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‘Regarding the scientific viewpoint in psychiatry’, lecture by Carl Wernicke (1880) “关于精神病学的科学观点”,卡尔·韦尼克的演讲(1880年)
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-05-19 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X221075240
Stephan Heckers, K. Kendler, Astrid Klee, Stephan Heckers
In 1880 Carl Wernicke gave this plenary lecture at an annual meeting of German physicians and natural scientists. He used principles from his 1874 aphasia monograph to build a neural model of mental illness. He proposed that the brain keeps a record of experiences in distinct areas of the sensory and motor cortices in the form of memory images, which allows for recognition of objects and the planning of motor acts. He conjectured that imperfections, partial defects and complete loss of such memory images lead, respectively, to mild, moderate and severe forms of psychopathology in sensory and motor realms. The lecture is an early presentation of Wernicke’s system of psychiatry. Several of his concepts have remained relevant in contemporary neuroscience.
1880年,卡尔·韦尼克在德国内科医生和自然科学家年会上作了这篇全体演讲。他利用1874年失语症专著中的原理建立了一个精神疾病的神经模型。他提出,大脑在感觉和运动皮层的不同区域以记忆图像的形式记录经验,这使得识别物体和计划运动行为成为可能。他推测,这些记忆图像的不完善、部分缺陷和完全丧失分别导致感觉和运动领域的轻度、中度和重度精神病理。这堂课是韦尼克精神病学体系的早期介绍。他的几个概念在当代神经科学中仍然具有相关性。
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引用次数: 1
Managing Chineseness: neurasthenia and psychiatry in Taiwan in the second half of the twentieth century 管理中国性:二十世纪下半叶台湾的神经衰弱与精神病学
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-04-25 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X221087410
Wen-Ji Wang
The present study investigates the role of Taiwanese psychiatrists in turning neurasthenia into a culture-specific disease in the late twentieth century. It first delineates the shift in both explanatory models of psychoneuroses and patient population in post-World War II Taiwan. Neurasthenia became a focus of international attention in the 1970s and 1980s with the advance of cultural psychiatry, and, as China was closed to the outside world, Taiwanese psychiatrists were influential in framing the cultural meaning of neurasthenia. With the rise of post-socialist China, Taiwan lost its status as a key laboratory of Chinese studies. This paper argues that the history of neurasthenia during the period was closely associated with the professional development and national identity of Taiwanese psychiatrists.
本研究调查了台湾精神科医生在20世纪末将神经衰弱转变为一种特定文化疾病中的作用。它首先描述了第二次世界大战后台湾精神神经症解释模型和患者群体的变化。20世纪70年代和80年代,随着文化精神病学的发展,神经衰弱成为国际关注的焦点。随着中国的对外开放,台湾精神病学家在界定神经衰弱的文化含义方面发挥了重要作用。随着后社会主义中国的崛起,台湾失去了中国研究的重点实验室的地位。本文认为,这一时期的神经衰弱史与台湾精神科医生的专业发展和民族认同密切相关。
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引用次数: 0
Ludwig Binswanger's Comments on Hermann Rorschach's Psychodiagnostik. 路德维希·宾斯旺格评罗夏的《精神诊断手册》。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2021-12-13 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X211062517
Marvin W Acklin, Peter Tokofsky, Reneau Kennedy, Peter Tokofsky, Marvin W Acklin

This article presents an introduction to Ludwig Binswanger's Comments on Hermann Rorschach's Psychodiagnostik, published in the International Journal of Psychoanalysis in 1923, after Rorschach's death in 1922. Binswanger, one of the most distinguished psychiatrists of the twentieth century and a close professional colleague and compatriot in the Swiss Psychiatric and Psychoanalytic Societies, was blazing new trails by incorporating turn-of-the-century phenomenology and experimental psychology into Swiss psychiatry. His comments, which have been noted for over 100 years but never before translated, are a critical review of Rorschach's monograph, highlighting the undeveloped status of the test theory and philosophical foundations. Binswanger's comments illuminate philosophical, conceptual and scientific pathways not taken in the development of the test following Rorschach's untimely demise.

这篇文章介绍了路德维希·宾斯旺格对赫尔曼·罗夏的《精神诊断书》的评论,该评论发表在1923年的《国际精神分析杂志》上,当时罗夏已于1922年去世。宾斯旺格是二十世纪最杰出的精神病学家之一,也是瑞士精神病学和精神分析学会的亲密专业同事和同胞,他将世纪之交的现象学和实验心理学纳入瑞士精神病学,开辟了新的道路。他的评论,已被注意了100多年,但从未被翻译,是对罗夏专著的批判性回顾,突出了测试理论和哲学基础的不发达状态。宾斯旺格的评论阐明了在罗夏墨迹不合时宜的死亡之后,在测试发展过程中没有采取的哲学、概念和科学途径。
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引用次数: 1
The Goldwater Rule: a bastion of a bygone era? 金水法则:一个逝去时代的堡垒?
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2021-12-20 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X211062513
Aoibheann McLoughlin

In tandem with the changing political landscape in recent years, interest in the Goldwater Rule has re-emerged within psychiatric discourse. Initiated in 1973, the Goldwater Rule is an ethical code specific to psychiatry created by the American Psychiatric Association in response to events surrounding the USA presidential election of 1964, in which the integrity of the psychiatric profession was challenged. Current detractors view the rule as an antiquated entity which obfuscates psychiatric pragmatism and progression. Proponents underscore its role in maintaining both respectful objectivity and diagnostic integrity within the psychiatric assessment process. This essay aims to explore the origin of the rule, and critique its applicability to modern-day psychiatric practice.

随着近年来政治格局的变化,对戈德华特规则的兴趣在精神病学论述中重新出现。戈德华特规则(Goldwater Rule)始于1973年,是美国精神病学协会(American Psychiatric Association)针对围绕1964年美国总统大选的事件而制定的一项精神病学道德准则,在那次选举中,精神病学专业的诚信受到了挑战。目前的批评者认为该规则是一个过时的实体,混淆了精神病学的实用主义和进步。支持者强调,在精神病学评估过程中,它在维护尊重的客观性和诊断的完整性方面所起的作用。本文旨在探讨该规则的起源,并批评其在现代精神病学实践中的适用性。
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引用次数: 3
Aboriginal Australian mental health during the first 100 years of colonization, 1788-1888: a historical review of nineteenth-century documents. 1788-1888 年殖民化头 100 年间澳大利亚原住民的心理健康:十九世纪文献的历史回顾。
IF 0.3 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2021-12-13 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X211053208
Toby Raeburn, Kayla Sale, Paul Saunders, Aunty Kerrie Doyle

Past histories charting interactions between British healthcare and Aboriginal Australians have tended to be dominated by broad histological themes such as invasion and colonization. While such descriptions have been vital to modernization and truth telling in Australian historical discourse, this paper investigates the nineteenth century through the modern cultural lens of mental health. We reviewed primary documents, including colonial diaries, church sermons, newspaper articles, medical and burial records, letters, government documents, conference speeches and anthropological journals. Findings revealed six overlapping fields which applied British ideas about mental health to Aboriginal Australians during the nineteenth century. They included military invasion, religion, law, psychological systems, lunatic asylums, and anthropology.

过去描绘英国医疗保健与澳大利亚原住民之间互动关系的历史往往以入侵和殖民化等广泛的历史学主题为主。虽然此类描述对澳大利亚历史话语的现代化和真相叙述至关重要,但本文通过心理健康这一现代文化视角对 19 世纪进行了研究。我们查阅了原始文献,包括殖民日记、教堂布道、报纸文章、医疗和墓葬记录、信件、政府文件、会议演讲和人类学期刊。研究结果揭示了 19 世纪英国人将精神健康观念应用于澳大利亚原住民的六个重叠领域。这些领域包括军事入侵、宗教、法律、心理系统、疯人院和人类学。
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引用次数: 0
Power in psychiatry. Soviet peer and lay hierarchies in the context of political abuse of psychiatry. 精神病学的力量。在政治滥用精神病学的背景下,苏联同辈和世俗的等级制度。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X211047805
Anastassiya Schacht

Soviet political abuse of psychiatry in the Brezhnevite era offers a rich case study of entanglement between various layers, impact spaces, and actors of power. This article discusses two types of discursive power in Soviet psychiatry. One sprang from the madness-affirmative cultural canon, in which dissidents sought their self-legitimation. More prominently, there was the power of psychiatrists within their own hierarchic system. I analyse how the action scopes for psychiatric power varied, depending on whether the recipient was a patient or fellow professional. Here, the inherent hierarchy structured and regulated the peer community and secured the stability of medical practices - and of the political entanglement of these practices and actors with the state-owned places of power.

勃列日涅夫时代苏联对精神病学的政治滥用提供了一个丰富的案例来研究不同层次、影响空间和权力参与者之间的纠缠。本文讨论了苏联精神病学中的两种话语权力。其中一个来自疯狂肯定的文化经典,持不同政见者在其中寻求自我合法化。更突出的是,精神科医生在他们自己的等级制度中拥有权力。我分析了精神病学权力的作用范围是如何变化的,这取决于接受者是病人还是同事。在这里,固有的等级制度构建和规范了同行群体,并确保了医疗实践的稳定性——以及这些实践和参与者与国有权力机构之间的政治纠缠。
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引用次数: 1
'A landmark in psychiatric progress'? The role of evidence in the rise and fall of insulin coma therapy. 精神病学进步的里程碑"?证据在胰岛素昏迷疗法兴衰中的作用。
IF 0.3 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2021-12-22 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X211062538
Robert Freudenthal, Joanna Moncrieff

This paper examines the evidence behind the use and decline of insulin coma therapy as a treatment for schizophrenia and how this was viewed by the psychiatric profession. The paper demonstrates that, from the time of its introduction, there was considerable debate regarding the evidence for insulin treatment, and scepticism about its purported benefits. The randomized trials conducted in the 1950s were the result, rather than the origins, of this debate. Although insulin treatment was subsequently abandoned, it was still regarded as a historic moment in the modernization of psychiatry. Then, as now, evidence does not speak for itself, and insulin continued to be incorporated into the story of psychiatric progress even after it was shown to be ineffective.

本文探讨了胰岛素昏迷疗法作为精神分裂症治疗方法的使用和衰退背后的证据,以及精神病学专业人士是如何看待这一疗法的。本文表明,从胰岛素疗法推出之时起,人们就对其证据进行了大量辩论,并对其所谓的益处持怀疑态度。20 世纪 50 年代进行的随机试验是这场争论的结果,而不是起源。虽然胰岛素治疗后来被放弃了,但它仍被视为精神病学现代化进程中的一个历史性时刻。当时和现在一样,证据并不能说明问题,即使在胰岛素被证明无效之后,它仍然被纳入了精神病学进步的故事中。
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引用次数: 0
From Melancholia to Depression: Disordered Mood in Nineteenth-Century Psychiatry. 从忧郁症到抑郁症:19世纪精神病学中的情绪紊乱。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X211062539
Åsa Jansson

My book From Melancholia to Depression: Disordered Mood in Nineteenth-Century Psychiatry charts how melancholia was reconceptualized in the nineteenth century as a modern mood disorder and a precursor to clinical depression. The book shows how this occurred chiefly in two ways. First, the idea of disordered mood as a medical concept was created through the appropriation of language from experimental physiology into the realm of psychopathology. Second, the interplay of statistical and diagnostic practices formed the basis for modern psychiatric classification and facilitated the standardization of melancholia as a psychiatric diagnosis. These developments were key to the reconceptualization of melancholia and the subsequent emergence of clinical depression, and were foundational to modern psychiatric theory and practice.

我的书《从忧郁症到忧郁症:19世纪精神病学的情绪紊乱》中描述了忧郁症是如何在19世纪被重新定义为一种现代情绪障碍和临床抑郁症的前兆。这本书主要从两方面说明了这是如何发生的。首先,情绪障碍作为一个医学概念的概念是通过从实验生理学到精神病理学领域的语言挪用而产生的。其次,统计和诊断实践的相互作用形成了现代精神病学分类的基础,并促进了抑郁症作为精神病学诊断的标准化。这些发展是重新定义抑郁症和随后出现的临床抑郁症的关键,也是现代精神病学理论和实践的基础。
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引用次数: 0
Elton Mayo and Thomas Henry Reeve Mathewson: the forgotten Australian pioneers of the treatment of patients with shell shock, neurasthenia and nervous breakdown. 埃尔顿·梅奥和托马斯·亨利·里夫·马西森:被遗忘的澳大利亚治疗炮弹休克、神经衰弱和神经衰弱患者的先驱。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2021-10-29 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X211047806
Avi Ohry, Mandy Matthewson

The contributions of Australians on shell shock are absent from the literature. However, two Australians were pioneers in the treatment of shell shock: George Elton Mayo (1880-1949) and Dr Thomas Henry Reeve Mathewson (1881-1975). They used psychoanalytic approaches to treat psychiatric patients and introduced the psychoanalytic treatment of people who suffered from shell shock. Their 'talking cure' was highly successful and challenged the view that shell shock only occurred in men who were malingering and/or lacking in fortitude. Their work demonstrated that people experiencing mental illness could be treated in the community at a time when they were routinely treated as inpatients. It also exemplified the substantial benefits of combining science with clinical knowledge and skill in psychology and psychiatry.

澳大利亚人对炮弹休克的贡献在文献中是缺失的。然而,两位澳大利亚人是治疗炮弹休克的先驱:乔治·埃尔顿·梅奥(1880-1949)和托马斯·亨利·里夫·马修森博士(1881-1975)。他们用精神分析的方法来治疗精神病患者,并介绍了精神分析治疗遭受炮弹休克的人。他们的“谈话疗法”非常成功,挑战了炮弹休克只发生在装病和/或缺乏坚韧的男性身上的观点。他们的工作表明,患有精神疾病的人可以在社区接受治疗,而他们通常是作为住院病人接受治疗。它还证明了将科学与临床知识和心理学和精神病学技能相结合的巨大好处。
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引用次数: 0
An overview on Hebephrenia, a diagnostic cornerstone in the neurodevelopmental model of Schizophrenia. 在精神分裂症的神经发育模型的诊断基石,对hehephrenia的概述。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2022-01-10 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X211062534
Carlo Maggini, Riccardo Dalle Luche

Pre-Kraepelinian observations converged in Kahlbaum's and Hecker's description of Hebephrenia. For Kraepelin, Hebephrenia was an 'idiopathic incurable dementia whose onset is in adolescence'. It became the core of 'Dementia Praecox', and then Bleulerian 'Schizophrenia'. In recent decades, the resurgence of the 'late neurodevelopment' hypothesis of schizophrenia has brought into focus Hecker's clinical reports of adolescents who, as a result of a putative loss of psychic energy, showed a rapidly progressive cognitive impairment leading to functional and behavioural disorganization. This paper summarizes the nineteenth-century conceptualization of Hebephrenia as a developmental illness.

kraepelian之前的观察结果与Kahlbaum和Hecker对hehephrenia的描述一致。对于Kraepelin来说,hehephrenia是一种“在青春期发病的特发性无法治愈的痴呆症”。它成为了“早老性痴呆”的核心,然后是布鲁勒式“精神分裂症”的核心。近几十年来,精神分裂症的“晚期神经发育”假说的复苏使Hecker关于青少年的临床报告成为人们关注的焦点,这些青少年由于假定的精神能量丧失,表现出迅速进行性认知障碍,导致功能和行为紊乱。这篇文章总结了19世纪将肝炎作为一种发展性疾病的概念。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
History of Psychiatry
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