{"title":"Marginal No More: Introduction to a Special Issue on the Archaeology of Northern Coasts","authors":"Christopher B. Wolff","doi":"10.3368/aa.56.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.56.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"56 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3368/aa.56.1.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45749131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we present an overview of the most recent results of the ongoing research on the Nunalleq site in Southwestern Alaska, a late pre-contact Yupik settlement. This endeavor is a long-term project that has taken place in the context of the threat that the combined effects of climate change poses to archaeological heritage in the sub-Arctic. Recent climate-change research highlights local involvement and monitoring as the way forward, and here we see the clear intersection with community-based archaeology. From its initiation by the descendant Yup’ik village of Quinhagak, the Nunalleq Project has been conducted as a community-based project, and the local engagement with archaeology has continued to increase. We identify community archaeology as crucial to the future of Alaska archaeology, and the only feasible way to monitor and preserve archaeological resources now threatened by climate change.
{"title":"Nunalleq: Archaeology, Climate Change, and Community Engagement in a Yup’ik Village","authors":"Charlotta Hillerdal, R. Knecht, Warren Jones","doi":"10.3368/aa.56.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.56.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present an overview of the most recent results of the ongoing research on the Nunalleq site in Southwestern Alaska, a late pre-contact Yupik settlement. This endeavor is a long-term project that has taken place in the context of the threat that the combined effects of climate change poses to archaeological heritage in the sub-Arctic. Recent climate-change research highlights local involvement and monitoring as the way forward, and here we see the clear intersection with community-based archaeology. From its initiation by the descendant Yup’ik village of Quinhagak, the Nunalleq Project has been conducted as a community-based project, and the local engagement with archaeology has continued to increase. We identify community archaeology as crucial to the future of Alaska archaeology, and the only feasible way to monitor and preserve archaeological resources now threatened by climate change.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"56 1","pages":"17 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3368/aa.56.1.4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43836357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines precontact Yup’ik masks, maskettes, and mask fragments recently recovered from the Nunalleq site (16th–17th century AD) near the village of Quinhagak, Alaska. Remarkable in their number, size, and variety of designs, the Nunalleq masks, which represent spirits, humans, and animals, indicate a very active ceremonial life among the residents of Nunalleq settlement. This paper combines archaeological, ethnographic, and oral history accounts to demonstrate the existence of a rich mask-carving tradition in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta flourishing at least two centuries prior to European contact. The iconography of Nunalleq masks shows interesting regional connections as well as strong continuity between the pre- and postcontact Yup’ik mask making. Mask-making traditions are conservative, but far from frozen, and some fluidity can be observed within the Nunalleq mask assemblage over the course of ca. 150 years of the site’s occupation.
{"title":"Bridging Past and Present: A Study of Precontact Yup’ik Masks from the Nunalleq Site, Alaska","authors":"Anna Mossolova, R. Knecht","doi":"10.3368/aa.56.1.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.56.1.18","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines precontact Yup’ik masks, maskettes, and mask fragments recently recovered from the Nunalleq site (16th–17th century AD) near the village of Quinhagak, Alaska. Remarkable in their number, size, and variety of designs, the Nunalleq masks, which represent spirits, humans, and animals, indicate a very active ceremonial life among the residents of Nunalleq settlement. This paper combines archaeological, ethnographic, and oral history accounts to demonstrate the existence of a rich mask-carving tradition in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta flourishing at least two centuries prior to European contact. The iconography of Nunalleq masks shows interesting regional connections as well as strong continuity between the pre- and postcontact Yup’ik mask making. Mask-making traditions are conservative, but far from frozen, and some fluidity can be observed within the Nunalleq mask assemblage over the course of ca. 150 years of the site’s occupation.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"56 1","pages":"18 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3368/aa.56.1.18","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43071939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agrarian activity clearly intensified in northern Finland from the 14th century onwards. This climatically marginal area was one of the northernmost locations for farming during the studied period. This study contributes to understanding the development and local adaptions in agriculture in the Late Medieval and Early Modern (ca. 1400–1700 AD) period northern Finland through zooarchaeological and stable isotope data. We analyze the faunal assemblages and stable isotope composition (δ13C and δ15N) of domestic ungulate bones from four archaeological sites representing urban and agrarian settlements. The results show that animal husbandry concentrated on cattle husbandry and secondary products. Local natural resources were utilized in varying ways to support domestic animals. Animal management was integrated into a mixed subsistence pattern of hunting, fishing, livestock husbandry, and crop cultivation. Animal-management practices were well adapted to the local natural resources and climatic conditions and had a relatively low impact on the landscape.
{"title":"Farming in the Extreme—Animal Management in Late Medieval and Early Modern Northern Finland","authors":"M. Lahtinen, Anna-Kaisa Salmi","doi":"10.3368/aa.55.2.76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.55.2.76","url":null,"abstract":"Agrarian activity clearly intensified in northern Finland from the 14th century onwards. This climatically marginal area was one of the northernmost locations for farming during the studied period. This study contributes to understanding the development and local adaptions in agriculture in the Late Medieval and Early Modern (ca. 1400–1700 AD) period northern Finland through zooarchaeological and stable isotope data. We analyze the faunal assemblages and stable isotope composition (δ13C and δ15N) of domestic ungulate bones from four archaeological sites representing urban and agrarian settlements. The results show that animal husbandry concentrated on cattle husbandry and secondary products. Local natural resources were utilized in varying ways to support domestic animals. Animal management was integrated into a mixed subsistence pattern of hunting, fishing, livestock husbandry, and crop cultivation. Animal-management practices were well adapted to the local natural resources and climatic conditions and had a relatively low impact on the landscape.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"55 1","pages":"76 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3368/aa.55.2.76","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42821441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Desertion, as a specific social phenomenon, occurred over the extent of almost the whole period of existence of the Russian colonies in Alaska (18th century–1867). Some attempts at desertion were successful; others suffered failure. At the same time, “external” desertion, outside the boundaries of Russian America, absolutely prevailed. Sometimes fugitives voluntarily returned to Alaska; other times they were brought by force. Deserters usually acted alone or in small groups. Their goal in most cases was passive flight, not representing a real threat to other people or danger to the colonies, though there were exceptions—three cases are known when potential fugitives intended to seize a ship by force and flee beyond the borders of Russian America. However, all such attempts (in 1781, 1794, and 1809) ended unsuccessfully. The peak of desertion occurred in the first half of the 1850s, when about 20 people fled from the capital of the colonies Novo-Arkhangel’sk and ships in California and Hawaii. Although, based on the scale of its demographic impact, desertion yielded noticeably to such factors as illness, accidents, and military actions, it nevertheless played a definite role in the history of Russian America, periodically exerting a destructive socioeconomic and psychological impact on the life of colonial society and the activities of the Russian-American Company, which managed the colonies from 1799.
{"title":"Deserters and Fugitives in Russian America","authors":"Andrei V. Grinëv","doi":"10.3368/aa.55.2.134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.55.2.134","url":null,"abstract":"Desertion, as a specific social phenomenon, occurred over the extent of almost the whole period of existence of the Russian colonies in Alaska (18th century–1867). Some attempts at desertion were successful; others suffered failure. At the same time, “external” desertion, outside the boundaries of Russian America, absolutely prevailed. Sometimes fugitives voluntarily returned to Alaska; other times they were brought by force. Deserters usually acted alone or in small groups. Their goal in most cases was passive flight, not representing a real threat to other people or danger to the colonies, though there were exceptions—three cases are known when potential fugitives intended to seize a ship by force and flee beyond the borders of Russian America. However, all such attempts (in 1781, 1794, and 1809) ended unsuccessfully. The peak of desertion occurred in the first half of the 1850s, when about 20 people fled from the capital of the colonies Novo-Arkhangel’sk and ships in California and Hawaii. Although, based on the scale of its demographic impact, desertion yielded noticeably to such factors as illness, accidents, and military actions, it nevertheless played a definite role in the history of Russian America, periodically exerting a destructive socioeconomic and psychological impact on the life of colonial society and the activities of the Russian-American Company, which managed the colonies from 1799.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"55 1","pages":"134 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47054412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cross-cultural research shows marked variation in health across the world’s senior populations. The social and cultural environment contributes to complex negotiations of food and physical activity patterns; however, little is known about social and cultural influences on diet and activity patterns for older adults in the urban Circumpolar North. Utilizing a socioecological framework, this project investigates social determinants of well-being in older adulthood in Anchorage, Alaska. The purpose of this exploratory qualitative study was to identify sociocultural influences on diet and activity patterns for seniors in Anchorage to inform the design of a larger quantitative research project. This study asked 15 seniors in Anchorage about sociocultural factors that influence their diet and physical activity. Six major themes were identified: the media, friends and peers, family influences, social opportunities, ethnicity and subsistence practices, and weight loss/body weight concerns. This research suggests that reaching older adults with diverse needs through a variety of channels, including the media, social networks, and social events, can help alleviate barriers to healthy lifestyle patterns. These results indicate a need for low-cost, accessible, culturally responsive programs that maintain relationships with family members and make connections between seniors in order to improve diet and physical activity practices.
{"title":"“It’s a Social Thing”: Sociocultural Experiences with Nutrition and Exercise in Anchorage, Alaska","authors":"Britteny M. Howell, S. Bardach","doi":"10.3368/aa.55.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.55.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Cross-cultural research shows marked variation in health across the world’s senior populations. The social and cultural environment contributes to complex negotiations of food and physical activity patterns; however, little is known about social and cultural influences on diet and activity patterns for older adults in the urban Circumpolar North. Utilizing a socioecological framework, this project investigates social determinants of well-being in older adulthood in Anchorage, Alaska. The purpose of this exploratory qualitative study was to identify sociocultural influences on diet and activity patterns for seniors in Anchorage to inform the design of a larger quantitative research project. This study asked 15 seniors in Anchorage about sociocultural factors that influence their diet and physical activity. Six major themes were identified: the media, friends and peers, family influences, social opportunities, ethnicity and subsistence practices, and weight loss/body weight concerns. This research suggests that reaching older adults with diverse needs through a variety of channels, including the media, social networks, and social events, can help alleviate barriers to healthy lifestyle patterns. These results indicate a need for low-cost, accessible, culturally responsive programs that maintain relationships with family members and make connections between seniors in order to improve diet and physical activity practices.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"55 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49497495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Nomokonova, R. Losey, A. V. Plekhanov, Heather J. McIntyre
Rangifer tarandus is one of the most important animals for indigenous groups living in the Arctic. This significance is particularly the case in the Iamal Peninsula of the Russian Federation. The Iamal Peninsula has produced a substantial archaeological record of human engagement with reindeer during the Late Holocene period. The archaeological site known as Iarte VI, a multihousepit settlement on the open tundra of the peninsula, has produced the region’s largest and most well-dated reindeer-bone assemblage. This study provides a chronological assessment of Iarte VI based on numerous radiocarbon and dendrochronology dates, an analysis of the site’s large faunal assemblage, and comparison of these remains with those from all other sampled sites on the peninsula. Iarte VI appears to have been a warm-season settlement where reindeer were intensively utilized during the 11th century AD. Other regional sites had broader subsistence practices, but reindeer are nonetheless consistently present.
{"title":"Iarte VI and Late Holocene Reindeer Remains from the Iamal Peninsula of Arctic Siberia","authors":"T. Nomokonova, R. Losey, A. V. Plekhanov, Heather J. McIntyre","doi":"10.3368/AA.55.2.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/AA.55.2.56","url":null,"abstract":"Rangifer tarandus is one of the most important animals for indigenous groups living in the Arctic. This significance is particularly the case in the Iamal Peninsula of the Russian Federation. The Iamal Peninsula has produced a substantial archaeological record of human engagement with reindeer during the Late Holocene period. The archaeological site known as Iarte VI, a multihousepit settlement on the open tundra of the peninsula, has produced the region’s largest and most well-dated reindeer-bone assemblage. This study provides a chronological assessment of Iarte VI based on numerous radiocarbon and dendrochronology dates, an analysis of the site’s large faunal assemblage, and comparison of these remains with those from all other sampled sites on the peninsula. Iarte VI appears to have been a warm-season settlement where reindeer were intensively utilized during the 11th century AD. Other regional sites had broader subsistence practices, but reindeer are nonetheless consistently present.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"55 1","pages":"56 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45958317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study looks upon how different epistemologies reassess knowledges and histories, and how different fields of interest and ways of knowing can look at landscapes in similar ways and intersect as well as reveal fascinating facts about landscapes and place. Likewise, how local knowledges and stories are knowledges of how to produce and reproduce a locality. It is this identification of knowledge space we look upon to answer how different perceptions of a geological feature in the middle of the Godthåbsfjord, West Greenland, shapes an assemblage about people passing by and their activities around it. Just as well, we examine how this feature has changed within the eye of the beholder due to alternations in cognitive structures and frames within social-economy. Knowledge space is a result of social practice and particular interest; a knowledge space which has been lost but today reappears because of a new geological epistemology and logic bringing it back to life.
{"title":"Intersecting the Cultural Landscapes of Uummannaq Island, SW Greenland, through Epistemologies of Geology and Environmental Anthropology","authors":"A. Lennert, M. D. Poulsen, Nynke Keulen","doi":"10.3368/aa.55.2.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.55.2.44","url":null,"abstract":"This study looks upon how different epistemologies reassess knowledges and histories, and how different fields of interest and ways of knowing can look at landscapes in similar ways and intersect as well as reveal fascinating facts about landscapes and place. Likewise, how local knowledges and stories are knowledges of how to produce and reproduce a locality. It is this identification of knowledge space we look upon to answer how different perceptions of a geological feature in the middle of the Godthåbsfjord, West Greenland, shapes an assemblage about people passing by and their activities around it. Just as well, we examine how this feature has changed within the eye of the beholder due to alternations in cognitive structures and frames within social-economy. Knowledge space is a result of social practice and particular interest; a knowledge space which has been lost but today reappears because of a new geological epistemology and logic bringing it back to life.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"55 1","pages":"44 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3368/aa.55.2.44","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42113370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The village of Meinypilgyno is located on the shores of the Pacific Ocean in southern Chukotka. In the past, some of its inhabitants were engaged in reindeer herding on the tundra, while others fished. However, 20 years ago, during the economic crisis that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union, reindeer herding was lost. However, the Chukchi of Meinypilgyno did not stop performing their main reciprocity ritual. Instead, they substituted small reindeer models and dried salmon for live animals. The central theme of the ritual has remained unchanged over 100 years, despite radical changes to the social organization and economy of this region. The clever use of ritual substitutions allows the community to keep in touch with the spirit world in a new social and economic context. This paper describes this significant ritual and also makes comparisons to Chukchi communities to the south and north.
{"title":"Substitution and Continuity in Southern Chukotka Traditional Rituals: A Case Study from Meinypilgyno Village, 2016–2017","authors":"K. Klokov","doi":"10.3368/aa.55.2.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.55.2.117","url":null,"abstract":"The village of Meinypilgyno is located on the shores of the Pacific Ocean in southern Chukotka. In the past, some of its inhabitants were engaged in reindeer herding on the tundra, while others fished. However, 20 years ago, during the economic crisis that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union, reindeer herding was lost. However, the Chukchi of Meinypilgyno did not stop performing their main reciprocity ritual. Instead, they substituted small reindeer models and dried salmon for live animals. The central theme of the ritual has remained unchanged over 100 years, despite radical changes to the social organization and economy of this region. The clever use of ritual substitutions allows the community to keep in touch with the spirit world in a new social and economic context. This paper describes this significant ritual and also makes comparisons to Chukchi communities to the south and north.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"55 1","pages":"117 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45953656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a reassessment of the Paleoeskimo presence in Ivujivik (northwest tip of Nunavik, Canada). It discusses 36 new radiocarbon dates obtained to determine whether the Pita (KcFr-5) and Ohituk (KcFr-3A) sites belong to the so-called “Pre-Dorset to Dorset transition,” as concluded from previous research, or represent occupations during periods corresponding to either culture. The new dates and those obtained earlier confirm that the sites were occupied around 800–400 cal BC (i.e., the presumed transition). However, other dates demonstrate that the Pita site was mainly visited during the Pre-Dorset period and contains the oldest date (2460–2290 cal BC, 1σ) obtained so far for Nunavik. As for the Ohituk site, it was mostly occupied during the Dorset period. Because dates from the sites spread over three millennia, it is concluded that the archaeological remains come from a palimpsest of occupations and do not represent a transition period.
{"title":"Reinterpreting the First Human Occupations of Ivujivik (Nunavik, Canada)","authors":"M. Nagy","doi":"10.3368/aa.55.2.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.55.2.17","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a reassessment of the Paleoeskimo presence in Ivujivik (northwest tip of Nunavik, Canada). It discusses 36 new radiocarbon dates obtained to determine whether the Pita (KcFr-5) and Ohituk (KcFr-3A) sites belong to the so-called “Pre-Dorset to Dorset transition,” as concluded from previous research, or represent occupations during periods corresponding to either culture. The new dates and those obtained earlier confirm that the sites were occupied around 800–400 cal BC (i.e., the presumed transition). However, other dates demonstrate that the Pita site was mainly visited during the Pre-Dorset period and contains the oldest date (2460–2290 cal BC, 1σ) obtained so far for Nunavik. As for the Ohituk site, it was mostly occupied during the Dorset period. Because dates from the sites spread over three millennia, it is concluded that the archaeological remains come from a palimpsest of occupations and do not represent a transition period.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"55 1","pages":"17 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48526104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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