Pub Date : 2022-11-21DOI: 10.1177/14732254221136041
R. Gee
This article provides insights into a project involving youth justice undergraduates learning a range of social theory to inform reflexive explorations of ‘career’. Such exploration involved scrutinising personal operationalisation of ‘career’ and sociological factors that influence career motivation both retrospectively and anticipatorily. The analysis finds that students feel compelled by an emotional economy of care towards youth justice work; the overcoming of turbulent life events that now requires an emotional return. Such findings provide useful insights for future policy, pedagogy and practice to aid a ‘children first’ approach to critical reflective practice.
{"title":"Compelled by an Emotional Economy of Care: Explorations of the Youth Justice Student ‘Career’","authors":"R. Gee","doi":"10.1177/14732254221136041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254221136041","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides insights into a project involving youth justice undergraduates learning a range of social theory to inform reflexive explorations of ‘career’. Such exploration involved scrutinising personal operationalisation of ‘career’ and sociological factors that influence career motivation both retrospectively and anticipatorily. The analysis finds that students feel compelled by an emotional economy of care towards youth justice work; the overcoming of turbulent life events that now requires an emotional return. Such findings provide useful insights for future policy, pedagogy and practice to aid a ‘children first’ approach to critical reflective practice.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44731411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-28DOI: 10.1177/14732254221134195
N. Stone
Any system of criminal procedure committed to due process will seek to temper the investigation of suspected crime with regard to the proper interests of the suspect, particularly where the suspect is not yet an adult. It is trite to observe that some tension is inevitable between police powers to conduct their investigative responsibilities in a timely and effective manner and the individual’s human rights, with obvious potential for grey areas of ambiguity and uncertainty. In this respect the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child Article 40 helps to set the bar by requiring State Parties to
{"title":"Stripping and Searching Children","authors":"N. Stone","doi":"10.1177/14732254221134195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254221134195","url":null,"abstract":"Any system of criminal procedure committed to due process will seek to temper the investigation of suspected crime with regard to the proper interests of the suspect, particularly where the suspect is not yet an adult. It is trite to observe that some tension is inevitable between police powers to conduct their investigative responsibilities in a timely and effective manner and the individual’s human rights, with obvious potential for grey areas of ambiguity and uncertainty. In this respect the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child Article 40 helps to set the bar by requiring State Parties to","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41431951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.1177/14732254221129913
T. Bateman
The Youth Justice Board for England and Wales was established, by the Crime and Disorder Act 1997, as a non-departmental public body to oversee the operation of the youth justice system. One of the Board’s most significant initiatives was the development, and subsequent national roll-out from April 2000, of a standardised, mandatory, assessment tool, called ASSET, which youth offending teams were obliged to complete for all children subject to court orders or statutory pre-court interventions. ASSET was an actuarial instrument which required practitioners to ascribe scores to individual children across 12 domains of risk. While it also aimed to identify protective factors, the latter were not subject to scoring. Where risks were identified as contributory to the child’s offending behaviour, supervision planning was expected to address those factors. With the onset of, what was known as, the ‘scaled approach’, introduced by the Youth Justice Board in 2009, levels and frequently of interventions were also to be determined by the total ‘risk of reoffending score’ aggregated from the different ASSET domains. The risk factor prevention paradigm, in which ASSET was firmly rooted, was increasingly subject to criticism. At the same time, the growing influence of desistance theory, which focused on the processes through which children give up offending rather than identifying past risks which might help to explain their criminal behaviour, led to a growing recognition that ASSET was unduly deficit focused, limited practitioner discretion and tended to ignore the perspectives of children themselves. The Youth Justice Board accordingly developed a new assessment framework, AssetPlus, which was designed to address some of the criticisms of ASSET. The revised tool was intended to allow risk ‘to be balanced alongside consideration of a young person’s needs, goals and strengths’ and aimed to encourage practitioners to identify
{"title":"Youth Justice News (22.3)","authors":"T. Bateman","doi":"10.1177/14732254221129913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254221129913","url":null,"abstract":"The Youth Justice Board for England and Wales was established, by the Crime and Disorder Act 1997, as a non-departmental public body to oversee the operation of the youth justice system. One of the Board’s most significant initiatives was the development, and subsequent national roll-out from April 2000, of a standardised, mandatory, assessment tool, called ASSET, which youth offending teams were obliged to complete for all children subject to court orders or statutory pre-court interventions. ASSET was an actuarial instrument which required practitioners to ascribe scores to individual children across 12 domains of risk. While it also aimed to identify protective factors, the latter were not subject to scoring. Where risks were identified as contributory to the child’s offending behaviour, supervision planning was expected to address those factors. With the onset of, what was known as, the ‘scaled approach’, introduced by the Youth Justice Board in 2009, levels and frequently of interventions were also to be determined by the total ‘risk of reoffending score’ aggregated from the different ASSET domains. The risk factor prevention paradigm, in which ASSET was firmly rooted, was increasingly subject to criticism. At the same time, the growing influence of desistance theory, which focused on the processes through which children give up offending rather than identifying past risks which might help to explain their criminal behaviour, led to a growing recognition that ASSET was unduly deficit focused, limited practitioner discretion and tended to ignore the perspectives of children themselves. The Youth Justice Board accordingly developed a new assessment framework, AssetPlus, which was designed to address some of the criticisms of ASSET. The revised tool was intended to allow risk ‘to be balanced alongside consideration of a young person’s needs, goals and strengths’ and aimed to encourage practitioners to identify","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42514228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-05DOI: 10.1177/14732254221122617
S. Rock, N. Gately, J. McCue, Nathalie St Martin
A significant amount of property crime is committed by young people. In this novel qualitative study, 50 young people were interviewed to obtain an insight into their motivations to burgle. Decisions were based on peer pressure, opportunity and perceived need. Bennett and Wright’s typologies of adult burglars were applied to young burglars. Young burglars were more prone than adults in Bennett and Wright’s study to commit opportunistic burglaries, but were deterred by similar target characteristics. The social and psychological factors are strong motivators for youth burglary and should guide the development of intervention and deterrence strategies.
{"title":"Temptations, Techniques and Typologies: Insights from a Western Australian Sample of Young People Who Burgle","authors":"S. Rock, N. Gately, J. McCue, Nathalie St Martin","doi":"10.1177/14732254221122617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254221122617","url":null,"abstract":"A significant amount of property crime is committed by young people. In this novel qualitative study, 50 young people were interviewed to obtain an insight into their motivations to burgle. Decisions were based on peer pressure, opportunity and perceived need. Bennett and Wright’s typologies of adult burglars were applied to young burglars. Young burglars were more prone than adults in Bennett and Wright’s study to commit opportunistic burglaries, but were deterred by similar target characteristics. The social and psychological factors are strong motivators for youth burglary and should guide the development of intervention and deterrence strategies.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65580917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.1177/14732254221122625
A. Greene, Josephine D. Korchmaros, Raanan G. Kagan, Erika M. Ostlie, Monica Davis
Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts (JDTCs) provide a critical opportunity to identify and treat youth with substance use disorders (SUD). Structuring JTDCs to minimize process complexity and time to treatment is important. Results across eight JDTCs indicate the number of steps between referral and enrollment varied from 2 to 7, and the potential wait time varied from 1 to 58 days. The number of steps between referral and SUD treatment varied from 3 to 8, and the potential wait time varied from 2 to 118 days. Information regarding JTDC process can inform the field about JTDC practice, including barriers to treatment as well as areas for improvement.
{"title":"From Referral to Treatment: Implementation Processes in Juvenile Drug Treatment Court Programs","authors":"A. Greene, Josephine D. Korchmaros, Raanan G. Kagan, Erika M. Ostlie, Monica Davis","doi":"10.1177/14732254221122625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254221122625","url":null,"abstract":"Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts (JDTCs) provide a critical opportunity to identify and treat youth with substance use disorders (SUD). Structuring JTDCs to minimize process complexity and time to treatment is important. Results across eight JDTCs indicate the number of steps between referral and enrollment varied from 2 to 7, and the potential wait time varied from 1 to 58 days. The number of steps between referral and SUD treatment varied from 3 to 8, and the potential wait time varied from 2 to 118 days. Information regarding JTDC process can inform the field about JTDC practice, including barriers to treatment as well as areas for improvement.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45157254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-19DOI: 10.1177/14732254221122559
Nina Maxwell
Despite growing awareness of child criminal exploitation, there is a dearth of evidence relating to parent views and experiences. This article presents interview findings from parents with lived experience of parenting a criminally exploited child. Early warning signs, such as behaviour changes, disengagement from school and child disappearances, were often rationalised in response to family circumstances or normal teenage development. Not knowing the child’s whereabouts, increased missing episodes and disengagement from the family prompted parents to seek help. Findings highlighted the need for parent involvement in the development of suitable responses at the individual, local and national levels.
{"title":"I’m Trying to Save My Family: Parent Experiences of Child Criminal Exploitation","authors":"Nina Maxwell","doi":"10.1177/14732254221122559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254221122559","url":null,"abstract":"Despite growing awareness of child criminal exploitation, there is a dearth of evidence relating to parent views and experiences. This article presents interview findings from parents with lived experience of parenting a criminally exploited child. Early warning signs, such as behaviour changes, disengagement from school and child disappearances, were often rationalised in response to family circumstances or normal teenage development. Not knowing the child’s whereabouts, increased missing episodes and disengagement from the family prompted parents to seek help. Findings highlighted the need for parent involvement in the development of suitable responses at the individual, local and national levels.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48888767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-19DOI: 10.1177/14732254221122551
Thomas Hopkins, J. Clegg
Language and literacy difficulties are prevalent in young people involved in youth justice services (YJS). Given the known importance of language for literacy development, few studies have examined the literacy abilities of young people involved in YJS who have language difficulties. The writing abilities of this population have yet to be examined despite their importance for participation in restorative justice. This study examined the word reading, spelling, reading comprehension and expository writing abilities of 48 young people aged between 12 and 18 years involved in YJS who were on community orders and identified as having language difficulties. The young people scored −1SD below all subtest norms and displayed extremely low abilities on the writing subtest. Young people known to YJS should be screened for potential language and literacy difficulties to support their access to interventions aimed at reducing recidivism.
{"title":"Examining the Literacy Abilities of Young People With Language Difficulties Who Are Serving Community Orders Within the Youth Justice Service","authors":"Thomas Hopkins, J. Clegg","doi":"10.1177/14732254221122551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254221122551","url":null,"abstract":"Language and literacy difficulties are prevalent in young people involved in youth justice services (YJS). Given the known importance of language for literacy development, few studies have examined the literacy abilities of young people involved in YJS who have language difficulties. The writing abilities of this population have yet to be examined despite their importance for participation in restorative justice. This study examined the word reading, spelling, reading comprehension and expository writing abilities of 48 young people aged between 12 and 18 years involved in YJS who were on community orders and identified as having language difficulties. The young people scored −1SD below all subtest norms and displayed extremely low abilities on the writing subtest. Young people known to YJS should be screened for potential language and literacy difficulties to support their access to interventions aimed at reducing recidivism.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49484181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-15DOI: 10.1177/14732254221122568
I. Marder, Louise Forde
While restorative approaches encompass a small proportion of youth justice practices in Ireland, the new Youth Justice Strategy (2021–2027) aims to include more victims in restorative justice, expand family conferencing and train youth justice professionals in restorative practices. This article discusses the legal, policy and practice contexts of these developments, considering how Ireland has defined, used and researched restorative youth justice to date. It situates the ongoing efforts to meet victims’ and children’s needs, and to change criminal justice cultures, in the international criminological and legal literature on minimum intervention and child participation, analysing the possibilities and challenges facing restorative youth justice in Ireland.
{"title":"Challenges in the Future of Restorative Youth Justice in Ireland: Minimising Intervention, Maximising Participation","authors":"I. Marder, Louise Forde","doi":"10.1177/14732254221122568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254221122568","url":null,"abstract":"While restorative approaches encompass a small proportion of youth justice practices in Ireland, the new Youth Justice Strategy (2021–2027) aims to include more victims in restorative justice, expand family conferencing and train youth justice professionals in restorative practices. This article discusses the legal, policy and practice contexts of these developments, considering how Ireland has defined, used and researched restorative youth justice to date. It situates the ongoing efforts to meet victims’ and children’s needs, and to change criminal justice cultures, in the international criminological and legal literature on minimum intervention and child participation, analysing the possibilities and challenges facing restorative youth justice in Ireland.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45096577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-25DOI: 10.1177/14732254221105779
N. Stone
At age 15, S. began to take an active interest in the ideology and activities of National Action, a small-scale UK-based White supremacist and homophobic neo-Nazi clustering that was officially proscribed (under TA 2000) as a terrorist organisation for stirring up hatred and glorifying violence, around 6 months after he first evidenced affiliative identity with that cause. Defying that ban he had gained the ear of its leadership and was actively involved in a plan to recruit new members, via demonstrations, banners and stickers, making considerable personal financial outlay. Arrested at age 17 (when he told the police that he had ceased subscribing to such far-right extremist ideology several months beforehand) and without a prior criminal history, he was convicted at age 19 of the offence of membership of a proscribed organisation (TA 2000 s.11, with a maximum of 10 years). Reference to the recent Guideline on Terrorism Offences (Part 1 Endnote 10 refers) indicated for Category B culpability (‘active’ (but not prominent) member of organisation), a starting point of 5 years custody and a range between 3 and 7 years. This steer needed to be modified by application of the 2017 Children and Young Persons Guideline’s view (Section 6.2, adopting the Ghafoor principle [2003] 1 Cr App R (S) 428) that the appropriate starting point for those who have meantime attained young adulthood should be the sentence likely to have been imposed on the date at which the offence is committed when the defendant was still a child/young person, namely a maximum term detention and training order (DTO) (24 months). In determining whether this might be a rare instance justifying a term above that maximum, the judge observed that S.’s objective had been
{"title":"Sentencing Children for Violent Extremism: Part 2","authors":"N. Stone","doi":"10.1177/14732254221105779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254221105779","url":null,"abstract":"At age 15, S. began to take an active interest in the ideology and activities of National Action, a small-scale UK-based White supremacist and homophobic neo-Nazi clustering that was officially proscribed (under TA 2000) as a terrorist organisation for stirring up hatred and glorifying violence, around 6 months after he first evidenced affiliative identity with that cause. Defying that ban he had gained the ear of its leadership and was actively involved in a plan to recruit new members, via demonstrations, banners and stickers, making considerable personal financial outlay. Arrested at age 17 (when he told the police that he had ceased subscribing to such far-right extremist ideology several months beforehand) and without a prior criminal history, he was convicted at age 19 of the offence of membership of a proscribed organisation (TA 2000 s.11, with a maximum of 10 years). Reference to the recent Guideline on Terrorism Offences (Part 1 Endnote 10 refers) indicated for Category B culpability (‘active’ (but not prominent) member of organisation), a starting point of 5 years custody and a range between 3 and 7 years. This steer needed to be modified by application of the 2017 Children and Young Persons Guideline’s view (Section 6.2, adopting the Ghafoor principle [2003] 1 Cr App R (S) 428) that the appropriate starting point for those who have meantime attained young adulthood should be the sentence likely to have been imposed on the date at which the offence is committed when the defendant was still a child/young person, namely a maximum term detention and training order (DTO) (24 months). In determining whether this might be a rare instance justifying a term above that maximum, the judge observed that S.’s objective had been","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44389573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-11DOI: 10.1177/14732254221112980
T. Bateman
A statistical report published by the Ministry of Justice and the Department for Education, in March 2022, provides detailed information on the educational and social care backgrounds of children who received a formal sanction for offending in England. The analysis considers all children who commenced formal primary education between 2002/2003 and 2004/2005 and who received a caution or conviction for an offence when aged between 10 and 17 years inclusive. A cut-off for inclusion was imposed at school Year 13 for each year cohort ‘to ensure that each child had the same amount of time to offend’. The analysis identified a total of about 77,300 such children, equivalent to 5 per cent of school students in that age range over the relevant period. As might be anticipated, children who had been formally sanctioned for offending were much more likely to be male than the wider pupil population, with boys accounting for just over three-quarters (76%) of those receiving a caution or court sentence. Black and mixed heritage children were also overrepresented in the former group by comparison with the overall student population; as indicated in Table 1, Asian children were, by contrast, underrepresented.
{"title":"Youth Justice News","authors":"T. Bateman","doi":"10.1177/14732254221112980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254221112980","url":null,"abstract":"A statistical report published by the Ministry of Justice and the Department for Education, in March 2022, provides detailed information on the educational and social care backgrounds of children who received a formal sanction for offending in England. The analysis considers all children who commenced formal primary education between 2002/2003 and 2004/2005 and who received a caution or conviction for an offence when aged between 10 and 17 years inclusive. A cut-off for inclusion was imposed at school Year 13 for each year cohort ‘to ensure that each child had the same amount of time to offend’. The analysis identified a total of about 77,300 such children, equivalent to 5 per cent of school students in that age range over the relevant period. As might be anticipated, children who had been formally sanctioned for offending were much more likely to be male than the wider pupil population, with boys accounting for just over three-quarters (76%) of those receiving a caution or court sentence. Black and mixed heritage children were also overrepresented in the former group by comparison with the overall student population; as indicated in Table 1, Asian children were, by contrast, underrepresented.","PeriodicalId":45886,"journal":{"name":"Youth Justice-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46773547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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