Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.3989/arbor.2020.796n2010
Elena Nájera
This paper addresses the concepts of commitment and transgression in the framework of the interpretation that Spanish feminist thought has made of Judith Butler over the past three decades. First, her theory of performativity of gender is taken as a point of departure to evaluate the accusations that the queer transgression programme has endorsed an acritical subjectivity that dovetails with neoliberalism. Following this, it is stressed that the interest of Butler’s most recent works lies in the conditions of articulation of collective subjects, offering a conception of politics as resistance . Here, another line of discussion is pursued vis-a-vis the legacy of egalitarian feminism revolving around the capacity of Butler’s approach to deal with the emancipatory feminist agenda and its constituent ethical-political commitment.
{"title":"Transgresión y compromiso a propósito de Judith Butler y su recepción en el pensamiento feminista español","authors":"Elena Nájera","doi":"10.3989/arbor.2020.796n2010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2020.796n2010","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the concepts of commitment and transgression in the framework of the interpretation that Spanish feminist thought has made of Judith Butler over the past three decades. First, her theory of performativity of gender is taken as a point of departure to evaluate the accusations that the queer transgression programme has endorsed an acritical subjectivity that dovetails with neoliberalism. Following this, it is stressed that the interest of Butler’s most recent works lies in the conditions of articulation of collective subjects, offering a conception of politics as resistance . Here, another line of discussion is pursued vis-a-vis the legacy of egalitarian feminism revolving around the capacity of Butler’s approach to deal with the emancipatory feminist agenda and its constituent ethical-political commitment.","PeriodicalId":45891,"journal":{"name":"ARBOR-CIENCIA PENSAMIENTO Y CULTURA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87199112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Beethoven und das Klavier","authors":"Leonardo Miucci, M. Steiner","doi":"10.24451/ARBOR.11954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24451/ARBOR.11954","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45891,"journal":{"name":"ARBOR-CIENCIA PENSAMIENTO Y CULTURA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74927471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Smart applications often rely on training data in form of text. If there is a bias in that training data, the decision of the applications might not be fair. Common training data has been shown to be biased towards different groups of minorities. However, there is no generic algorithm to determine the fairness of training data. One existing approach is to measure gender bias using word embeddings. Most research in this field has been dedicated to the English language. In this work, we identified that there is a bias towards gender and origin in both German and French word embeddings. In particular, we found that real-world bias and stereotypes from the 18th century are still included in today’s word embeddings. Furthermore, we show that the gender bias in German has a different form from English and there is indication that bias has cultural differences that need to be considered when analyzing texts and word embeddings in different languages.
{"title":"Cultural Differences in Bias? Origin and Gender Bias in Pre-Trained German and French Word Embeddings","authors":"Mascha Kurpicz-Briki","doi":"10.24451/ARBOR.11922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24451/ARBOR.11922","url":null,"abstract":"Smart applications often rely on training data in form of text. If there is a bias in that training data, the decision of the applications might not be fair. Common training data has been shown to be biased towards different groups of minorities. However, there is no generic algorithm to determine the fairness of training data. One existing approach is to measure gender bias using word embeddings. Most research in this field has been dedicated to the English language. In this work, we identified that there is a bias towards gender and origin in both German and French word embeddings. In particular, we found that real-world bias and stereotypes from the 18th century are still included in today’s word embeddings. Furthermore, we show that the gender bias in German has a different form from English and there is indication that bias has cultural differences that need to be considered when analyzing texts and word embeddings in different languages.","PeriodicalId":45891,"journal":{"name":"ARBOR-CIENCIA PENSAMIENTO Y CULTURA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86793395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-19DOI: 10.3989/arbor.2020.795n1008
Diana Gutiérrez Fernández, Lucía Fernández Llamas, Ana Rodríguez González, Pilar García Suárez
The production of healthy and safe food requires using preservation techniques that are harmless to consumers and the environment, with biopreservation as a perfect example. In addition to a long list of natural compounds and microorganisms, bacteriophages (phages) and phage-lytic proteins (endolysins) have recently been incorporated into the biopreservation arsenal. The use of phages and endolysins in biocontrol offers important advantages over other traditional preservation techniques. For example, these antimicrobials are harmless, target-specific and versatile. On the other hand, the need to curtail antibiotic use along the food production chain has promoted research initiatives with the ultimate aim of applying these antimicrobials in primary production (phage therapy). However, despite their demonstrated efficacy in different sectors, the current legal vacuum in the EU and the lack of information given to consumers are negatively affecting their implementation as biopreservatives. In this context, this chapter includes the latest results related to the use of these antimicrobials in the agro-food sector and summarises key points that will help to understand the real prospects for their application, considering new requirements to move towards sustainable production from both an economic and an environmental perspective.
{"title":"Bacteriófagos y endolisinas en la industria alimentaria","authors":"Diana Gutiérrez Fernández, Lucía Fernández Llamas, Ana Rodríguez González, Pilar García Suárez","doi":"10.3989/arbor.2020.795n1008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2020.795n1008","url":null,"abstract":"The production of healthy and safe food requires using preservation techniques that are harmless to consumers and the environment, with biopreservation as a perfect example. In addition to a long list of natural compounds and microorganisms, bacteriophages (phages) and phage-lytic proteins (endolysins) have recently been incorporated into the biopreservation arsenal. The use of phages and endolysins in biocontrol offers important advantages over other traditional preservation techniques. For example, these antimicrobials are harmless, target-specific and versatile. On the other hand, the need to curtail antibiotic use along the food production chain has promoted research initiatives with the ultimate aim of applying these antimicrobials in primary production (phage therapy). However, despite their demonstrated efficacy in different sectors, the current legal vacuum in the EU and the lack of information given to consumers are negatively affecting their implementation as biopreservatives. In this context, this chapter includes the latest results related to the use of these antimicrobials in the agro-food sector and summarises key points that will help to understand the real prospects for their application, considering new requirements to move towards sustainable production from both an economic and an environmental perspective.","PeriodicalId":45891,"journal":{"name":"ARBOR-CIENCIA PENSAMIENTO Y CULTURA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84382582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Die World Health Organization hat das Jahr 2020 zum «Year of the Nurse and the Midwife» erklart. Ein besseres Jahr hatte sie sich kaum aussuchen konnen. Nie zuvor war der Ruf nach mehr Anerkennung fur Gesundheitsfachpersonen lauter. Aber: Es braucht mehr als Applaus.
世界卫生组织,向2020年《«毕业季Nurse and the Midwife»erklart .既然她已选择了更好的一年从来没有人在呼吁医疗专家的重视。不过掌声是不够的
{"title":"Anerkennung muss über Applaus hinausgehen","authors":"Urs Brügger, E. Müller","doi":"10.24451/ARBOR.11851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24451/ARBOR.11851","url":null,"abstract":"Die World Health Organization hat das Jahr 2020 zum «Year of the Nurse and the Midwife» erklart. Ein besseres Jahr hatte sie sich kaum aussuchen konnen. Nie zuvor war der Ruf nach mehr Anerkennung fur Gesundheitsfachpersonen lauter. Aber: Es braucht mehr als Applaus.","PeriodicalId":45891,"journal":{"name":"ARBOR-CIENCIA PENSAMIENTO Y CULTURA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76317589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stufenlosgetriebe bei Traktoren - Die Varianten sind vielfältig","authors":"Roger Stirnimann","doi":"10.24451/ARBOR.11841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24451/ARBOR.11841","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45891,"journal":{"name":"ARBOR-CIENCIA PENSAMIENTO Y CULTURA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88512583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The production and consumption of minimally processed fruits and vegetables have increased in recent years, which has contributed to increasing the foodborne illnesses associated with the consumption of fresh produce. This is because current disinfection methods used in the fresh-cut industry are not enough to guarantee the microbial safety of the final products, and minimally processed produce does not receive any other treatment capable of eliminating all pathogens before consumption. Therefore, alternative strategies to reduce pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms are needed. Biopreservation, using microorganisms or their metabolites, is an alternative that, in combination with current practices, could reduce or prevent pathogenic growth in minimally processed produce, improving their microbiological quality. This paper reviews the most relevant results on biopreservation of minimally processed fruits and vegetables.
{"title":"Bioconservación frente a patógenos de transmisión alimentaria en frutas y hortalizas mínimamente procesadas","authors":"Isabel Alegre Vilas, Maribel Abadias Seró, Pilar Colás Medà, Cyrelys Collazo Cordero, Inmaculada Viñas Almenar","doi":"10.3989/arbor.2020.795n1007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2020.795n1007","url":null,"abstract":"The production and consumption of minimally processed fruits and vegetables have increased in recent years, which has contributed to increasing the foodborne illnesses associated with the consumption of fresh produce. This is because current disinfection methods used in the fresh-cut industry are not enough to guarantee the microbial safety of the final products, and minimally processed produce does not receive any other treatment capable of eliminating all pathogens before consumption. Therefore, alternative strategies to reduce pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms are needed. Biopreservation, using microorganisms or their metabolites, is an alternative that, in combination with current practices, could reduce or prevent pathogenic growth in minimally processed produce, improving their microbiological quality. This paper reviews the most relevant results on biopreservation of minimally processed fruits and vegetables.","PeriodicalId":45891,"journal":{"name":"ARBOR-CIENCIA PENSAMIENTO Y CULTURA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82086727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-30DOI: 10.3989/arbor.2020.795n1011
Francisco López-Gálvez, M. I. Gil
The fresh produce industry consumes large volumes of good quality water and generates large amounts of wastewater. One of the systems that can be applied to reduce water consumption and water discharge is the reuse of washing water. To carry out the reuse of water without compromising the microbiological and chemical safety of the food, it is necessary to optimize the use of antimicrobial agents. Chlorine has traditionally been the disinfection treatment used by the horticultural industry for washing water. However, its use has the disadvantage of accumulating disinfection by-products, which has led to the study and use of alternative disinfectants such as peroxyacetic acid. In any case, maintaining the microbiological and chemical safety of fresh produce in the washing stage involves the selection of operational limits that must be maintained (e.g., the concentration of disinfectant), as well as the monitoring and control of critical parameters related to disinfection such as the content of organic matter. The optimization of disinfection must take into account the peculiarities of each case, including the type of product washed, the disinfectant used and the design and management of the washing line.
{"title":"La importancia del agua en la industria de alimentos vegetales","authors":"Francisco López-Gálvez, M. I. Gil","doi":"10.3989/arbor.2020.795n1011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2020.795n1011","url":null,"abstract":"The fresh produce industry consumes large volumes of good quality water and generates large amounts of wastewater. One of the systems that can be applied to reduce water consumption and water discharge is the reuse of washing water. To carry out the reuse of water without compromising the microbiological and chemical safety of the food, it is necessary to optimize the use of antimicrobial agents. Chlorine has traditionally been the disinfection treatment used by the horticultural industry for washing water. However, its use has the disadvantage of accumulating disinfection by-products, which has led to the study and use of alternative disinfectants such as peroxyacetic acid. In any case, maintaining the microbiological and chemical safety of fresh produce in the washing stage involves the selection of operational limits that must be maintained (e.g., the concentration of disinfectant), as well as the monitoring and control of critical parameters related to disinfection such as the content of organic matter. The optimization of disinfection must take into account the peculiarities of each case, including the type of product washed, the disinfectant used and the design and management of the washing line.","PeriodicalId":45891,"journal":{"name":"ARBOR-CIENCIA PENSAMIENTO Y CULTURA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90278893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-30DOI: 10.3989/arbor.2020.795n1001
Antonio Valero Díaz
Legislation on food safety has led to the standardisation of food production which, together with existing quality certifications, aim to increase the level for protection of public health. The need is recognized for the agri-food industry to have tools to harmonize their production and to adequately manage their quality systems in order to increase consumers’ confidence. The implementation of microbiological criteria is focused on facilitating this harmonization by enabling differentiation of defective lots and acting as control tools at the industrial level. Therefore, knowledge on the principles, components and factors influencing the efficiency of microbiological criteria may be helpful to better understand the consequences of their application. In the present paper the main principles, methodologies and applications of microbiological criteria in foods are addressed for their implementation as part of management quality systems in agri-food industries. In addition, potential limitations and impacts of microbiological criteria on food safety are discussed.
{"title":"Los criterios microbiológicos: principios para su establecimiento y aplicación en la seguridad alimentaria","authors":"Antonio Valero Díaz","doi":"10.3989/arbor.2020.795n1001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2020.795n1001","url":null,"abstract":"Legislation on food safety has led to the standardisation of food production which, together with existing quality certifications, aim to increase the level for protection of public health. The need is recognized for the agri-food industry to have tools to harmonize their production and to adequately manage their quality systems in order to increase consumers’ confidence. The implementation of microbiological criteria is focused on facilitating this harmonization by enabling differentiation of defective lots and acting as control tools at the industrial level. Therefore, knowledge on the principles, components and factors influencing the efficiency of microbiological criteria may be helpful to better understand the consequences of their application. In the present paper the main principles, methodologies and applications of microbiological criteria in foods are addressed for their implementation as part of management quality systems in agri-food industries. In addition, potential limitations and impacts of microbiological criteria on food safety are discussed.","PeriodicalId":45891,"journal":{"name":"ARBOR-CIENCIA PENSAMIENTO Y CULTURA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75565728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-30DOI: 10.3989/arbor.2020.795n1009
B. del Rio, B. Redruello, María Fernández, V. Ladero, M. Álvarez
Biogenic amines are low molecular weight nitrogenous compounds with biological activity that are formed by decarboxylation of certain amino acids. Biogenic amines are present in all living organisms, in which they have important physiological functions. However, due to the metabolism of certain microorganisms, these compounds can accumulate in food at high concentrations, constituting a health risk for consumers. The presence of biogenic amine-producing microorganisms is the indispensable condition for the presence and further accumulation of biogenic amines in food. Because of this, several methods for the detection and identification of these biogenic amine-producing microorganisms have been developed. Among them, those based on culture independent techniques, such as the PCR, have several advantages such as their specificity, they are methods that are fast and easy to perform, and in many cases there is no need for pre-processing of food material which facilitates their incorporation at production plants. In this work, some available methods for the detection of biogenic amine-producing microorganisms are described, as well as their potential applications.
{"title":"Aminas biógenas en alimentos: métodos moleculares para la detección e identificación de bacterias productoras","authors":"B. del Rio, B. Redruello, María Fernández, V. Ladero, M. Álvarez","doi":"10.3989/arbor.2020.795n1009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2020.795n1009","url":null,"abstract":"Biogenic amines are low molecular weight nitrogenous compounds with biological activity that are formed by decarboxylation of certain amino acids. Biogenic amines are present in all living organisms, in which they have important physiological functions. However, due to the metabolism of certain microorganisms, these compounds can accumulate in food at high concentrations, constituting a health risk for consumers. The presence of biogenic amine-producing microorganisms is the indispensable condition for the presence and further accumulation of biogenic amines in food. Because of this, several methods for the detection and identification of these biogenic amine-producing microorganisms have been developed. Among them, those based on culture independent techniques, such as the PCR, have several advantages such as their specificity, they are methods that are fast and easy to perform, and in many cases there is no need for pre-processing of food material which facilitates their incorporation at production plants. In this work, some available methods for the detection of biogenic amine-producing microorganisms are described, as well as their potential applications.","PeriodicalId":45891,"journal":{"name":"ARBOR-CIENCIA PENSAMIENTO Y CULTURA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84396469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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