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A history of mental illness among women in the Straits Settlements in the nineteenth century. 十九世纪海峡殖民地妇女的精神病史。
IF 0.3 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X241254506
Haszira Muhamad Yusof, Azlizan Mat Enh, Suffian Mansor

The Straits Settlements, a collective colony under the administration of British Malaya, was a very unhealthy area in the early years of the nineteenth century. One of the most common sicknesses was mental illness, which could not be cured by medicines. The number of women suffering from mental illness was higher than in men, and it was found that there were many internal and external causes. The increasing number of women patients affected the role of mental hospitals, which were not only for treatment purposes, but also for business. This study will discuss the factors causing women to suffer from mental illness, and the role of the asylum for women mental patients in the nineteenth century.

海峡殖民地是英属马来亚管理下的一个集体殖民地,在十九世纪初是一个非常不健康的地区。最常见的疾病之一就是药物无法治愈的精神病。妇女患精神病的人数高于男子,而且发现有许多内部和外部原因。女性患者人数的增加影响了精神病院的作用,因为精神病院不仅是为了治疗,也是为了经营。本研究将讨论导致妇女罹患精神病的因素,以及 19 世纪女精神病人庇护所的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Phrenitis and the pathology of the mind in western medical thought (fifth century BCE to twentieth century cE). 膈炎与西方医学思想中的精神病理学(公元前五世纪至公元前二十世纪)。
IF 0.3 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X241254927
Chiara Thumiger

Phrenitis is ubiquitous in ancient medicine and philosophy. Galen mentions the disease innumerable times, Patristic authors take it as a favourite allegory of human flaws, and no ancient doctor fails to diagnose it and attempt its cure. Yet the nature of this once famous disease has not been properly understood by scholars. My book provides the first full history of phrenitis. In doing so, it surveys ancient ideas about the interactions between body and soul, both in health and in disease. It also addresses ancient ideas about bodily health, mental soundness and moral 'goodness', and their heritage in contemporary psychiatry, offering a chance to reflect critically on contemporary ideas about what it means to be 'insane'.

膈炎在古代医学和哲学中无处不在。盖伦(Galen)无数次提到这种疾病,教父作者将其作为人类缺陷的寓言,古代医生无一不对其进行诊断并尝试治疗。然而,学者们对这种曾经闻名遐迩的疾病的本质却没有正确的认识。我的这本书首次全面介绍了膈炎的历史。在此过程中,它考察了古代关于身体和灵魂在健康和疾病中相互作用的观点。本书还探讨了古代关于身体健康、精神健全和道德 "善 "的观点,以及这些观点在当代精神病学中的传承,为批判性地反思当代关于 "精神错乱 "的观点提供了机会。
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引用次数: 0
The saga of James Lucett and the process for curing insanity, Part 2 (1814-38): 'Insanity cured'. 詹姆斯-卢塞特的传奇故事和治愈精神错乱的过程,第二部分(1814-1838 年):治愈的精神错乱
IF 0.3 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X231211727
Leonard Smith

Following the collapse of the Delahoyde and Lucett joint enterprise, James Lucett resumed practice on his own account. He continued to implement his 'process', promoting it as a unique cure for intractable cases of insanity. For two decades he pursued his activities, with varying success, at different locations in the London area. He maintained his public profile by extensive advertising, letters to newspapers and published pamphlets, extolling his unique 'discovery' and recounting claims of successful cures achieved. Accusations of quackery persisted along with other hostile criticism, particularly from medical men, which Lucett strongly challenged. Periodically he faced more serious difficulties due to legal infractions or financial hardships, but somehow Lucett survived most of these and persevered with his endeavours.

德拉霍伊德和卢塞特的合资企业倒闭后,詹姆斯-卢塞特重新开始独自开业。他继续实施自己的 "治疗方法",并将其宣传为治疗顽固性精神错乱的独特疗法。二十年来,他在伦敦地区的不同地点开展活动,取得了不同的成功。他通过大量的广告宣传、给报纸写信和出版小册子来维持自己的公众形象,大肆宣扬自己独特的 "发现",并讲述自己成功治愈的案例。对庸医的指责和其他恶意批评持续不断,尤其是来自医学界人士的批评,卢塞特对此提出了强烈质疑。由于触犯法律或经济拮据,他时不时地会遇到更严重的困难,但卢塞特却以某种方式挺过了大部分困难,并坚持不懈地努力。
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引用次数: 0
Human radiation for medicine, spiritism and hypnosis in Argentina: scientific controversies around vital radiations (1880-1930). 阿根廷的人体辐射医学、灵异主义和催眠术:围绕生命辐射的科学争议(1880-1930 年)。
IF 0.3 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X241246385
Alejandro Parra

In the mid-nineteenth century, magnetic theories penetrated other recognized medical practices in Argentina in order to rationalize their procedures, in a culture that accepted and validated magnetism as a positive science. At the start of the twentieth century, mesmerists created a society, published books and journals, and carried out a large welfare programme; there were public lectures, and magnetic treatment for spiritualists and the general public, emphasizing the therapeutic properties of mesmerism. Magnetologists/mesmerists measured vital radiation and built devices using sensitive objects as 'physical' evidence of it. There was an interest in acquiring and using artefacts to measure human radiation useful in medicine. Magnetic practices survived until the end of the 1920s, when they lost importance.

十九世纪中叶,磁学理论渗透到阿根廷其他公认的医疗实践中,使其程序合理化,当时的文化接受并认可磁学是一门积极的科学。二十世纪初,磁疗师成立了一个协会,出版了书籍和期刊,并实施了一项大型福利计划;举办了公开讲座,并为灵修人士和普通大众提供磁疗,强调磁疗的治疗特性。磁学家/迷魂术士测量生命辐射,并利用敏感物体制造装置,作为生命辐射的 "物理 "证据。人们对获取和使用文物来测量对医学有用的人体辐射很感兴趣。磁学实践一直延续到 20 世纪 20 年代末,之后便失去了重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Cheerfulness in the history of psychiatry. 精神病学史上的开朗。
IF 0.3 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-27 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X241248720
Olivier Walusinski, Anna Fitzgerald

In 1762, Louis-Antoine Marquis de Caraccioli (1719-1803), a prolific writer of the eighteenth century, dedicated a book to a psychological theme that medicine has forgotten: 'gaité' in French, which we will translate as 'cheerfulness'. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, this work inspired two doctoral theses in medicine, one defended in Montpellier, the other in Paris. In their texts, Louis Monferran (1785-?) and Vincent Rémi Giganon (1794-1857) explored the therapeutic benefits of the medical prescription of cheerfulness. In addition to lifestyle recommendations, they focused on the psychotropic substances available to them: alcohol, coca, hemp and opiates. In an original and novel way, Giganon introduced and recommended 'le gaz oxydule d'azote inspiré', or inhaled nitrous oxide gas.

1762 年,十八世纪的多产作家路易-安托万-卡拉乔利侯爵(1719-1803 年)专门写了一本书,探讨一个被医学遗忘的心理学主题:法文 "gaité",我们将其翻译为 "欢快"。十九世纪初,这部著作启发了两篇医学博士论文,一篇在蒙彼利埃答辩,另一篇在巴黎答辩。路易-蒙费朗(Louis Monferran,1785-?)和文森特-雷米-吉加农(Vincent Rémi Giganon,1794-1857)在他们的文章中探讨了开朗的医学处方对治疗的益处。除了生活方式方面的建议外,他们还重点研究了精神药物:酒精、古柯、大麻和鸦片制剂。吉加农(Giganon)以新颖独特的方式介绍并推荐了 "吸入氧化亚氮气体"(le gaz oxydule d'azote inspiré)。
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引用次数: 0
Marcel Réja and theatre therapy. 马塞尔-雷哈与戏剧疗法
IF 0.3 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X241254688
Chloé Loubry, Marion Hendrickx, Emmanuel Drouin

We report on the play entitled Le Pain quotidien (The daily bread) by Marcel Réja (1873-1957), a French alienist and historian of art in asylums. He also wrote short plays, although he is less well known as a playwright. The plays were printed just in time for the performance, which often took place on the day of the asylum fair. Here, we discuss a one-act play consisting of four scenes in which the actors are his patients.

我们报道的是马塞尔-雷亚(Marcel Réja,1873-1957 年)的剧本《每日面包》(Le Pain quotidien)。他也写过短剧,但作为剧作家却鲜为人知。这些剧本都是为了演出而及时印刷的,通常在精神病院展览会当天上演。在这里,我们将讨论一部由四个场景组成的独幕剧,其中的演员就是他的病人。
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引用次数: 0
Social issues relating to Vladimir Bekhterev's concept of reflexology: a hitherto underestimated aspect of his work. 与弗拉基米尔-别赫捷列夫的反射疗法概念有关的社会问题:他的工作中迄今被低估的一个方面。
IF 0.3 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X241254224
Birk Engmann

This article investigates the diversity of social and political assertions in the work of Vladimir M Bekhterev. Its findings reveal that he drew social and political conclusions based on his doctrine of reflexology. Moreover, he propagated the use of statistical investigations by scientific and governmental institutions to estimate the social and healthcare needs of the population. These conclusions accord with Bekhterev's desire for a transformation of society that would bring continued progress to people's social and living conditions. Additionally, the findings of this research work also support the idea that Bekhterev should be regarded as an important protagonist of neuroethics, a relatively recent field of research.

本文研究了弗拉基米尔-M-别赫捷列夫作品中社会和政治主张的多样性。研究结果表明,他根据自己的反射学理论得出了社会和政治结论。此外,他还提倡科学和政府机构利用统计调查来估算人口的社会和医疗需求。这些结论与别赫捷列夫希望社会转型,使人们的社会和生活条件不断进步的愿望是一致的。此外,这项研究工作的结果还支持这样一种观点,即贝赫捷列夫应被视为神经伦理学这一相对较新的研究领域的重要主角。
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引用次数: 0
Mortality in the Victorian asylum: was it so high? Standardised Mortality Rate compared with historical methods. 维多利亚时期精神病院的死亡率:有那么高吗?标准化死亡率与历史方法的比较。
IF 0.3 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X241269206
Charlotte Richardson, Alastair Robson, Loopinder Sood, I Nicol Ferrier, Andy Owen

Mortality is closely linked to age, sex, and social and historical context. Standardised Mortality Rates (SMR) address these contextual factors by comparing mortality in a population under study with that in people of the same age and sex, the same period in history and from a similar cultural context. We use records from the Hatton Asylum and contemporaneous census data in order to calculate SMR in the asylum population, showing rates that were about 2.5 times greater than the population at the time. This is much lower than crude mortality rates, which we calculated as being more than seven times greater than in the population. The SMR method may enable a more meaningful understanding of mortality in asylums or other institutions.

死亡率与年龄、性别、社会和历史背景密切相关。标准化死亡率(SMR)通过将所研究人群的死亡率与同年龄、同性别、同历史时期以及类似文化背景下的人群死亡率进行比较,来解决这些背景因素。我们利用哈顿庇护所的记录和同期人口普查数据来计算庇护所人口的 SMR,结果显示其死亡率约为当时人口的 2.5 倍。这比粗死亡率要低得多,我们计算出的粗死亡率是人口粗死亡率的七倍多。采用 SMR 方法可以更有意义地了解庇护所或其他机构的死亡率。
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引用次数: 0
The notion of excessive childhood restlessness in Spain at the beginning of the twentieth century. 二十世纪初西班牙儿童过度躁动的概念。
IF 0.3 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X241263990
Joana Escamilla Lerner, Pilar de Castro-Manglano, Pilar León-Sanz

This study delves into the historical documentation from 1900 to 1936 by Spanish doctors and educators concerning children's hyperactivity. By focusing on medical perspectives of the time, we aim to explore the conceptualisation of childhood phenomenology within the context of significant international literature of that era. The publications of doctors Jerónimo Moragas and Gonzalo Rodríguez Lafora, along with educators Augusto Vidal Perera and José Sarmiento Lausén, will be examined to understand the medical and educational approaches to childhood restlessness. Additionally, the study will review diverse perspectives on this disorder. The research also highlights a noticeable gap in the assistance provided to these children. Ultimately, the article provides insights into how society and childcare professionals addressed the phenomenon of childhood hyperactivity.

本研究深入探讨了西班牙医生和教育工作者在 1900 年至 1936 年间有关儿童多动症的历史文献。通过关注当时的医学视角,我们旨在结合那个时代的重要国际文献,探索儿童现象学的概念。我们将研究医生杰罗尼莫-莫拉加斯(Jerónimo Moragas)和贡萨洛-罗德里格斯-拉弗拉(Gonzalo Rodríguez Lafora)以及教育家奥古斯托-比达尔-佩雷拉(Augusto Vidal Perera)和何塞-萨米恩托-劳森(José Sarmiento Lausén)的著作,以了解针对儿童多动问题的医学和教育方法。此外,本研究还将回顾有关这一疾病的各种观点。研究还强调了在为这些儿童提供帮助方面存在的明显差距。最后,这篇文章还将深入探讨社会和儿童保育专业人员是如何应对儿童多动这一现象的。
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引用次数: 0
Empathy or sympathy: a necessary distinction? 同理心还是同情心:必要的区别?
IF 0.3 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X241261031
Ivana S Marková

As a deeply hybrid discipline, psychiatry demands research that tackles the concepts constituting it and its objects. This is an essential prerequisite to empirical studies, the validity of which are directly dependent on a clear understanding of the underlying concepts. Empathy and sympathy are concepts used variably and inconsistently in clinical practice and research, with ensuing uncertainties around their role and meaning. Using a historical epistemology approach, this paper compares these concepts by examining the structures, intersections, stabilities and factors that shape them. It shows that neither concept is invariant, and, despite overlap, the concepts are essentially different, underpinned by different assumptions, holding different functions and capturing different phenomena. In turn, such differences require apposite approaches to their empirical study.

作为一门深度混合的学科,精神病学的研究需要解决构成它的概念及其对象。这是实证研究的必要前提,而实证研究的有效性直接取决于对基本概念的清晰理解。移情和同情这两个概念在临床实践和研究中的使用各不相同,也不一致,因此其作用和意义也存在不确定性。本文采用历史认识论的方法,通过研究形成这两个概念的结构、交叉点、稳定性和因素,对它们进行了比较。结果表明,这两个概念都不是不变的,尽管有重叠,但本质上是不同的,以不同的假设为基础,具有不同的功能,捕捉不同的现象。反过来,这种差异也要求对其进行相应的实证研究。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
History of Psychiatry
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