I also argue that China’s current risk-averse policy environment makes the development–security policy conflict in its immigration management more difficult to resolve. My findings contribute to our understanding of contemporary Chinese policymaking, including immigration policymaking, as well as to the literature on the development–security nexus in temporary labour management schemes.
本文通过在广西两个边境城市规范越南劳动力移民的政策试验,调查了中国移民管理中日益加剧的发展-安全冲突。中国边境地区收容了来自邻国的低收入移民劳工。2010年代,中国推出了一系列政策举措,以规范临时和非正常移民流动。基于实地调查和政策研究,本研究分析了这项试验的发展和早期实施,重点是国家视角。它展示了国家行为者如何在谈判过程中调动移民的临时性和其他政策工具,以解决旨在实现跨国经济一体化的发展政策与推动跨境流动安全化之间的紧张关系。我的结论是,国家行为者未能在相互冲突的发展和安全关切之间取得平衡。我还认为,中国目前规避风险的政策环境使其移民管理中的发展与安全政策冲突更难解决。我的研究结果有助于我们理解当代中国的政策制定,包括移民政策制定,以及关于临时劳工管理计划中发展与安全关系的文献。
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引用次数: 0
Carbon emission rush in response to the carbon reduction policy in China 应对中国碳减排政策的碳排放热潮
IF 2.1 3区 社会学 Q1 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-05-11 DOI: 10.1177/0920203X221093188
Ruixiong Qi, Chenchen Shi, M. Wang
China has announced ambitious dual-carbon targets to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. However, due to regional differences and lack of accurate emission monitoring data, local governments have been given greater autonomy to achieve these targets. Based on semi-structured interviews and document analysis on emission peak campaigns in inland regions, this article identifies one local game strategy – ‘Dauling Dragon’ (木翼双龙) whereby local governments prioritize high emission projects to be completed by 2030 in order to create a margin for future development, a phenomenon known as ‘carbon rush’ (碳冲锋). The article explores the consequences and antecedents of such a strategy through the lens of environmental authoritarianism. It also makes a theoretical contribution to the conceptualization of the Dauling Dragon strategy, by focusing on its effects on local environmental implementation. Findings from our case study show that China’s climate ambitions, especially its long-term carbon neutrality goal, faces local political obstacles.
中国宣布了雄心勃勃的双碳目标,到2030年达到碳排放峰值,到2060年实现碳中和。然而,由于地区差异和缺乏准确的排放监测数据,地方政府被赋予了更大的自主权来实现这些目标。基于对内陆地区排放峰值运动的半结构化访谈和文献分析,本文确定了一种地方博弈策略——“大令龙”,即地方政府优先考虑到2030年完成的高排放项目,以便为未来的发展创造空间,这种现象被称为“碳冲”(碳冲)。本文通过环境威权主义的视角探讨了这种战略的后果和前因后果。它还通过关注其对地方环境实施的影响,为“大岭龙”战略的概念化做出了理论贡献。我们的案例研究结果表明,中国的气候目标,特别是其长期碳中和目标,面临着当地的政治障碍。
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引用次数: 4
Ethnonationalism and the changing pattern of ethnic Kazakhs’ emigration from China to Kazakhstan 民族民族主义与哈萨克族从中国移民到哈萨克斯坦的变化模式
IF 2.1 3区 社会学 Q1 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-05-11 DOI: 10.1177/0920203X221092686
Zhe Zhang, Sansar Tsakhirmaa
Amid the post-Cold War global revival of ethnonationalism, Kazakhstan – a newly independent state born out of the collapse of the Soviet Union – launched its ‘ethnic repatriation programme’, encouraging ethnic Kazakhs from outside Kazakhstan to ‘return home’. China has a large ethnic Kazakh population and shares a border of more than 1500 km with Kazakhstan in Xinjiang. Since the 1990s, over 150,000 ethnic Kazakhs originally from China have chosen to emigrate to Kazakhstan. Sketching China’s and Kazakhstan’s state policies toward ethnic Kazakh migration since the 1990s, this article addresses how different factors and rationales have shaped individuals’ decisions to emigrate to Kazakhstan or to stay in China. The article relies upon available, multilingual data and over 30 in-depth interviews with respondents in both Kazakhstan and China. We argue that, for ethnic Kazakhs emigrating from China to Kazakhstan, socio-economically and environmentally based rationales, including perceptions of developmental prospects, social welfare benefits and social ties were most salient during the 2000s. However, since the late 2000s, politico-culturally based rationales, such as ethno-nationalism, Kazakh linguistic and cultural concerns, educational opportunities, and other factors have become increasingly salient especially during the 2010s.
在冷战后全球民族主义复兴的背景下,哈萨克斯坦——一个在苏联解体后诞生的新独立国家——启动了“民族遣返计划”,鼓励哈萨克斯坦境外的哈萨克族人“回国”。中国有大量的哈萨克族人口,在新疆与哈萨克斯坦有1500多公里的共同边界。上世纪90年代以来,已有15万多名中国哈萨克族人选择移民哈萨克斯坦。本文概述了自20世纪90年代以来中国和哈萨克斯坦对哈萨克族移民的国家政策,探讨了不同的因素和理由如何影响个人移民到哈萨克斯坦或留在中国的决定。本文依赖于现有的多语种数据,以及对哈萨克斯坦和中国受访者的30多次深度访谈。我们认为,对于从中国移民到哈萨克斯坦的哈萨克族人来说,基于社会经济和环境的理由,包括对发展前景、社会福利和社会关系的看法,在2000年代最为突出。然而,自2000年代末以来,基于政治文化的理由,如民族主义、哈萨克语言和文化问题、教育机会和其他因素,特别是在2010年代变得越来越突出。
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引用次数: 0
Social media, fear, and support for state surveillance: The case of China’s social credit system 社交媒体、恐惧和对国家监控的支持:以中国社会信用体系为例
IF 2.1 3区 社会学 Q1 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-04-20 DOI: 10.1177/0920203X221088141
Yun Zeng, S. Wong
Even in authoritarian regimes that enforce vigorous information controls, netizens are still able to access fairly diverse – sometimes even sensitive – information from social media than from traditional media. We argue that this ‘breathing space’ in social media may have an indirect positive effect on regime stability via a subtle emotional channel; exposure to news on social media heightens one’s generalized fear, which in turn increases one’s demand for social controls by the state. We test our argument using an original survey that evaluates public support for China’s social credit system. We find that the support for this seemingly all-encompassing surveillance system is positively correlated with one’s generalized fear, while one’s generalized fear is positively correlated with one’s exposure to news on WeChat, the most popular social media platform in China.
即使在实行严格信息控制的专制政权,网民仍然能够从社交媒体上获得相当多样化的信息,有时甚至是敏感的信息,而不是从传统媒体。我们认为,社交媒体上的这种“呼吸空间”可能通过微妙的情感渠道对政权稳定产生间接的积极影响;接触社交媒体上的新闻会加剧人们的普遍恐惧,这反过来又会增加人们对国家社会控制的需求。我们使用一项评估公众对中国社会信用体系支持程度的原始调查来检验我们的论点。我们发现,对这种看似无所不包的监控系统的支持与一个人的广义恐惧呈正相关,而一个人的广义恐惧与一个人在中国最受欢迎的社交媒体平台b微信上的新闻曝光呈正相关。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Workers and Change in China: Resistance, Repression, Responsiveness by Manfred Elfstrom 书评:《中国的工人与变革:抵抗、压抑与回应》,作者:曼弗雷德·埃尔斯特罗姆
IF 2.1 3区 社会学 Q1 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/0920203X221081349g
Christina Maags
and governments, all of which necessitate the party’s close involvement in the league’s work. Thus, any impetus for the league’s involvement in new areas of work derives from party and government priorities, limiting the league’s own initiatives. He notes that the Youth League combines two organizational identities based on its different functions. The league is a powerful promotion mechanism that acts as a channel for the party’s personnel ‘rejuvenation’ and as the platform for the creation of personal networks, political alliances, and functions. At the same time, it is a weak youth organization that lacks the autonomy and capacity necessary to carry out social work and increase its participatory character (p. 242). Clearly, the first identity is paramount. The volume also includes a very helpful discussion of the declining fortunes of the Youth League under Xi Jinping, who not only viewed the league as a bastion of factionalism – the so-called ‘league faction’ (团派) that provided a base of support for the Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao administration – but also as an obstacle to his political vision for mass organizations, which emphasizes their political character, mandating even closer management by the party. Thus, under Xi, the Youth League has downsized its membership, had its budget substantially reduced, and had its personnel redistributed away from the centre and down to the local levels, among other changes. In August 2016, the state media laid out the party’s substantial reform programme for the league, effectively rendering it politically irrelevant. As Tsimonis concludes, Xi’s reforms promote ‘an even more sterile and formal engagement of Youth League organizations with young people, with an emphasis on routine indoctrination and propaganda functions’ (p. 248), a lost opportunity indeed. Fortunately, we have this excellent book by Tsimonis to enlighten us on why Hu’s reforms were doomed from the start.
还有政府,所有这些都需要党密切参与联盟的工作。因此,联盟党参与新领域工作的任何动力都来自党和政府的优先事项,限制了联盟党自己的主动性。他指出,共青团基于其不同的职能,结合了两种组织身份。党团是一个强大的晋升机制,是党内人员“年轻化”的渠道,是建立个人网络、政治联盟和职能的平台。同时,它是一个薄弱的青年组织,缺乏进行社会工作和增加其参与性所必需的自主权和能力(第242页)。显然,第一个身份是最重要的。2016年8月,官方媒体公布了民盟的重大改革计划,有效地使其在政治上无关紧要。幸运的是,我们有齐莫尼斯的这本优秀的书来启发我们,为什么胡的改革从一开始就注定要失败。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Invisible China: How the Urban–Rural Divide Threatens China’s Rise by Scott Rozelle and Natalie Hell 书评:《看不见的中国:城乡差距如何威胁中国崛起》,作者:斯科特·罗泽尔和娜塔莉·海尔
IF 2.1 3区 社会学 Q1 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/0920203X221081349b
S. Wilson
that all these questions deserve further analysis and research. Overall, the book is a refresher on the applicability of the dependency theory in the analysis of international relations between the Latin American and Caribbean regions and China. Its main strength is the overview of the these countries’ political behaviour through the lens of China’s political and economic approach. As Stalling points out, the book is not intended to answer all questions regarding relations between China and Latin America and the Caribbean. Rather the book sets a foundation for the application of dependency mechanisms in individual countries’ relations with China. This is necessary during an important time of China’s increasing global influence and the shift in the dependency of developing countries on China. The book is not only recommended for college students majoring in international relations and political science, but also a good read for anyone interested in relations between China and Latin America and the Caribbean.
这些问题值得进一步分析和研究。总的来说,这本书是对依赖理论在分析拉丁美洲和加勒比地区与中国之间的国际关系中的适用性的一次复习。它的主要优势是通过中国的政治和经济方法来概括这些国家的政治行为。正如史泰林所指出的,这本书并不是要回答所有关于中国与拉丁美洲和加勒比地区关系的问题。相反,这本书为依赖机制在个别国家对华关系中的应用奠定了基础。这在中国日益增强全球影响力和发展中国家对中国依赖性转变的重要时期是必要的。这本书不仅推荐给国际关系和政治学专业的大学生,而且对于任何对中国与拉丁美洲和加勒比关系感兴趣的人来说都是一本好书。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Orchestration: China’s Economic Statecraft Across Asia and Europe by James Reilly 书评:《协调:中国在亚洲和欧洲的经济治国方略》,作者:詹姆斯·赖利
IF 2.1 3区 社会学 Q1 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/0920203X221081349d
Czeslaw Tubilewicz
sible city and that ‘besides the prevalent stereotypes that caught the international media spotlight, little is known about what is happening there’ (p. 5). Ieong explains that the key objective of this book is to cover a wide range of topics which are absent in existing literature, which may disappoint those looking for an academic inquiry backed by quantitative evidence. Nevertheless, the strength of this book is its examination of some underexplored areas in Macao studies which ‘go beyond the stereotypes’ (p. 5), thus offering pioneering insights for theoretical discussion. Some remarkable examples include the spatial battlefield between casino enterprises and Macao people (Chapter 2), the role of Macao in China’s foreign affairs (Chapter 3), playful protests versus resentful protests (Chapter 4), mobilization versus counter-mobilization in protests (Chapter 5), and recurring mechanisms of political participation in Macao compared to Hong Kong (Chapter 8). These research areas are underexplored which make the book unique for those looking to comprehend Macao in different dimensions. It is however important to highlight the pioneering nature of this book and that more in-depth analysis is necessary in the future. Although the editor emphasizes that ‘most of the authors have studied Macau either [by] using a comparative method or applying the related theories in their realms’ (p. 5), some chapters do not contribute much in terms of theoretical insights. Since the book focuses on Macao, some discussions covering other cases make little or no theoretical and empirical contribution to Macao studies. Also, the book is not organized in a logical way. While the editor has highlighted a key theme in each of the three parts of the book, some chapters discuss themes that are beyond the scope of the book. On the whole, this book offers pioneering and potential research topics in Macao studies. It is relevant not only to scholars and students interested in Macao studies but also to researchers in search of a better understanding of this casino city.
“除了引起国际媒体关注的普遍刻板印象之外,人们对那里发生的事情知之甚少”(第5页)。杨解释说,这本书的主要目的是涵盖现有文献中没有的广泛主题,这可能会让那些寻求有定量证据支持的学术调查的人失望。尽管如此,本书的优势在于它对澳门研究中一些未被充分探索的领域的考察,这些领域“超越了刻板印象”(第5页),从而为理论讨论提供了开拓性的见解。一些引人注目的例子包括赌场企业与澳门人之间的空间战场(第2章)、澳门在中国外交事务中的作用(第3章)、嬉戏抗议与怨恨抗议(第4章)、抗议中的动员与反动员(第5章),以及澳门与香港相比的政治参与机制(第8章)。这些研究领域未被充分挖掘,这使得这本书对于那些希望从不同维度理解澳门的人来说是独一无二的。然而,重要的是要强调这本书的开拓性,未来有必要进行更深入的分析。尽管编辑强调,“大多数作者都是通过使用比较方法或将相关理论应用于他们的领域来研究澳门的”(第5页),但有些章节在理论见解方面贡献不大。由于这本书关注的是澳门,一些涉及其他案例的讨论对澳门研究几乎没有或根本没有理论和实证贡献。此外,这本书的组织方式也不符合逻辑。虽然编辑在本书的三个部分中都强调了一个关键主题,但有些章节讨论的主题超出了本书的范围。总的来说,本书为澳门研究提供了具有开拓性和潜在性的研究课题。它不仅与对澳门研究感兴趣的学者和学生有关,也与寻求更好地了解这座赌场城市的研究人员有关。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Rural–Urban Migration and Agro-Technological Change in Post-Reform China by Lena Kaufmann 书评:改革开放后中国的城乡人口迁移与农业技术变革
IF 2.1 3区 社会学 Q1 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/0920203X221081349e
R. Murphy
approach to analysing Europe’s contemporary relations with China. Equally questionable are Reilly’s assumptions about China’s alleged failure in pursuing soft and military power, and about regulatory regimes as ‘obviously’ stronger in all Western Europe, weaker in all Eastern Europe, and the weakest in Myanmar. Again, Greece demonstrates that assumptions should never replace evidence-based analysis, however obvious they might seem. In sum, given the wealth of empirical detail, James Reilly’s Orchestration constitutes a useful addition to the scholarship about China’s economic statecraft and paradiplomacy. However, its implicit rationalist approach, reliance on the orchestration framework, questionable selection of case studies, and equally problematic key assumptions not only prevent Orchestration from accounting for the complexity of China’s economic diplomacy and its efficacy in the 2008–16 period, but also render it of limited utility to those seeking to understand the Xi Jinping regime’s increasingly assertive economic statecraft in the era of wolf-warrior diplomacy.
分析当代欧洲与中国关系的方法。同样值得怀疑的是,赖利的假设是中国在追求软实力和军事实力方面的失败,以及所有西欧的监管制度“明显”更强,所有东欧的监管制度更弱,缅甸的监管制度最弱。希腊再次表明,假设永远不应取代基于证据的分析,无论这些分析看起来多么显而易见。总而言之,考虑到丰富的经验细节,詹姆斯·赖利的《管弦乐》对中国经济治国方术和副外交的学术研究是有益的补充。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Macau 20 Years After the Handover: Changes and Challenges Under ‘One Country, Two Systems’ by Meng U Ieong 书评:《澳门回归20年:“一国两制”下的变迁与挑战》,作者:梁耀文
IF 2.1 3区 社会学 Q1 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/0920203X221081349c
Ying-ho Kwong
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引用次数: 0
期刊
China Information
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