Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1177/1473225419876458
David Brewster
This article critically examines the role and influence of neuroscientific knowledge in problematising youth-to-adult (Y2A) offender transitions. Drawing upon empirical data from a policy Delphi panel (n = 33) in Wales (UK), it is argued that a ‘neuro-deficits’ model based around ‘maturity’ has permeated the understandings of policy-makers and practitioners working with youth offenders. In internalising such neuroscientific knowledge, the policy environment has in turn become problematised for inadequately catering towards such developmental deficits. While this ‘neuroscientific turn’ in Y2A transitions may serve to further legitimate a set of managerialist and risk-oriented practices, it also provides opportunities for broader meaningful reform.
{"title":"Not Wired Up? The Neuroscientific Turn in Youth to Adult (Y2A) Transitions Policy","authors":"David Brewster","doi":"10.1177/1473225419876458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225419876458","url":null,"abstract":"This article critically examines the role and influence of neuroscientific knowledge in problematising youth-to-adult (Y2A) offender transitions. Drawing upon empirical data from a policy Delphi panel (n = 33) in Wales (UK), it is argued that a ‘neuro-deficits’ model based around ‘maturity’ has permeated the understandings of policy-makers and practitioners working with youth offenders. In internalising such neuroscientific knowledge, the policy environment has in turn become problematised for inadequately catering towards such developmental deficits. While this ‘neuroscientific turn’ in Y2A transitions may serve to further legitimate a set of managerialist and risk-oriented practices, it also provides opportunities for broader meaningful reform.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1473225419876458","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44810504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-06DOI: 10.1177/1473225420971043
Alexandra L Cox
This article focuses on the shape of the contemporary political economy and its effects on the young people and adults who are involved in the ‘deep end’ of the youth justice system – youth prisons. This ‘deep end’ arguably represents the end of the road for young people and adults who have found themselves adrift in the context of the contemporary capitalist model, and who have passed through existing social systems intended to offer them a safety net. After examining the consequences of the economy for these individuals, the article looks to new economic models and processes and their possible implications for a research and reform agenda.
{"title":"The New Economy and Youth Justice","authors":"Alexandra L Cox","doi":"10.1177/1473225420971043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225420971043","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the shape of the contemporary political economy and its effects on the young people and adults who are involved in the ‘deep end’ of the youth justice system – youth prisons. This ‘deep end’ arguably represents the end of the road for young people and adults who have found themselves adrift in the context of the contemporary capitalist model, and who have passed through existing social systems intended to offer them a safety net. After examining the consequences of the economy for these individuals, the article looks to new economic models and processes and their possible implications for a research and reform agenda.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1473225420971043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44328679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-04DOI: 10.1177/1473225420967751
J. Hodgson
The contemporary popularity of restorative justice, within youth justice, has expanded significantly in recent decades. Despite this, there is a considerable lack of research which explores girls’ experiences of restorative justice interventions. Drawing on the experiences of young female offenders, who have participated in restorative justice conferencing, this article presents research findings generated from interviews undertaken with 15 girls and 13 youth justice practitioners, in order to critically analyse their views and experiences through a gendered lens. The analysis and discussion presented provides a critical insight into the ways in which girls’ experience, internalise and engage in restorative justice conferencing and how these experiences fundamentally conflict with practitioners’ views on conferencing with girls in the youth justice system.
{"title":"Offending Girls and Restorative Justice: A Critical Analysis","authors":"J. Hodgson","doi":"10.1177/1473225420967751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225420967751","url":null,"abstract":"The contemporary popularity of restorative justice, within youth justice, has expanded significantly in recent decades. Despite this, there is a considerable lack of research which explores girls’ experiences of restorative justice interventions. Drawing on the experiences of young female offenders, who have participated in restorative justice conferencing, this article presents research findings generated from interviews undertaken with 15 girls and 13 youth justice practitioners, in order to critically analyse their views and experiences through a gendered lens. The analysis and discussion presented provides a critical insight into the ways in which girls’ experience, internalise and engage in restorative justice conferencing and how these experiences fundamentally conflict with practitioners’ views on conferencing with girls in the youth justice system.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1473225420967751","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41959818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-24DOI: 10.1177/1473225420959144
N. Stone
{"title":"Segregation and Solitary Confinement in Youth Custody: Rights and Regulations in Redressing Developmental Impoverishment","authors":"N. Stone","doi":"10.1177/1473225420959144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225420959144","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1473225420959144","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48601931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-02DOI: 10.1177/1473225420953208
Katherine S. Williams, Heddwen Daniel
Since 2000 the Welsh Government’s (WG) policy has been to provide rights and entitlements to all children in Wales. However, this is not fully implemented partly due to an underspecified meaning of ‘children first’ and ‘well-being’ and their role in relation to ‘justice’. We propose that clarity could be achieved through a novel exploitation of Amartya Sen’s capabilities approach to achieving social justice. This would require the identification and mitigation of socio-structural barriers which undermine the ability of a child to live a positive life, a life where they can meet their full potential without harm to themselves or others.
{"title":"Applying Sen’s Capabilities Approach to the Delivery of Positive Youth Justice","authors":"Katherine S. Williams, Heddwen Daniel","doi":"10.1177/1473225420953208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225420953208","url":null,"abstract":"Since 2000 the Welsh Government’s (WG) policy has been to provide rights and entitlements to all children in Wales. However, this is not fully implemented partly due to an underspecified meaning of ‘children first’ and ‘well-being’ and their role in relation to ‘justice’. We propose that clarity could be achieved through a novel exploitation of Amartya Sen’s capabilities approach to achieving social justice. This would require the identification and mitigation of socio-structural barriers which undermine the ability of a child to live a positive life, a life where they can meet their full potential without harm to themselves or others.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1473225420953208","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48886833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-27DOI: 10.1177/1473225420953057
T. Bateman
Throughout the 1990s, the level of child imprisonment in England and Wales rose rapidly with youth justice decision-making firmly under the sway of what has become known as the ‘punitive turn’. Although the use of custodial sentences declined a little in the early part of the next decade, the population of the children’s secure estate remained stubbornly high as a consequence of an increase in average sentence length and continued rises in the number of children subject to custodial remand. The extent of child incarceration accordingly attracted repeated criticism from the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child which, as recently as 2008, noted that detention of liberty was not being used as a measure of last resort as required by the Convention on the Rights of the Child. From that year, however, there was a marked shift in trajectory, initiating a sharp decline which has continued to the present day. Although consistent figures are not available over the whole period, it seems clear that the number of children in custody is currently substantially lower than that immediately prior to the start of the inflationary trend triggered by the punitivism of the final decade of the last century. Figures prior 1992 cannot be compared with later data because 17-year-olds were treated as adults for criminal justice purposes until that year. Statistics for the population of children in custody at any one time are only available from 2000 onwards; reliable remand figures are also not obtainable over the whole period. An outline of trends can however be derived from the number of children sentenced to imprisonment each year. As Table 1 indicates, there was a 77 per cent rise in the number of custodial disposals imposed on children between 1992 and 1997. There was a further modest increase of 6 per cent over the next 5 years before the onset of a period of decline which has accelerated rapidly over the most recent decade. In 2019, the number of child custodial sentences was less than one-third of that recorded in 1992. As indicated earlier, population data are available from the turn of the century, showing the number of children detained through the youth justice system at any one time, rather
{"title":"Youth Justice News","authors":"T. Bateman","doi":"10.1177/1473225420953057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225420953057","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout the 1990s, the level of child imprisonment in England and Wales rose rapidly with youth justice decision-making firmly under the sway of what has become known as the ‘punitive turn’. Although the use of custodial sentences declined a little in the early part of the next decade, the population of the children’s secure estate remained stubbornly high as a consequence of an increase in average sentence length and continued rises in the number of children subject to custodial remand. The extent of child incarceration accordingly attracted repeated criticism from the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child which, as recently as 2008, noted that detention of liberty was not being used as a measure of last resort as required by the Convention on the Rights of the Child. From that year, however, there was a marked shift in trajectory, initiating a sharp decline which has continued to the present day. Although consistent figures are not available over the whole period, it seems clear that the number of children in custody is currently substantially lower than that immediately prior to the start of the inflationary trend triggered by the punitivism of the final decade of the last century. Figures prior 1992 cannot be compared with later data because 17-year-olds were treated as adults for criminal justice purposes until that year. Statistics for the population of children in custody at any one time are only available from 2000 onwards; reliable remand figures are also not obtainable over the whole period. An outline of trends can however be derived from the number of children sentenced to imprisonment each year. As Table 1 indicates, there was a 77 per cent rise in the number of custodial disposals imposed on children between 1992 and 1997. There was a further modest increase of 6 per cent over the next 5 years before the onset of a period of decline which has accelerated rapidly over the most recent decade. In 2019, the number of child custodial sentences was less than one-third of that recorded in 1992. As indicated earlier, population data are available from the turn of the century, showing the number of children detained through the youth justice system at any one time, rather","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1473225420953057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47655306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-29DOI: 10.1177/1473225420941598
H. Smithson, P. Gray, Anna Jones
This article presents the findings from a pioneering project between a university and 10 regional youth justice services. The project resulted in the co-production, with young people, of a framework of principles termed ‘Participatory Youth Practice’ (PYP). The benefits and challenges of producing PYP are discussed. We argue that the framework – grounded in Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and ‘child first, offender second’ principles – is a formative step in the process of creating a youth justice system that respects and acknowledges children and young people’s rights and enables them to meaningfully participate in decision-making processes.
{"title":"‘They Really Should Start Listening to You’: The Benefits and Challenges of Co-Producing a Participatory Framework of Youth Justice Practice","authors":"H. Smithson, P. Gray, Anna Jones","doi":"10.1177/1473225420941598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225420941598","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the findings from a pioneering project between a university and 10 regional youth justice services. The project resulted in the co-production, with young people, of a framework of principles termed ‘Participatory Youth Practice’ (PYP). The benefits and challenges of producing PYP are discussed. We argue that the framework – grounded in Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and ‘child first, offender second’ principles – is a formative step in the process of creating a youth justice system that respects and acknowledges children and young people’s rights and enables them to meaningfully participate in decision-making processes.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1473225420941598","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44412843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-04DOI: 10.1177/1473225420938138
S. Phillippi, J. Berman, Casey L. Thomas, K. Beiter, Ariel Test
This study examines client and parent/guardian perceptions of holistic juvenile public defense. A total of 66 subjects responded to a structured survey measuring satisfaction with holistic representation. Differences between perceptions were analyzed using paired T-tests and the Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to analyze strength of association and interrelationships among variables and satisfaction. Qualitative data were collected through open-ended survey questions. The findings of this study indicate that holistic defense was perceived positively as measured by high client satisfaction. Further empirical research is necessary to evaluate the outcomes of holistic models and offer comparison to traditional models.
{"title":"Youth and Parental Perceptions of a Holistic Juvenile Public Defense Model","authors":"S. Phillippi, J. Berman, Casey L. Thomas, K. Beiter, Ariel Test","doi":"10.1177/1473225420938138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225420938138","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines client and parent/guardian perceptions of holistic juvenile public defense. A total of 66 subjects responded to a structured survey measuring satisfaction with holistic representation. Differences between perceptions were analyzed using paired T-tests and the Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to analyze strength of association and interrelationships among variables and satisfaction. Qualitative data were collected through open-ended survey questions. The findings of this study indicate that holistic defense was perceived positively as measured by high client satisfaction. Further empirical research is necessary to evaluate the outcomes of holistic models and offer comparison to traditional models.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1473225420938138","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42122957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1177/1473225420938151
L. Caulfield, A. Jolly, E. Simpson, Yasmin Devi-McGleish
In response to some of the criticisms of previous research into the arts in criminal justice, this article presents findings from research with a music programme run by a Youth Offending team (YOT). Data were collected on the attendance of 42 participants at YOT appointments – matched against a comparison group – and measures of change over time in musical development, attitudes and behaviour and well-being. Participants who completed the music programme were statistically more likely to attend YOT appointments than a comparison group. There were statistically significant improvements in participants’ self-reported well-being and musical ability over the course of the project. Effect sizes reached the minimum important difference for quantitative measures. To understand not just if, but how, any impact was achieved, and to ensure the voice of the young people was heard, the quantitative elements of the research were complemented and extended by in-depth interviews with 23 participants.
{"title":"‘It’s Not Just Music, It Helps You from Inside’: Mixing Methods to Understand the Impact of Music on Young People in Contact With the Criminal Justice System","authors":"L. Caulfield, A. Jolly, E. Simpson, Yasmin Devi-McGleish","doi":"10.1177/1473225420938151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225420938151","url":null,"abstract":"In response to some of the criticisms of previous research into the arts in criminal justice, this article presents findings from research with a music programme run by a Youth Offending team (YOT). Data were collected on the attendance of 42 participants at YOT appointments – matched against a comparison group – and measures of change over time in musical development, attitudes and behaviour and well-being. Participants who completed the music programme were statistically more likely to attend YOT appointments than a comparison group. There were statistically significant improvements in participants’ self-reported well-being and musical ability over the course of the project. Effect sizes reached the minimum important difference for quantitative measures. To understand not just if, but how, any impact was achieved, and to ensure the voice of the young people was heard, the quantitative elements of the research were complemented and extended by in-depth interviews with 23 participants.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1473225420938151","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48835492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-22DOI: 10.1177/1473225420932861
R. Myers, T. Goddard, J. Davidtz
Presently in the United States, cognitive behavioral approaches are thought to be one of the most effective ways to intervene in the lives of young people in trouble with the law. However, such individualized approaches to youth in trouble with the law, and the risk-based logics that accompany them, say some, often ignore the relationships that young people have with caregivers, as well as the broader social ecological, economic and political contexts within which those relationships develop. Once the individual change work is completed, young people must have productive roles and supportive relationships to return to, especially if we want youth justice practice to translate into justice for youth. Given that meaningful attachments with others serve as the primary context within which individuals learn to regulate emotions and behaviors, youth justice policy and practice ought to seek to repair the capacity to attach and relate –and broader social policy reforms must address the social and economic inequalities that make the adversity and harm that undermine that capacity more likely. In this article, we discuss the limitations of over-relying on skills-based therapies and examine how the neglect of social, material and relational contexts can undermine the meaning and effectiveness of youth justice interventions. Following this, we describe how a youth justice system that attends to relational needs and structural inequalities might better meet the needs of young people.
{"title":"Reconnecting Youth: Beyond Individualized Programs and Risks","authors":"R. Myers, T. Goddard, J. Davidtz","doi":"10.1177/1473225420932861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225420932861","url":null,"abstract":"Presently in the United States, cognitive behavioral approaches are thought to be one of the most effective ways to intervene in the lives of young people in trouble with the law. However, such individualized approaches to youth in trouble with the law, and the risk-based logics that accompany them, say some, often ignore the relationships that young people have with caregivers, as well as the broader social ecological, economic and political contexts within which those relationships develop. Once the individual change work is completed, young people must have productive roles and supportive relationships to return to, especially if we want youth justice practice to translate into justice for youth. Given that meaningful attachments with others serve as the primary context within which individuals learn to regulate emotions and behaviors, youth justice policy and practice ought to seek to repair the capacity to attach and relate –and broader social policy reforms must address the social and economic inequalities that make the adversity and harm that undermine that capacity more likely. In this article, we discuss the limitations of over-relying on skills-based therapies and examine how the neglect of social, material and relational contexts can undermine the meaning and effectiveness of youth justice interventions. Following this, we describe how a youth justice system that attends to relational needs and structural inequalities might better meet the needs of young people.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1473225420932861","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46414061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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