Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1177/14732254211036195
N. Russell, Kuen Yee Tan, C. Pestell, S. Connor, James P Fitzpatrick
Patches Paediatrics is a specialised private multidisciplinary service in Western Australia (WA), offering a range of developmental diagnostic assessments such as foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Many FASD assessments occur in children and youth who are engaged with the justice system in WA and the Northern Territory (NT). There are currently no studies outlining the types of clinical recommendations and management strategies made or implemented by clinicians for this clinical population within Australia. This study outlines therapeutic recommendations made as part of the youth justice FASD diagnostic process within Patches Paediatrics to ultimately refine recommendations to inform therapeutic strategies. This was a retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study of those aged 10 years to 17 years 11 months (N = 64) who were diagnosed with FASD within Patches Paediatrics; and referred from the youth justice system in WA and the NT between January 2017 and February 2019. Information on FASD recommendations was gathered by reviewing participants’ source documents, such as FASD diagnostic reports. ‘FASD recommendations’ categories were divided into subdomains: medical, mental health, developmental, lifestyle, future goals and others. In the various categories of recommendations, the most prominent were referral for National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) funding (75%) followed by education support (67.2%), occupational therapy (56.3%), and drug and alcohol services (45.3%). Significant correlations between impaired neurocognitive domains and recommendations were also observed. Similarly, there were significant correlations between comorbidities and recommendations. Our study highlighted gaps in recommendations for those with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), rural communities and access to NDIS, therapeutic rehabilitation programmes as well as community work programmes. Other gaps included making adequate recommendations for speech/language therapy, education support, life skills advice and staff/clinician education. This study was the first to describe therapeutic recommendations for the youth cohort assessed by Patches Paediatrics in WA and the NT. It also showed significant correlations between the neurocognitive/comorbidity profile and clinical recommendations. This highlights areas within the recommendations that can be individualised as well as ways to improve community integration. A discussion of limitations and suggestions for future research is also provided.
{"title":"Therapeutic Recommendations in the Youth Justice System Cohort Diagnosed with Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","authors":"N. Russell, Kuen Yee Tan, C. Pestell, S. Connor, James P Fitzpatrick","doi":"10.1177/14732254211036195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254211036195","url":null,"abstract":"Patches Paediatrics is a specialised private multidisciplinary service in Western Australia (WA), offering a range of developmental diagnostic assessments such as foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Many FASD assessments occur in children and youth who are engaged with the justice system in WA and the Northern Territory (NT). There are currently no studies outlining the types of clinical recommendations and management strategies made or implemented by clinicians for this clinical population within Australia. This study outlines therapeutic recommendations made as part of the youth justice FASD diagnostic process within Patches Paediatrics to ultimately refine recommendations to inform therapeutic strategies. This was a retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study of those aged 10 years to 17 years 11 months (N = 64) who were diagnosed with FASD within Patches Paediatrics; and referred from the youth justice system in WA and the NT between January 2017 and February 2019. Information on FASD recommendations was gathered by reviewing participants’ source documents, such as FASD diagnostic reports. ‘FASD recommendations’ categories were divided into subdomains: medical, mental health, developmental, lifestyle, future goals and others. In the various categories of recommendations, the most prominent were referral for National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) funding (75%) followed by education support (67.2%), occupational therapy (56.3%), and drug and alcohol services (45.3%). Significant correlations between impaired neurocognitive domains and recommendations were also observed. Similarly, there were significant correlations between comorbidities and recommendations. Our study highlighted gaps in recommendations for those with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), rural communities and access to NDIS, therapeutic rehabilitation programmes as well as community work programmes. Other gaps included making adequate recommendations for speech/language therapy, education support, life skills advice and staff/clinician education. This study was the first to describe therapeutic recommendations for the youth cohort assessed by Patches Paediatrics in WA and the NT. It also showed significant correlations between the neurocognitive/comorbidity profile and clinical recommendations. This highlights areas within the recommendations that can be individualised as well as ways to improve community integration. A discussion of limitations and suggestions for future research is also provided.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/14732254211036195","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45200065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.1177/14732254211011792
T. Bateman
In 2012, the Scottish government made a commitment to consider raising the minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR), which had stood at 8 years since 1932, and established an Advisory Group to reflect on the implications of raising the threshold for criminal proceedings to 12 years. The Advisory Group reported in March 2016 and concluded that the statutory change should be made at the earliest opportunity. A public consultation ensued in which more than 95 per cent of respondents indicated support for a MACR of 12 years or older and, in March 2018, the government introduced legislation to that effect. The Age of Criminal Responsibility (Scotland) Act was passed with the overwhelming support of Members of the Scottish Parliament in May 2019 and the Act received Royal Assent on 11 June of that year. By April 2021, almost half of the provisions contained within the statute had been implemented. These include section 3, which prevents children below the age of 12 years being referred to the Children’s Hearing system (the mechanism whereby children in need of care and protection and those who have offended can be made subject of compulsory intervention) on offence grounds. However, section 1, which states simply that: ‘A child under the age of 12 years cannot commit an offence’, was not one of those provisions that had been brought into force. An information briefing, published in January 2021 by the Children and Young People’s Centre for Justice, notes that the government is currently working towards full implementation of the Act by autumn 2021. In consequence, the MACR in Scotland currently remains 8 years and the police can still charge children aged between 8 and 11. The Children and Young People’s Commissioner Scotland has called this failure to implement the increase ‘unacceptable’ and pointed out that, while a child under 12 years of age cannot be prosecuted, charges can continue to appear on disclosure certificates, potentially impacting on ‘education options and the jobs they might be able to get, even after they reach adulthood’.
{"title":"Youth Justice News","authors":"T. Bateman","doi":"10.1177/14732254211011792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254211011792","url":null,"abstract":"In 2012, the Scottish government made a commitment to consider raising the minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR), which had stood at 8 years since 1932, and established an Advisory Group to reflect on the implications of raising the threshold for criminal proceedings to 12 years. The Advisory Group reported in March 2016 and concluded that the statutory change should be made at the earliest opportunity. A public consultation ensued in which more than 95 per cent of respondents indicated support for a MACR of 12 years or older and, in March 2018, the government introduced legislation to that effect. The Age of Criminal Responsibility (Scotland) Act was passed with the overwhelming support of Members of the Scottish Parliament in May 2019 and the Act received Royal Assent on 11 June of that year. By April 2021, almost half of the provisions contained within the statute had been implemented. These include section 3, which prevents children below the age of 12 years being referred to the Children’s Hearing system (the mechanism whereby children in need of care and protection and those who have offended can be made subject of compulsory intervention) on offence grounds. However, section 1, which states simply that: ‘A child under the age of 12 years cannot commit an offence’, was not one of those provisions that had been brought into force. An information briefing, published in January 2021 by the Children and Young People’s Centre for Justice, notes that the government is currently working towards full implementation of the Act by autumn 2021. In consequence, the MACR in Scotland currently remains 8 years and the police can still charge children aged between 8 and 11. The Children and Young People’s Commissioner Scotland has called this failure to implement the increase ‘unacceptable’ and pointed out that, while a child under 12 years of age cannot be prosecuted, charges can continue to appear on disclosure certificates, potentially impacting on ‘education options and the jobs they might be able to get, even after they reach adulthood’.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/14732254211011792","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45177387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-29DOI: 10.1177/14732254211036196
Le Thu Dao, Yvon Dandurand
The implementation of child justice reforms often lingers or fails because it has not been systematically planned, properly communicated or adequately resourced. There are also many social, cultural and systemic barriers to child justice reforms, but these barriers are often poorly understood and meekly addressed. Progress in implementing rights-based comprehensive child justice systems has been slow, and there is a growing interest in understanding why, in many countries, child justice reforms have made relatively little progress over the past 30 years. This article reviews the experience of child justice reforms in Vietnam and discusses the broader question of policy transfer, specifically the translation of international children’s rights standards and norms into national child justice laws and policies.
{"title":"Social, Cultural and Systemic Barriers to Child Justice Reform: Lessons from Vietnam","authors":"Le Thu Dao, Yvon Dandurand","doi":"10.1177/14732254211036196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254211036196","url":null,"abstract":"The implementation of child justice reforms often lingers or fails because it has not been systematically planned, properly communicated or adequately resourced. There are also many social, cultural and systemic barriers to child justice reforms, but these barriers are often poorly understood and meekly addressed. Progress in implementing rights-based comprehensive child justice systems has been slow, and there is a growing interest in understanding why, in many countries, child justice reforms have made relatively little progress over the past 30 years. This article reviews the experience of child justice reforms in Vietnam and discusses the broader question of policy transfer, specifically the translation of international children’s rights standards and norms into national child justice laws and policies.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/14732254211036196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42723748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-10DOI: 10.1177/14732254211030597
Vicky Kemp, D. Watkins
While studies have explored adult suspects’ understanding of their legal rights, seldom are the experiences of children and young people taken into account. In this article, we discuss findings arising out of research interviews conducted with 61 children and young people; many of whom have experience of being suspects. From listening to their points-of-view, we find that children and young people fundamentally lack understanding of the rights of suspects, and especially the inalienable nature of those rights. We argue this is not surprising when children are being dealt with in an adult-centred punitive system of justice, which is contrary to international human rights standards.
{"title":"Exploring Children’s Understanding of the Legal Rights of Suspects in England and Wales","authors":"Vicky Kemp, D. Watkins","doi":"10.1177/14732254211030597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254211030597","url":null,"abstract":"While studies have explored adult suspects’ understanding of their legal rights, seldom are the experiences of children and young people taken into account. In this article, we discuss findings arising out of research interviews conducted with 61 children and young people; many of whom have experience of being suspects. From listening to their points-of-view, we find that children and young people fundamentally lack understanding of the rights of suspects, and especially the inalienable nature of those rights. We argue this is not surprising when children are being dealt with in an adult-centred punitive system of justice, which is contrary to international human rights standards.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/14732254211030597","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41434454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-16DOI: 10.1177/14732254211022854
J. Staines, Nadia Aghtaie, J. Roy
Using the minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR) in Iran as an illustration, this article explores the continued resistance against girls’ rights in some Islamic countries. The gendered construction of childhood in Iran has resulted in a differential MACR, which for boys is notably higher than that recommended by the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, yet for girls is unacceptably low. While breaches of girls’ rights in other areas are defended on the grounds of paternalistic concerns, it is argued that the MACR is a religious-politico decision that, in Iran, upholds the rights of boys but denies the rights of girls, propagating their wider subjugation.
{"title":"Gendered Justice: Inequalities in the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility in Iran","authors":"J. Staines, Nadia Aghtaie, J. Roy","doi":"10.1177/14732254211022854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254211022854","url":null,"abstract":"Using the minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR) in Iran as an illustration, this article explores the continued resistance against girls’ rights in some Islamic countries. The gendered construction of childhood in Iran has resulted in a differential MACR, which for boys is notably higher than that recommended by the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, yet for girls is unacceptably low. While breaches of girls’ rights in other areas are defended on the grounds of paternalistic concerns, it is argued that the MACR is a religious-politico decision that, in Iran, upholds the rights of boys but denies the rights of girls, propagating their wider subjugation.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/14732254211022854","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42595055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-04DOI: 10.1177/14732254211020119
Bernd Dollinger, S. Osawa, Sarah Schirmer
In criminological country comparisons, countries are often assumed to be relatively homogeneous units ( ‘methodological nationalism’). Within individual countries, there seems to be a more or less uniform understanding of crime. In contrast to this supposition, we assume the possibility that interpretations of deviance or crime can also diverge to a great extent within countries. Based on an explorative comparative study with young people in Japan and Germany, we show that there are both similarities and differences: The youths we interviewed in the two countries share some views on norms and norm violations (for instance, relating to school norms which they, at the same time, question, and acknowledge), while in others they differ (e.g. concerning the assessment of the severity of deviant behavior). Criminological country comparisons, we conclude, should pay more attention to controversies on the definition of deviance and crime and to heterogeneity within countries.
{"title":"Constructions of Deviance by Japanese and German Youth: A Criminological Comparison as a ‘Bottom-Up’ Project","authors":"Bernd Dollinger, S. Osawa, Sarah Schirmer","doi":"10.1177/14732254211020119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254211020119","url":null,"abstract":"In criminological country comparisons, countries are often assumed to be relatively homogeneous units ( ‘methodological nationalism’). Within individual countries, there seems to be a more or less uniform understanding of crime. In contrast to this supposition, we assume the possibility that interpretations of deviance or crime can also diverge to a great extent within countries. Based on an explorative comparative study with young people in Japan and Germany, we show that there are both similarities and differences: The youths we interviewed in the two countries share some views on norms and norm violations (for instance, relating to school norms which they, at the same time, question, and acknowledge), while in others they differ (e.g. concerning the assessment of the severity of deviant behavior). Criminological country comparisons, we conclude, should pay more attention to controversies on the definition of deviance and crime and to heterogeneity within countries.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/14732254211020119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44936965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-02DOI: 10.1177/14732254211020138
Jason Corburn, Devone Boggan, Khaalid Muttaqi, Sam Vaughn, James G. Houston, Julius Thibodeaux, Brian Muhammad
This descriptive article highlights the inner-practices of a trauma-informed, healing-centered, urban gun violence reduction program called Advance Peace. We find that the Advance Peace model uses a unique curriculum called the Peacemaker Fellowship, that offers intensive mentorship, caring, and ‘street love’ to youth at the center of gun violence. The Advance Peace approach is one public safety model that may help young people of color heal from the traumas that contribute to gun violence while also reducing gun crime in urban neighborhoods.
{"title":"Advancing Urban Peace: Preventing Gun Violence and Healing Traumatized Youth","authors":"Jason Corburn, Devone Boggan, Khaalid Muttaqi, Sam Vaughn, James G. Houston, Julius Thibodeaux, Brian Muhammad","doi":"10.1177/14732254211020138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254211020138","url":null,"abstract":"This descriptive article highlights the inner-practices of a trauma-informed, healing-centered, urban gun violence reduction program called Advance Peace. We find that the Advance Peace model uses a unique curriculum called the Peacemaker Fellowship, that offers intensive mentorship, caring, and ‘street love’ to youth at the center of gun violence. The Advance Peace approach is one public safety model that may help young people of color heal from the traumas that contribute to gun violence while also reducing gun crime in urban neighborhoods.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/14732254211020138","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41706746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-06DOI: 10.1177/14732254211004764
Max Lowenstein
This article qualitatively explores the English judicial approach towards sentencing explanations via remarks made within the magistrates’ youth court. First, the extent of their correlation with the three known purposes behind sentencing explanations is considered within a wider introductory discussion. Second, judicial interviews provide new insights regarding the extent of their alignment with the introductory discussion by indicating degrees of correlation. Third, the English judicial approach towards sentencing explanations and the degrees of correlation are concluded upon. Finally, recommendations are made to assist in a better understanding of sentencing explanations globally, particularly in jurisdictions where their publication has increased.
{"title":"Sentencing explanations provided via judicial remarks made within the English magistrates’ youth court: Towards a better global understanding","authors":"Max Lowenstein","doi":"10.1177/14732254211004764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254211004764","url":null,"abstract":"This article qualitatively explores the English judicial approach towards sentencing explanations via remarks made within the magistrates’ youth court. First, the extent of their correlation with the three known purposes behind sentencing explanations is considered within a wider introductory discussion. Second, judicial interviews provide new insights regarding the extent of their alignment with the introductory discussion by indicating degrees of correlation. Third, the English judicial approach towards sentencing explanations and the degrees of correlation are concluded upon. Finally, recommendations are made to assist in a better understanding of sentencing explanations globally, particularly in jurisdictions where their publication has increased.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/14732254211004764","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44620621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-03DOI: 10.1177/14732254211013420
Yannick van den Brink
Equality is a fundamental principle, also in youth justice. Nevertheless, children from ethnic minorities, children with disabilities and children from low socioeconomic backgrounds are vastly overrepresented in youth detention populations across the globe. This article combines interdisciplinary theoretical perspectives and empirical findings from interviews with practitioners from two English youth courts to explore the meaning, perceptions and implications of the principle of equality in the specific context of the youth court. Ultimately, this article presents the first contours of a conceptual model of equality in the youth court, which aims to inform policy, practice and future research.
{"title":"Equality in the Youth Court: Meaning, Perceptions and Implications of the Principle of Equality in Youth Justice","authors":"Yannick van den Brink","doi":"10.1177/14732254211013420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254211013420","url":null,"abstract":"Equality is a fundamental principle, also in youth justice. Nevertheless, children from ethnic minorities, children with disabilities and children from low socioeconomic backgrounds are vastly overrepresented in youth detention populations across the globe. This article combines interdisciplinary theoretical perspectives and empirical findings from interviews with practitioners from two English youth courts to explore the meaning, perceptions and implications of the principle of equality in the specific context of the youth court. Ultimately, this article presents the first contours of a conceptual model of equality in the youth court, which aims to inform policy, practice and future research.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/14732254211013420","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46091070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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