Pub Date : 2020-01-27DOI: 10.1177/1473225419898754
Stephen Case, K. Haines
The 1980s decade of diversion in UK youth justice consolidated critiques of iatrogenic systemic contact and generated an abolitionist momentum that was significantly reversed by the 1990s punitive turn and ‘new youth justice’ strategies of modernisation, expansionism, interventionism and risk management. However, the tentative rejection of risk management and the rebirth of diversion in contemporary youth justice offer new hope for abolitionist arguments. This article critically evaluates contemporary abolitionist arguments, asserting that Children First definitions and diversionary, Bureau model responses could coalesce to form an innovative paradigm to replace traditional, formal conceptions of youth justice ‘systems’.
{"title":"Abolishing Youth Justice Systems: Children First, Offenders Nowhere","authors":"Stephen Case, K. Haines","doi":"10.1177/1473225419898754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225419898754","url":null,"abstract":"The 1980s decade of diversion in UK youth justice consolidated critiques of iatrogenic systemic contact and generated an abolitionist momentum that was significantly reversed by the 1990s punitive turn and ‘new youth justice’ strategies of modernisation, expansionism, interventionism and risk management. However, the tentative rejection of risk management and the rebirth of diversion in contemporary youth justice offer new hope for abolitionist arguments. This article critically evaluates contemporary abolitionist arguments, asserting that Children First definitions and diversionary, Bureau model responses could coalesce to form an innovative paradigm to replace traditional, formal conceptions of youth justice ‘systems’.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1473225419898754","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44246150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-25DOI: 10.1177/1473225420902848
James A. Densley, R. Deuchar, S. Harding
This article introduces the special issue on UK gangs and youth violence. Written to coincide with the launch of the National Centre for Gang Research at the University of West London, this collection adds the voices of academics who have spent years researching serious violence to a conversation dominated by policymakers and media commentators. The authors examine trends in youth violence and offer a brief history of UK gang research before previewing the contribution of the seven empirical articles dealing with police gang databases, knife crime, county lines drug dealing, contextual safeguarding, offender mental health, gang disengagement and criminal desistance.
{"title":"An Introduction to Gangs and Serious Youth Violence in the United Kingdom","authors":"James A. Densley, R. Deuchar, S. Harding","doi":"10.1177/1473225420902848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225420902848","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces the special issue on UK gangs and youth violence. Written to coincide with the launch of the National Centre for Gang Research at the University of West London, this collection adds the voices of academics who have spent years researching serious violence to a conversation dominated by policymakers and media commentators. The authors examine trends in youth violence and offer a brief history of UK gang research before previewing the contribution of the seven empirical articles dealing with police gang databases, knife crime, county lines drug dealing, contextual safeguarding, offender mental health, gang disengagement and criminal desistance.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1473225420902848","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49328239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-20DOI: 10.1177/1473225419893781
S. Harding
Amid rising public concern of knife-enabled crime, this article seeks to review and reframe the contemporary debates on knife crime which remain tied to concepts of fear, protection and fashion. Concepts of social field theory and street capital theory have much to offer in reframing a more contemporary narrative. Through such analysis, knife crime can be redefined as a logical response to the unpredictable asymmetrics of the social field, offering mechanisms for agency and control while providing both a pressure release and opportunity to demonstrate authenticity in ‘The Game’.
{"title":"Getting to the Point? Reframing Narratives on Knife Crime","authors":"S. Harding","doi":"10.1177/1473225419893781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225419893781","url":null,"abstract":"Amid rising public concern of knife-enabled crime, this article seeks to review and reframe the contemporary debates on knife crime which remain tied to concepts of fear, protection and fashion. Concepts of social field theory and street capital theory have much to offer in reframing a more contemporary narrative. Through such analysis, knife crime can be redefined as a logical response to the unpredictable asymmetrics of the social field, offering mechanisms for agency and control while providing both a pressure release and opportunity to demonstrate authenticity in ‘The Game’.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1473225419893781","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41301751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-16DOI: 10.1177/1473225419893779
Sarah Frisby-Osman, Jane L. Wood
Mental health difficulties, conduct problems, and emotional maladjustment predict a range of negative outcomes, and this may include gang involvement. However, few studies have examined how behavioral, mental health, socio-cognitive, and emotional factors all relate to adolescent gang involvement. This study examined 91 adolescents to compare non-gang with gang-involved youth on their conduct problems, emotional distress, guilt-proneness, anxiety and depression, and use of moral disengagement and rumination. Analyses revealed that gang-involved youth had higher levels of anxiety, depression, moral disengagement, and rumination. Gang-involved youth also had higher levels of conduct disorder and exposure to violence, but they did not differ from non-gang youth on levels of emotional distress and guilt-proneness. Discriminant function analysis further showed that conduct problems, moral disengagement, and rumination were the most important predictors of gang involvement. Discussion focuses on how intervention and prevention efforts to tackle gang involvement need to consider the mental health and behavioral needs of gang-involved youth. Further research is also needed to build an evidence base that identifies the cause/effect relationship between mental health and gang involvement to inform the best practice when tackling gang membership.
{"title":"Rethinking How We View Gang Members: An Examination into Affective, Behavioral, and Mental Health Predictors of UK Gang-Involved Youth","authors":"Sarah Frisby-Osman, Jane L. Wood","doi":"10.1177/1473225419893779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225419893779","url":null,"abstract":"Mental health difficulties, conduct problems, and emotional maladjustment predict a range of negative outcomes, and this may include gang involvement. However, few studies have examined how behavioral, mental health, socio-cognitive, and emotional factors all relate to adolescent gang involvement. This study examined 91 adolescents to compare non-gang with gang-involved youth on their conduct problems, emotional distress, guilt-proneness, anxiety and depression, and use of moral disengagement and rumination. Analyses revealed that gang-involved youth had higher levels of anxiety, depression, moral disengagement, and rumination. Gang-involved youth also had higher levels of conduct disorder and exposure to violence, but they did not differ from non-gang youth on levels of emotional distress and guilt-proneness. Discriminant function analysis further showed that conduct problems, moral disengagement, and rumination were the most important predictors of gang involvement. Discussion focuses on how intervention and prevention efforts to tackle gang involvement need to consider the mental health and behavioral needs of gang-involved youth. Further research is also needed to build an evidence base that identifies the cause/effect relationship between mental health and gang involvement to inform the best practice when tackling gang membership.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1473225419893779","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44378448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-06DOI: 10.1177/1473225419897316
E. Schmidt, S. Rap, T. Liefaard
In recent years, there has been increased attention for the position of adolescents and young adults in the justice system. The Netherlands implemented the Act on Adolescent Criminal Law in 2014, making it possible to sentence young adults up to the age of 23 at the time of the offence as juveniles. This article addresses the most recent Dutch reforms in order to identify key challenges to consider when accommodating young adults in the justice system. It is aimed to highlight the important lessons to be learned from the Dutch experience with a flexible approach to sentencing adolescents and young adults.
{"title":"Young Adults in the Justice System: The Interplay between Scientific Insights, Legal Reform and Implementation in Practice in The Netherlands","authors":"E. Schmidt, S. Rap, T. Liefaard","doi":"10.1177/1473225419897316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225419897316","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, there has been increased attention for the position of adolescents and young adults in the justice system. The Netherlands implemented the Act on Adolescent Criminal Law in 2014, making it possible to sentence young adults up to the age of 23 at the time of the offence as juveniles. This article addresses the most recent Dutch reforms in order to identify key challenges to consider when accommodating young adults in the justice system. It is aimed to highlight the important lessons to be learned from the Dutch experience with a flexible approach to sentencing adolescents and young adults.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1473225419897316","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44777787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-18DOI: 10.1177/1473225419895404
T. Bateman
Perhaps the most significant feature of the youth justice system in England and Wales over the past decade is the extent to which it has contracted. Drawing on statistics published by the Youth Justice Board, a report published by Crest Advisory, a criminal justice consultancy, in November 2019, notes that, between March 2008 and March 2018, the number of proven offences committed by children fell from 277,986 to 77,349, a reduction of 75 per cent. There have been declines across all offence types, but they are particularly marked for less serious offences: recorded of incidents theft and handing stolen goods, for example, fell by 85 per cent over the period and criminal damage by 81 per cent. (The report in fact cites the highest decline as being for breach of statutory orders, at 87 per cent, but the extent of this reduction is likely to be explicable, at least in part, as a function of shifts in recording practice since breach of a community order or custodial licence is not formally a new offence.) By contrast, the decrease for violence against the person and sexual offences was substantially more modest, at 63 and 25 per cent, respectively. Knife and offensive weapons offences display a slightly different picture with a steep decline to 2014, followed by annual rises in each of the subsequent years; overall however, in 2018, the level of such offences was 30 per cent lower than in 2009 despite the recent increases. The report points out that these headline figures have been matched by a similar pattern across each stage of the youth justice system: arrests of children fell by 78 per cent between 2008 and 2018; the number of children entering the system for the first time (so-called first time entrants [FTEs]) by 86 per cent; youth cautions by 91 per cent; and the population of the custodial estate for children by 70 per cent. This latter contrasts with an 8 per cent rise in the adult prison population over the equivalent period. While the direction of travel is evident across the whole of England and Wales, geographical variation remains considerable. Thus, the arrest rate for children in the year
{"title":"Youth Justice News","authors":"T. Bateman","doi":"10.1177/1473225419895404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225419895404","url":null,"abstract":"Perhaps the most significant feature of the youth justice system in England and Wales over the past decade is the extent to which it has contracted. Drawing on statistics published by the Youth Justice Board, a report published by Crest Advisory, a criminal justice consultancy, in November 2019, notes that, between March 2008 and March 2018, the number of proven offences committed by children fell from 277,986 to 77,349, a reduction of 75 per cent. There have been declines across all offence types, but they are particularly marked for less serious offences: recorded of incidents theft and handing stolen goods, for example, fell by 85 per cent over the period and criminal damage by 81 per cent. (The report in fact cites the highest decline as being for breach of statutory orders, at 87 per cent, but the extent of this reduction is likely to be explicable, at least in part, as a function of shifts in recording practice since breach of a community order or custodial licence is not formally a new offence.) By contrast, the decrease for violence against the person and sexual offences was substantially more modest, at 63 and 25 per cent, respectively. Knife and offensive weapons offences display a slightly different picture with a steep decline to 2014, followed by annual rises in each of the subsequent years; overall however, in 2018, the level of such offences was 30 per cent lower than in 2009 despite the recent increases. The report points out that these headline figures have been matched by a similar pattern across each stage of the youth justice system: arrests of children fell by 78 per cent between 2008 and 2018; the number of children entering the system for the first time (so-called first time entrants [FTEs]) by 86 per cent; youth cautions by 91 per cent; and the population of the custodial estate for children by 70 per cent. This latter contrasts with an 8 per cent rise in the adult prison population over the equivalent period. While the direction of travel is evident across the whole of England and Wales, geographical variation remains considerable. Thus, the arrest rate for children in the year","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1473225419895404","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44752826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-11DOI: 10.1177/1473225419893782
Aaron Brown, A. Charles
The minimum age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales remains 10 years: something which has attracted criticism globally by policy makers and youth justice practitioners. Yet, the Westminster Government refuses to consider changes to minimum age of criminal responsibility, despite evidence supporting reform. This article, drawing on the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child’s consultation to revise General Comment No. 10 (2007) and the activities of UK devolved administrations, explores the need for minimum age of criminal responsibility reform, considering how a holistic approach focused on diversion and the provision of rights respecting appropriate interventions can create positive, even transformative outcomes for children.
{"title":"The Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility: The Need for a Holistic Approach","authors":"Aaron Brown, A. Charles","doi":"10.1177/1473225419893782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225419893782","url":null,"abstract":"The minimum age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales remains 10 years: something which has attracted criticism globally by policy makers and youth justice practitioners. Yet, the Westminster Government refuses to consider changes to minimum age of criminal responsibility, despite evidence supporting reform. This article, drawing on the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child’s consultation to revise General Comment No. 10 (2007) and the activities of UK devolved administrations, explores the need for minimum age of criminal responsibility reform, considering how a holistic approach focused on diversion and the provision of rights respecting appropriate interventions can create positive, even transformative outcomes for children.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1473225419893782","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43258528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-19DOI: 10.1177/1473225419889205
N. Stone
{"title":"The Referral Order 20 Years on: Deals, Jewels and Mules","authors":"N. Stone","doi":"10.1177/1473225419889205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225419889205","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1473225419889205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45652589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-10DOI: 10.1177/1473225419886931
S. Tucker, Michelle L. Meloy, Laura Napolitano, M. Storrod, K. Curtis
Using rich narratives provided by youth, this research examines the holistic role of mentors in the lives of young people coming of age in an impoverished and dangerous context (n = 44). Mentees experienced household adversities (e.g. parental separation, substance abuse, familial incarceration) and community violence (e.g. neighborhood shootings, gangs, and assaults). Mentors provided emotional support, educational support, and protection from harm. In addition, youths experienced mentor versatility. Mentors were perceived as effective in aiding the youths’ resilience and at helping them navigate multiple levels of stressors and criminogenic conditions.
{"title":"Mentoring Vulnerable Youth in One of America’s Most Dangerous Cities: From Violent Streets to University Classrooms","authors":"S. Tucker, Michelle L. Meloy, Laura Napolitano, M. Storrod, K. Curtis","doi":"10.1177/1473225419886931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225419886931","url":null,"abstract":"Using rich narratives provided by youth, this research examines the holistic role of mentors in the lives of young people coming of age in an impoverished and dangerous context (n = 44). Mentees experienced household adversities (e.g. parental separation, substance abuse, familial incarceration) and community violence (e.g. neighborhood shootings, gangs, and assaults). Mentors provided emotional support, educational support, and protection from harm. In addition, youths experienced mentor versatility. Mentors were perceived as effective in aiding the youths’ resilience and at helping them navigate multiple levels of stressors and criminogenic conditions.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1473225419886931","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45960789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-10DOI: 10.1177/1473225419884658
Yannick van den Brink
This article explores the underlying explanations of the high reliance on pre-trial detention of children across contemporary Western societies, with a particular focus on the Netherlands. Empirical research findings are used to identify patterns and functions of pre-trial detention in the administration of youth justice. In addition, two driving forces behind pre-trial detention decision-making are explored after scrutinizing the penological underpinnings of youth justice and youth crime control in Western societies. Ultimately, the article addresses to what extent and how international children’s rights standards can effectively protect child suspects and accused from excessive, unlawful and arbitrary pre-trial detention.
{"title":"Young, Accused and Detained; Awful, But Lawful? Pre-Trial Detention and Children’s Rights Protection in Contemporary Western Societies","authors":"Yannick van den Brink","doi":"10.1177/1473225419884658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225419884658","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the underlying explanations of the high reliance on pre-trial detention of children across contemporary Western societies, with a particular focus on the Netherlands. Empirical research findings are used to identify patterns and functions of pre-trial detention in the administration of youth justice. In addition, two driving forces behind pre-trial detention decision-making are explored after scrutinizing the penological underpinnings of youth justice and youth crime control in Western societies. Ultimately, the article addresses to what extent and how international children’s rights standards can effectively protect child suspects and accused from excessive, unlawful and arbitrary pre-trial detention.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1473225419884658","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48993490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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