Abstract In the mid-18th century, Qikertarmiut spotted “a giant whale” offshore Qikertaq [Kodiak Island]. Upon closer examination, however, they realized this creature held a Russian fur expedition. Over the next few months, Russians and Qikertarmiut fought, survived, and traded, which Elder Arsenti Aminak recounted to Henrik Holmberg in 1851. His testimony detailed important events from these first interactions but also involved knowledges concerning Qikertarmiut seasonal relations and storytelling practices. The kiak [summer] season influenced Qikertarmiut to view the arriving Russians through oceanic perspectives. In uksuaq [autumn], violence, either to remove intruders from beaches or to facilitate easier sea-mammal-fur extractions, shaped relations. During uksuq [winter], Russian ignorance of surviving on Qikertaq led to deaths and thefts from Qikertarmiut villages. By ugnerkaq [spring], Qikertarmiut engaged in trade with the Russians before the latter departed the island. Aminak’s remembrances displayed a relational Qikertarmiut social world not often discussed, which exceeded and persisted through Russian colonialism.
{"title":"“It Was Not a Whale, but a Strange Monster”","authors":"Colton Brandau","doi":"10.3368/aa.58.2.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.58.2.105","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the mid-18th century, Qikertarmiut spotted “a giant whale” offshore Qikertaq [Kodiak Island]. Upon closer examination, however, they realized this creature held a Russian fur expedition. Over the next few months, Russians and Qikertarmiut fought, survived, and traded, which Elder Arsenti Aminak recounted to Henrik Holmberg in 1851. His testimony detailed important events from these first interactions but also involved knowledges concerning Qikertarmiut seasonal relations and storytelling practices. The kiak [summer] season influenced Qikertarmiut to view the arriving Russians through oceanic perspectives. In uksuaq [autumn], violence, either to remove intruders from beaches or to facilitate easier sea-mammal-fur extractions, shaped relations. During uksuq [winter], Russian ignorance of surviving on Qikertaq led to deaths and thefts from Qikertarmiut villages. By ugnerkaq [spring], Qikertarmiut engaged in trade with the Russians before the latter departed the island. Aminak’s remembrances displayed a relational Qikertarmiut social world not often discussed, which exceeded and persisted through Russian colonialism.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"58 1","pages":"105 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44184951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The prehistory of Fennoscandia is characterized by a split of the north and south into what is commonly interpreted as forager and agricultural subsistence contexts. The cultural divergence between the two took place in the region over the span of 4,000 years. This article focuses on analyzing products indicative of extrasubsistence labor, which signify distinct-yet- comparable activities in the divergent regional contexts. The activities are studied by interpreting the production processes of the most common types of pertinent archaeological remnants and interpreted through two attributes: labor intensity and expertise. The combined analysis reflects the differences between the two regional material records while also indicating different logic related to the persistence of labor activities. This difference in logic is interpreted with a framework pertaining to worldview differences between subsistence production and subsistence procurement. Beginning from the 4th and 3rd millennium BC, communities in the southern context are argued to have adopted aspects of an ideology of production. These communities maintained and strengthened their labor efforts in the long term. Contrastingly, in the northern zone, several phases of the decline of labor-related activities can be discerned in the long-term prehistory when labor roles were completely reorganized or abolished. The difference may be due to an ideological separation between the two contexts concerning nonsubsistence-related work and the associated issue of social organization.
{"title":"Interpreting Prehistoric Labor North and South of the Forager-Agricultural Frontier in Central Fennoscandia, Northern Europe","authors":"A. Hakonen","doi":"10.3368/aa.58.1.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.58.1.34","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The prehistory of Fennoscandia is characterized by a split of the north and south into what is commonly interpreted as forager and agricultural subsistence contexts. The cultural divergence between the two took place in the region over the span of 4,000 years. This article focuses on analyzing products indicative of extrasubsistence labor, which signify distinct-yet- comparable activities in the divergent regional contexts. The activities are studied by interpreting the production processes of the most common types of pertinent archaeological remnants and interpreted through two attributes: labor intensity and expertise. The combined analysis reflects the differences between the two regional material records while also indicating different logic related to the persistence of labor activities. This difference in logic is interpreted with a framework pertaining to worldview differences between subsistence production and subsistence procurement. Beginning from the 4th and 3rd millennium BC, communities in the southern context are argued to have adopted aspects of an ideology of production. These communities maintained and strengthened their labor efforts in the long term. Contrastingly, in the northern zone, several phases of the decline of labor-related activities can be discerned in the long-term prehistory when labor roles were completely reorganized or abolished. The difference may be due to an ideological separation between the two contexts concerning nonsubsistence-related work and the associated issue of social organization.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"58 1","pages":"34 - 53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45304837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Moss, A. Shannon, B. Falconer, S. Blumenthal, Jensen Wainwright, E. McGuire, Molly R. Casperson
Abstract Rice Ridge (49-KOD-363) is a deeply stratified archaeological site on Kodiak Island, Alaska, with well-preserved faunal remains from three occupations dating to the Ocean Bay tradition. The site contained an extensive bird-bone assemblage analyzed here for the first time. Casperson (2012) studied bird bones from Mink Island (49-XMK-030), also located in Alutiiq/Sugpiaq territory, and found that birds played important roles in the lifeways of Ocean Bay groups, even though these people have been portrayed as primarily dependent on marine mammals and fish. At Rice Ridge, cormorants, ducks, murres, and geese (among other birds) were vitally important to Alutiiq ancestors, especially during the winter. The relative abundance of birds differs across the three occupations at Rice Ridge, although these differences resist easy explanation. What is clear is that Alutiiq ancestors consumed birds as food and also processed quantities of bird skins for clothing that was crucial to their survival.
{"title":"Alutiiq Ancestors’ Use of Birds During the Ocean Bay Period at Rice Ridge (49-KOD-363), Kodiak Island, Alaska","authors":"M. Moss, A. Shannon, B. Falconer, S. Blumenthal, Jensen Wainwright, E. McGuire, Molly R. Casperson","doi":"10.3368/aa.58.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.58.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Rice Ridge (49-KOD-363) is a deeply stratified archaeological site on Kodiak Island, Alaska, with well-preserved faunal remains from three occupations dating to the Ocean Bay tradition. The site contained an extensive bird-bone assemblage analyzed here for the first time. Casperson (2012) studied bird bones from Mink Island (49-XMK-030), also located in Alutiiq/Sugpiaq territory, and found that birds played important roles in the lifeways of Ocean Bay groups, even though these people have been portrayed as primarily dependent on marine mammals and fish. At Rice Ridge, cormorants, ducks, murres, and geese (among other birds) were vitally important to Alutiiq ancestors, especially during the winter. The relative abundance of birds differs across the three occupations at Rice Ridge, although these differences resist easy explanation. What is clear is that Alutiiq ancestors consumed birds as food and also processed quantities of bird skins for clothing that was crucial to their survival.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"58 1","pages":"1 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42901959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Boris O. Dolgikh, Alexander B. Dolitsky, J. D. McMahan, H. N. Michael
Abstract Boris Osipovich Dolgikh became established as an ethnographer while working as an enumerator for the 1926-27 Russian census (Savolskul 2004). He was especially interested in the peoples of the Samoyedic linguistic group, the Entsy and Nganasans, as well as the ethnogenesis of northern peoples, clan, and tribal composition at the time of first Russian contact and the evolution of clan-tribal structure. During the 1960s and 1970s, he systematically studied the Nganasans (Kistova et al. 2019). Although he is one of the best-known ethnographers of Siberian cultures, his works are poorly known to English-language anthropologists. The Nganasans, native to the Taymyr Peninsula, are recognized by the Russian Federation as one of the indigenous peoples of the Russian Far North. This article, based on Dolgikh’s introduction published posthumously in the Skazki i predaniya nganasan [Tales and Traditions of the Nganasans] (Dolgikh 1976), is edited and adapted by the editors as a separate scholarly English edition.
Boris Osipovich Dolgikh在1926-27年俄罗斯人口普查(Savolskul 2004)中担任人口普查员时，成为了一名民族志学家。他特别感兴趣的是萨莫耶迪语系的民族，恩特西和恩加纳桑人，以及北方民族的民族起源、氏族和第一次与俄罗斯接触时的部落组成，以及氏族-部落结构的演变。在20世纪60年代和70年代，他系统地研究了Nganasans (Kistova et al. 2019)。虽然他是最著名的西伯利亚文化人种学家之一，但他的作品对英语人类学家知之甚少。恩加纳桑人原住在泰米尔半岛，被俄罗斯联邦承认为俄罗斯远北地区的土著民族之一。这篇文章是基于Dolgikh死后发表在Skazki i predaniya nganasan [Nganasans的故事和传统](Dolgikh 1976)中的引言，由编辑编辑和改编为一个单独的学术英语版本。
{"title":"Tales and Traditions of the Nganasans","authors":"Boris O. Dolgikh, Alexander B. Dolitsky, J. D. McMahan, H. N. Michael","doi":"10.3368/aa.58.1.80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.58.1.80","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Boris Osipovich Dolgikh became established as an ethnographer while working as an enumerator for the 1926-27 Russian census (Savolskul 2004). He was especially interested in the peoples of the Samoyedic linguistic group, the Entsy and Nganasans, as well as the ethnogenesis of northern peoples, clan, and tribal composition at the time of first Russian contact and the evolution of clan-tribal structure. During the 1960s and 1970s, he systematically studied the Nganasans (Kistova et al. 2019). Although he is one of the best-known ethnographers of Siberian cultures, his works are poorly known to English-language anthropologists. The Nganasans, native to the Taymyr Peninsula, are recognized by the Russian Federation as one of the indigenous peoples of the Russian Far North. This article, based on Dolgikh’s introduction published posthumously in the Skazki i predaniya nganasan [Tales and Traditions of the Nganasans] (Dolgikh 1976), is edited and adapted by the editors as a separate scholarly English edition.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"58 1","pages":"80 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47095961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article explores the importance of contact with nature to subjective well-being (SWB) in Greenland. Through a qualitative approach based on 70 face-to-face interviews in 13 towns and villages in north, south, east, and central Greenland, the objective is first to explore and discuss perceptions of nature and its importance to SWB. Second, the article expands the discussion to include a theoretical debate about how Greenlandic people perceive and interact with nature. This study reveals that nature is highly important to SWB with little variation among locations. More notably, the findings indicate variation in what nature means and how nature is perceived. The importance of nature to SWB highly involves recreational contact with nature, suggesting a possible development towards a paradigm shift in the common perceptions of nature among Greenlandic Inuit, where people mostly perceive nature as an external domain rather than a domain that transcends the physical and meta-physical, as traditional views on nature have been described previously.
{"title":"Subjective Well-Being and the Importance of Nature in Greenland","authors":"Naja Carina Steenholdt","doi":"10.3368/aa.58.1.66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.58.1.66","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article explores the importance of contact with nature to subjective well-being (SWB) in Greenland. Through a qualitative approach based on 70 face-to-face interviews in 13 towns and villages in north, south, east, and central Greenland, the objective is first to explore and discuss perceptions of nature and its importance to SWB. Second, the article expands the discussion to include a theoretical debate about how Greenlandic people perceive and interact with nature. This study reveals that nature is highly important to SWB with little variation among locations. More notably, the findings indicate variation in what nature means and how nature is perceived. The importance of nature to SWB highly involves recreational contact with nature, suggesting a possible development towards a paradigm shift in the common perceptions of nature among Greenlandic Inuit, where people mostly perceive nature as an external domain rather than a domain that transcends the physical and meta-physical, as traditional views on nature have been described previously.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"58 1","pages":"66 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49529429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Anastario, E. Rink, Gitte Adler Reimer, Malory Peterson
Abstract In this article, we explore shifting human/environment entanglements narrated by Inuit hunters in the community of Kullorsuaq in northwestern Greenland. We present findings from 29 in-depth qualitative interviews that were analyzed using an inductive analytical approach. We examine shifts in human-environment entanglements narrated by hunters and their wives, the ways in which traditional knowledge is transmitted amid shifting entanglements, and we characterize the more-than-human intimacies that develop and facilitate the transmission of traditional knowledge. We conclude that the actors who shape ecological policies pay close attention to the more-than-human intimacies implicated in the transmission of traditional knowledge that contributes to Indigenous autonomy in northwestern Greenland.
{"title":"More-Than-Human Intimacies and Traditional Knowledge among Hunting Families in Northwest Greenland","authors":"M. Anastario, E. Rink, Gitte Adler Reimer, Malory Peterson","doi":"10.3368/aa.58.1.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.58.1.54","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this article, we explore shifting human/environment entanglements narrated by Inuit hunters in the community of Kullorsuaq in northwestern Greenland. We present findings from 29 in-depth qualitative interviews that were analyzed using an inductive analytical approach. We examine shifts in human-environment entanglements narrated by hunters and their wives, the ways in which traditional knowledge is transmitted amid shifting entanglements, and we characterize the more-than-human intimacies that develop and facilitate the transmission of traditional knowledge. We conclude that the actors who shape ecological policies pay close attention to the more-than-human intimacies implicated in the transmission of traditional knowledge that contributes to Indigenous autonomy in northwestern Greenland.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"58 1","pages":"54 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44839961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores the prehistoric ontologies etched into theriomorphic images on ivory harpoon parts among the Okvik and OBS cultures that flourished about 2,000 years ago in the Bering Strait region. Inspired by the theory of relational ontology, the author argues that the images on prehistoric Inuit artifacts not only reveal the interior essence of other-than-human animals but also signify the interpersonal and intersubjective relationship between humans and other-than-human persons. A comparison between the prehistoric Inuit artifacts and the Yup’ik yua masks suggests that these Okvik/OBS hunting artifacts with theriomorphic images represented rebuilding of the hunter’s multiple, extra body. Further analyses show that interspecies relations between other-than-human persons are crucial in prehistoric Inuit ontologies. Accordingly, the author argues that the polymorphous form represented by the prehistoric hunting implements was not only the human hunter’s but also the other-than-human being’s extra body.
{"title":"Body Metamorphosis and Interspecies Relations: An Exploration of Relational Ontologies in Bering Strait Prehistory","authors":"Feng Qu","doi":"10.3368/aa.57.2.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.57.2.131","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the prehistoric ontologies etched into theriomorphic images on ivory harpoon parts among the Okvik and OBS cultures that flourished about 2,000 years ago in the Bering Strait region. Inspired by the theory of relational ontology, the author argues that the images on prehistoric Inuit artifacts not only reveal the interior essence of other-than-human animals but also signify the interpersonal and intersubjective relationship between humans and other-than-human persons. A comparison between the prehistoric Inuit artifacts and the Yup’ik yua masks suggests that these Okvik/OBS hunting artifacts with theriomorphic images represented rebuilding of the hunter’s multiple, extra body. Further analyses show that interspecies relations between other-than-human persons are crucial in prehistoric Inuit ontologies. Accordingly, the author argues that the polymorphous form represented by the prehistoric hunting implements was not only the human hunter’s but also the other-than-human being’s extra body.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"57 1","pages":"131 - 148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42811435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fish were absolutely necessary for survival for many households in preindustrial societies. Because fishing waters are considered a common-pool resource, it is difficult to exclude users, and the catch is subtractable. To learn what strategies were in place to avoid fish-stock depletion and secure continuous harvests, we investigated how Indigenous Sami households in Lule lappmark, Sweden, used low-productive freshwaters between 1660 and 1780. Our aim is to show how they conducted fishing and how it was linked to rules for fishing. Our sources are contemporary 17th- and 18th-century accounts and local court rulings. Rules for fishing were developed in a self-governance context. Users and fishing areas were well defined, and users often had exclusive rights to fish. Inheritance was important but not a sufficient prerequisite to obtain access. Our research covers a period during which abundant but low-yield fishing waters per household declined, making it more difficult to survive.
{"title":"Freshwater Fishing Strategies in Early Modern Sami Households","authors":"J. Larsson, Eva-Lotta Päiviö Sjaunja","doi":"10.3368/aa.57.2.197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.57.2.197","url":null,"abstract":"Fish were absolutely necessary for survival for many households in preindustrial societies. Because fishing waters are considered a common-pool resource, it is difficult to exclude users, and the catch is subtractable. To learn what strategies were in place to avoid fish-stock depletion and secure continuous harvests, we investigated how Indigenous Sami households in Lule lappmark, Sweden, used low-productive freshwaters between 1660 and 1780. Our aim is to show how they conducted fishing and how it was linked to rules for fishing. Our sources are contemporary 17th- and 18th-century accounts and local court rulings. Rules for fishing were developed in a self-governance context. Users and fishing areas were well defined, and users often had exclusive rights to fish. Inheritance was important but not a sufficient prerequisite to obtain access. Our research covers a period during which abundant but low-yield fishing waters per household declined, making it more difficult to survive.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"57 1","pages":"197 - 211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44023462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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