Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1177/14732254221104896
Thomas Crofts, E. Delmage, Laura Janes
Children receive sentences underpinned by deterrence theory in many jurisdictions, as demonstrated by recent cases in Australia and England and Wales. This article explores whether deterrent sentencing is justified from a legal, criminological and neuroscientific perspective. Analysis of international instruments suggests that deterrent sentencing conflicts with children’s rights, particularly the obligation to factor in the child’s age and best interests. There is scant criminological evidence that deterrent sentencing works for children. The principles that underpin deterrent sentencing are at odds with the way children make decisions according to recent neuroscientific evidence. Principles of deterrence should not apply when sentencing children.
{"title":"Deterring Children From Crime Through Sentencing: Can It Be Justified?","authors":"Thomas Crofts, E. Delmage, Laura Janes","doi":"10.1177/14732254221104896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254221104896","url":null,"abstract":"Children receive sentences underpinned by deterrence theory in many jurisdictions, as demonstrated by recent cases in Australia and England and Wales. This article explores whether deterrent sentencing is justified from a legal, criminological and neuroscientific perspective. Analysis of international instruments suggests that deterrent sentencing conflicts with children’s rights, particularly the obligation to factor in the child’s age and best interests. There is scant criminological evidence that deterrent sentencing works for children. The principles that underpin deterrent sentencing are at odds with the way children make decisions according to recent neuroscientific evidence. Principles of deterrence should not apply when sentencing children.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46043646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-23DOI: 10.1177/14732254221104640
A. Thomas, A. Drozdova, Isabella Clough, Adam Fine
This study evaluated 190 adolescent–parent dyads from two US sites (CA and TX) about their awareness of and attitudes toward adolescent sexting and age of sexual consent policies. Findings indicate (a) poor policy awareness among adolescents and parents, particularly for the Texas sample, (b) positive associations between parent and adolescent awareness, (c) site differences in fairness ratings, and (d) a negative association between adolescents’ fairness ratings and their willingness to violate the policies. We recommend greater efforts toward policy education, given the lack of awareness in the present sample, and consideration for the developmental appropriateness of policies.
{"title":"Adolescents’ and Parents’ Knowledge of Laws Pertaining to Adolescent Sexual Behavior: The Role of Perceived Policy Fairness on Adolescents’ Willingness to Violate the Law","authors":"A. Thomas, A. Drozdova, Isabella Clough, Adam Fine","doi":"10.1177/14732254221104640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254221104640","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated 190 adolescent–parent dyads from two US sites (CA and TX) about their awareness of and attitudes toward adolescent sexting and age of sexual consent policies. Findings indicate (a) poor policy awareness among adolescents and parents, particularly for the Texas sample, (b) positive associations between parent and adolescent awareness, (c) site differences in fairness ratings, and (d) a negative association between adolescents’ fairness ratings and their willingness to violate the policies. We recommend greater efforts toward policy education, given the lack of awareness in the present sample, and consideration for the developmental appropriateness of policies.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48363036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-02DOI: 10.1177/14732254221096554
Katie J. Stone, Jonathan L. Poquiz, Paula J. Fite, C. Pederson
Detained youth are at an increased risk of developing internalizing symptoms. Belongingness theory suggests that youth’s perception of belonging within their family may further elucidate this risk. In addition, alexithymia may explicate symptoms, yet these constructs have yet to be evaluated in detained youth. The present study examined the interaction between alexithymia and family belonging on depression and anxiety symptoms of 94 youth in a juvenile detention facility. Results suggest that lack of family belonging and high alexithymia are independently associated with greater internalizing symptoms. Findings indicated a need for interventions targeting family belonging and emotion regulation to address internalizing problems for youth.
{"title":"Family Belonging and Internalizing Symptoms among Youth Involved with the Juvenile Justice System","authors":"Katie J. Stone, Jonathan L. Poquiz, Paula J. Fite, C. Pederson","doi":"10.1177/14732254221096554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254221096554","url":null,"abstract":"Detained youth are at an increased risk of developing internalizing symptoms. Belongingness theory suggests that youth’s perception of belonging within their family may further elucidate this risk. In addition, alexithymia may explicate symptoms, yet these constructs have yet to be evaluated in detained youth. The present study examined the interaction between alexithymia and family belonging on depression and anxiety symptoms of 94 youth in a juvenile detention facility. Results suggest that lack of family belonging and high alexithymia are independently associated with greater internalizing symptoms. Findings indicated a need for interventions targeting family belonging and emotion regulation to address internalizing problems for youth.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48571414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.1177/14732254221083187
N. Stone
{"title":"Sentencing Children for Violent Extremism: Part 1","authors":"N. Stone","doi":"10.1177/14732254221083187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254221083187","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44646930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-23DOI: 10.1177/14732254221075677
T. Bateman
A policy position paper published, in November 2021, by the Association of Directors of Children’s Services, the Association of Youth Offending Team Managers and the Local Government Association, argues that ‘urgent action’ is required to reform current arrangements in England and Wales, if the youth justice system is to be one that ‘works for children’. The paper recognises some significant progress has been made since the establishment of a functionally distinct youth justice system by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. In particular, the number of children receiving a formal youth justice disposal (police caution or conviction at court) fell by three quarters in the decade from 2009. Corresponding reductions in the number of children in custody have also been achieved. In addition, the Youth Justice Board for England and Wales has adopted ‘Child First’ as a guiding principle for the youth justice system, based around the tenets of:
{"title":"Youth Justice News","authors":"T. Bateman","doi":"10.1177/14732254221075677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254221075677","url":null,"abstract":"A policy position paper published, in November 2021, by the Association of Directors of Children’s Services, the Association of Youth Offending Team Managers and the Local Government Association, argues that ‘urgent action’ is required to reform current arrangements in England and Wales, if the youth justice system is to be one that ‘works for children’. The paper recognises some significant progress has been made since the establishment of a functionally distinct youth justice system by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. In particular, the number of children receiving a formal youth justice disposal (police caution or conviction at court) fell by three quarters in the decade from 2009. Corresponding reductions in the number of children in custody have also been achieved. In addition, the Youth Justice Board for England and Wales has adopted ‘Child First’ as a guiding principle for the youth justice system, based around the tenets of:","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47072652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-21DOI: 10.1177/14732254221075206
Karen Duke, H. Gleeson, K. Dąbrowska, Maria Dich Herold, S. Rolando, B. Thom
This article explores the participation of young people in contact with criminal justice systems in the development of drugs interventions. Interviews were undertaken with 160 young people (aged 15–25) and 66 practitioners involved in the design, delivery and commissioning of drug interventions. We analyse the key challenges in involving young people in the development of interventions including structural, organisational and individual factors. We argue that these barriers can be overcome by fostering flexible models of participation and identifying the most meaningful and appropriate approaches for involving young people at different stages and in different initiatives which consider socio-cultural contexts.
{"title":"Building Cultures of Participation: Involving Young People in Contact with the Criminal Justice System in the Development of Drug Interventions in the United Kingdom, Denmark, Italy and Poland","authors":"Karen Duke, H. Gleeson, K. Dąbrowska, Maria Dich Herold, S. Rolando, B. Thom","doi":"10.1177/14732254221075206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254221075206","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the participation of young people in contact with criminal justice systems in the development of drugs interventions. Interviews were undertaken with 160 young people (aged 15–25) and 66 practitioners involved in the design, delivery and commissioning of drug interventions. We analyse the key challenges in involving young people in the development of interventions including structural, organisational and individual factors. We argue that these barriers can be overcome by fostering flexible models of participation and identifying the most meaningful and appropriate approaches for involving young people at different stages and in different initiatives which consider socio-cultural contexts.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42013531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-21DOI: 10.1177/14732254221075205
Anne M. Day
In recent years, there has been a shift in youth justice central policy narratives in England and Wales away from risk assessment and management and towards child first. However, this shift is meeting with a number of challenges on the ground. The reasons for this have been conceptualised as resistance and reticence, contradiction and bifurcation and confusion about competing narratives emerging from different UK government departments about how to meet the statutory requirement to ‘prevent’ youth offending. The article emphasises the importance of meaningfully engaging with youth justice practitioners in debates about how to meet this challenge.
{"title":"‘It’s a Hard Balance to Find’: The Perspectives of Youth Justice Practitioners in England on the Place of ‘Risk’ in an Emerging ‘Child-First’ World","authors":"Anne M. Day","doi":"10.1177/14732254221075205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254221075205","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, there has been a shift in youth justice central policy narratives in England and Wales away from risk assessment and management and towards child first. However, this shift is meeting with a number of challenges on the ground. The reasons for this have been conceptualised as resistance and reticence, contradiction and bifurcation and confusion about competing narratives emerging from different UK government departments about how to meet the statutory requirement to ‘prevent’ youth offending. The article emphasises the importance of meaningfully engaging with youth justice practitioners in debates about how to meet this challenge.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41874914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.1177/14732254211052334
Deneil D. Christian
The prevalence of mental health disorders is higher among justice-involved youth than youth in the general population. Despite mental health being a pressing contemporary issue in the juvenile justice system, fewer than half of the states in the United States mandate the use of a mental health screening for youth in the juvenile justice system. The need to utilize a mental health screening tool in all 50 states should be a national priority. The Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument-Version 2 (MAYSI-2) is the recommended screening tool that should be adopted nationally. Currently, 21 of the 24 states that mandate the use of a screening tool utilize MAYSI-2. Furthermore, it is recognized as having the most empirical evidence as an instrument at the juvenile justice system’s entry and transitional points.
{"title":"Mandatory Mental Health Screening for Justice-Involved Youth: A National Priority","authors":"Deneil D. Christian","doi":"10.1177/14732254211052334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254211052334","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of mental health disorders is higher among justice-involved youth than youth in the general population. Despite mental health being a pressing contemporary issue in the juvenile justice system, fewer than half of the states in the United States mandate the use of a mental health screening for youth in the juvenile justice system. The need to utilize a mental health screening tool in all 50 states should be a national priority. The Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument-Version 2 (MAYSI-2) is the recommended screening tool that should be adopted nationally. Currently, 21 of the 24 states that mandate the use of a screening tool utilize MAYSI-2. Furthermore, it is recognized as having the most empirical evidence as an instrument at the juvenile justice system’s entry and transitional points.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49405788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-03DOI: 10.1177/14732254211041943
T. Bateman
A review of literature on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on children in conflict with the law, in England and Wales, has found that the consequences for children were ‘devastating’. Outcomes for those from disadvantaged and marginalised communities, including children subject to youth justice intervention, have been particularly negatively impacted. The review, published by the Alliance for Youth Justice, an umbrella group for non-statutory organisations with an interest in promoting change in policy and practice for children in the youth justice system, captures relevant literature from the imposition of the first UK lockdown in March 2020 to July 2021. It concludes that government responses to the pandemic frequently failed to distinguish between adults and children, leading to a reduced focus on the impact of policy and practice changes on those below the age of 18 years, and marginalised children in particular. Drawing on a range of sources, the authors demonstrate that children have been disproportionately affected by the crisis associated with Covid-19, with those from disadvantaged backgrounds, including racialised minorities, most severely affected. Families on low incomes have experienced growing debt, and the number of children in poverty is expected to increase. Educational provision has been disrupted across the board, but the shift for many to online teaching has exacerbated existing inequalities. Disadvantaged children were less likely to have access to high quality Internet provision, books and other learning materials or space in which to study. The consequences of the pandemic for children’s mental health are considerable with research indicating that social isolation is particularly damaging for children’s psychological and emotional development. Such concerns are reinforced by the fact that 83 per cent of children surveyed reported that their mental health had got worse during the pandemic and 67 per cent feared that this negative impact would have long-term repercussions. Children in care and care leavers have been
对英格兰和威尔士新冠肺炎大流行对违法儿童影响的文献回顾发现，这对儿童的影响是“毁灭性的”。来自弱势和边缘化社区的人，包括接受青年司法干预的儿童，其结果受到了特别不利的影响。该报告由青年司法联盟(Alliance for Youth Justice)发布，该联盟是一个非法定组织的伞状组织，致力于促进青年司法系统中儿童政策和实践的变革，报告收集了从2020年3月至2021年7月英国首次实施封锁的相关文献。报告的结论是，政府对这一流行病的应对措施往往未能区分成人和儿童，导致对政策和做法变化对18岁以下儿童、特别是被边缘化儿童的影响的关注减少。根据一系列来源，作者证明，儿童受到与Covid-19相关的危机的影响不成比例，其中来自弱势背景的儿童，包括种族化的少数群体，受到的影响最为严重。低收入家庭的债务不断增加，贫困儿童的数量预计还会增加。教育供应已经全面中断，但许多人转向在线教学加剧了现有的不平等。弱势儿童不太可能获得高质量的互联网服务、书籍和其他学习材料或学习空间。这一流行病对儿童心理健康的影响是相当大的，研究表明，社会孤立对儿童的心理和情感发展尤其有害。83%接受调查的儿童报告说，他们的心理健康在大流行病期间恶化了，67%的儿童担心这种负面影响会产生长期影响，这一事实进一步加剧了这种关切。照顾儿童和离开照顾者
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Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.1177/14732254211037097
N. Stone
{"title":"‘Schools with Security’: Pitfalls in Pursuit of the Penal Detention of Children in Ireland and England","authors":"N. Stone","doi":"10.1177/14732254211037097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254211037097","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42898655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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