The Japanese occupation of Kiska Island in the Western Aleutians was far more comprehensive than previously reported or archaeologically documented. Remarkably wellpreserved World War II Japanese military tunnels, entrenchments, structural remains, and communications networks are located throughout the southern coastal bays and coves of the island. These features were constructed in 1942–1943 by Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy troops stationed on Kiska during the Aleutian Operation. The features and their associated material assemblages provide an opportunity to expand interpretations of the human landscape of war in the western Aleutians through first-phase archaeological descriptions enriched by information from historical documents.
{"title":"Japan’s World War II on Kiska Island: Previously Undocumented Features on the Vega Bay Coastline","authors":"C. Funk, D. Corbett, H. Harmsen, S. Goranson","doi":"10.3368/aa.57.2.149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.57.2.149","url":null,"abstract":"The Japanese occupation of Kiska Island in the Western Aleutians was far more comprehensive than previously reported or archaeologically documented. Remarkably wellpreserved World War II Japanese military tunnels, entrenchments, structural remains, and communications networks are located throughout the southern coastal bays and coves of the island. These features were constructed in 1942–1943 by Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy troops stationed on Kiska during the Aleutian Operation. The features and their associated material assemblages provide an opportunity to expand interpretations of the human landscape of war in the western Aleutians through first-phase archaeological descriptions enriched by information from historical documents.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"57 1","pages":"149 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47891176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, we identify and discuss the possibilities, limitations, and challenges of sustainable tourism development in Southwest Greenland through a consideration of dimensions of social and cultural capital. We present our findings concerning the current context-specific promises and problems of tourism development and then discuss suggestions to improve local sustainability. Our argument is that the diverse natural, cultural, and political histories of this area offer a range of resources, here conceptualized as dimensions of capital, for multiple smaller, decentralized, and interconnected economic activities that can together contribute to developing tourism. However, such activities in the Greenlandic context also face particular, interdependent challenges. We suggest that the development of a series of disparate but integrated attractions might offer numerous opportunities but that the concomitant challenges necessitate concerted efforts by public authorities to support targeted educational programs and communication infrastructure developments and improve the foundations for decentralized network economies.
{"title":"Challenging Tourism Landscapes of Southwest Greenland: Identifying Social and Cultural Capital for Sustainable Tourism Development","authors":"H. Heikkinen, Lill Rastad Bjørst, A. Pashkevich","doi":"10.3368/aa.57.2.212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.57.2.212","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we identify and discuss the possibilities, limitations, and challenges of sustainable tourism development in Southwest Greenland through a consideration of dimensions of social and cultural capital. We present our findings concerning the current context-specific promises and problems of tourism development and then discuss suggestions to improve local sustainability. Our argument is that the diverse natural, cultural, and political histories of this area offer a range of resources, here conceptualized as dimensions of capital, for multiple smaller, decentralized, and interconnected economic activities that can together contribute to developing tourism. However, such activities in the Greenlandic context also face particular, interdependent challenges. We suggest that the development of a series of disparate but integrated attractions might offer numerous opportunities but that the concomitant challenges necessitate concerted efforts by public authorities to support targeted educational programs and communication infrastructure developments and improve the foundations for decentralized network economies.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"57 1","pages":"212 - 228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42000730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The distribution of food in space and time influences hunter-gatherer settlement and subsistence patterning in generalizable ways. In North Slope, Alaska, where caribou (Rangifer tarandus) are abundant annually in predictable locations, storage equalizes availability across relative scarcity. This study examined an assemblage of caribou long-bone specimens from an activity area at the Croxton archaeological site for evidence of mass processing for bone-marrow storage outside of the meal course as an indicator of production efficiency in an economy of scale. The archaeological faunal samples were compared on three criteria with ethnoarchaeological meal-midden and mass-processing model assemblages. The analysis indicated that the archaeological specimens are short and variable and are not biased toward marrow-rich skeletal elements, indicating that they probably resulted from meal middens and not from marrow massprocessing debris. The results of this study suggest that meal-based access to a full spectrum of nutrient sources was emphasized over efficiency in marrow extraction and storage in the archaeological faunal samples. This study demonstrates that analyzes of faunal remains based on models of subsistence organization can be useful in the development of perspectives about past food systems.
{"title":"A Case Study in Recognizing Prehistoric Subsistence Organization through the Interpretation of Faunal Remains","authors":"Martina L. Steffen","doi":"10.3368/aa.57.2.167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.57.2.167","url":null,"abstract":"The distribution of food in space and time influences hunter-gatherer settlement and subsistence patterning in generalizable ways. In North Slope, Alaska, where caribou (Rangifer tarandus) are abundant annually in predictable locations, storage equalizes availability across relative scarcity. This study examined an assemblage of caribou long-bone specimens from an activity area at the Croxton archaeological site for evidence of mass processing for bone-marrow storage outside of the meal course as an indicator of production efficiency in an economy of scale. The archaeological faunal samples were compared on three criteria with ethnoarchaeological meal-midden and mass-processing model assemblages. The analysis indicated that the archaeological specimens are short and variable and are not biased toward marrow-rich skeletal elements, indicating that they probably resulted from meal middens and not from marrow massprocessing debris. The results of this study suggest that meal-based access to a full spectrum of nutrient sources was emphasized over efficiency in marrow extraction and storage in the archaeological faunal samples. This study demonstrates that analyzes of faunal remains based on models of subsistence organization can be useful in the development of perspectives about past food systems.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"57 1","pages":"167 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45389198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By exploring the ethnographic example of the Innu of northeastern Québec (Canada), this paper proposes an analysis of the interaction between economy and cosmology using the concept of the production of persons. Through an examination of the transformations in subsistence and exchange patterns, it shows how the contemporary reality of the Innu is entangled between their traditional hunting cosmology and the order of the market and the State. The paper explores three main themes: 1) The importance of hunting and working towards the production of persons among the Innu, 2) The gift and commodity continuum in contemporary exchange patterns of food from the land, and 3) The entanglements of hunting and monetary economy in ritual and cosmological praxis. The main conclusion is that economy and cosmology are fundamentally tied together and that the economic and cosmologic practices of the Innu echo their political and identity affirmations.
{"title":"Hunting and Giving or Working and Selling? Contemporary Entanglements of Innu Economy and Cosmology","authors":"Émile Duchesne","doi":"10.3368/aa.57.2.183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.57.2.183","url":null,"abstract":"By exploring the ethnographic example of the Innu of northeastern Québec (Canada), this paper proposes an analysis of the interaction between economy and cosmology using the concept of the production of persons. Through an examination of the transformations in subsistence and exchange patterns, it shows how the contemporary reality of the Innu is entangled between their traditional hunting cosmology and the order of the market and the State. The paper explores three main themes: 1) The importance of hunting and working towards the production of persons among the Innu, 2) The gift and commodity continuum in contemporary exchange patterns of food from the land, and 3) The entanglements of hunting and monetary economy in ritual and cosmological praxis. The main conclusion is that economy and cosmology are fundamentally tied together and that the economic and cosmologic practices of the Innu echo their political and identity affirmations.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"57 1","pages":"183 - 196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48412054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Poshekhonova, D. Razhev, S. Slepchenko, Z. Marchenko, V. Adaev
This study aims to reconstruct the dietary habits of a local group of the Northern (Upper Taz) Selkup in the 18th and 19th centuries based on multidisciplinary analyses of human interments from the Kikki-Akki burial site in Western Siberia and a study of unpublished written sources. It includes archaeoparasitological studies of soils adjacent to human remains, a paleopathological examination of human crania and teeth, and isotopic analysis of both human and animal organic samples to reconstruct dietary habits. Information on the inhabitants of the upper Taz River from documents of the 19th century was cross-checked. Bottom-feeding omnivorous and predatory fish were prevalent in the diet of all group members. All group members, including children, continually consumed raw fish or insufficiently cooked fish dishes. The change in the protein composition of the diet in autumn and early spring coincided with the hunting seasons of certain animals.
{"title":"Reconstruction of Dietary Habits of a Local Upper Taz Selkup Group in the 18th and 19th Centuries Based on Archaeoparasitology, Osteology, Stable Isotope Analysis, and Archival Documents","authors":"O. Poshekhonova, D. Razhev, S. Slepchenko, Z. Marchenko, V. Adaev","doi":"10.3368/aa.57.1.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.57.1.35","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to reconstruct the dietary habits of a local group of the Northern (Upper Taz) Selkup in the 18th and 19th centuries based on multidisciplinary analyses of human interments from the Kikki-Akki burial site in Western Siberia and a study of unpublished written sources. It includes archaeoparasitological studies of soils adjacent to human remains, a paleopathological examination of human crania and teeth, and isotopic analysis of both human and animal organic samples to reconstruct dietary habits. Information on the inhabitants of the upper Taz River from documents of the 19th century was cross-checked. Bottom-feeding omnivorous and predatory fish were prevalent in the diet of all group members. All group members, including children, continually consumed raw fish or insufficiently cooked fish dishes. The change in the protein composition of the diet in autumn and early spring coincided with the hunting seasons of certain animals.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"57 1","pages":"35 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43181884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines archaeological signs indicating cultural diversity between trader societies in the coastal regions of the Bothnian Bay in northwestern Fennoscandia between the 13th and 15th centuries AD by focusing attention on the functioning of the network that connected the societies together. It is observed that within a relatively small bounded region, notable variation specifically in contemporary burial forms is present indicating cultural differences between the local communities. At the same time, archaeological evidence attests to interconnectedness and communication between the communities. It is suggested that the cultural diversity and distinctiveness between the communities was maintained due to the strong gateway position each of them held in regards to the interaction network, which was instrumental in, for example, the functioning of the northern medieval trade. At the same time, this interconnectedness caused certain similarities—specifically in relation to the manner of communication itself—to manifest.
{"title":"Signs of Cultural Diversity in the 13th to 15th Centuries AD Coastal Region of the Bothnian Bay in Northwestern Fennoscandia","authors":"Jari-Matti Kuusela","doi":"10.3368/aa.57.1.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.57.1.53","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines archaeological signs indicating cultural diversity between trader societies in the coastal regions of the Bothnian Bay in northwestern Fennoscandia between the 13th and 15th centuries AD by focusing attention on the functioning of the network that connected the societies together. It is observed that within a relatively small bounded region, notable variation specifically in contemporary burial forms is present indicating cultural differences between the local communities. At the same time, archaeological evidence attests to interconnectedness and communication between the communities. It is suggested that the cultural diversity and distinctiveness between the communities was maintained due to the strong gateway position each of them held in regards to the interaction network, which was instrumental in, for example, the functioning of the northern medieval trade. At the same time, this interconnectedness caused certain similarities—specifically in relation to the manner of communication itself—to manifest.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"57 1","pages":"53 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43248280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper shows how a society imagines human individuals and their power to act upon spirits both ritually and materially. Based on the author’s fieldwork (from 1994 to 2019), it analyzes the emic concept onnir, which is omnipresent in the daily activities and the past and present collective/individual rituals of Siberian Evenki and Even. Each human owns a specific fluctuating “charge made of spirits” and an “active imprint” that empowers the human to act, perform rituals, develop talents, and create. Even after death, this “imprint” affects everything and everyone a human ever touched. Onnir defines the interrelations between the individual, the spirits of his or her own “charge,” and the spirits of the universe in an “active agent”-“patient” relationship. This paper contributes to studies of the notions of the individual, “playing” as a ritual means, the acceptance/rejection of neoshamans, neorituals, and the (ritual) agency of ordinary individuals.
{"title":"“Spirit-Charged” Humans in Siberia: Interrelations between the Notions of the Individual (“Spirit Charge” and “Active Imprint”) and (Ritual) Action","authors":"A. Lavrillier","doi":"10.3368/aa.57.1.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.57.1.72","url":null,"abstract":"This paper shows how a society imagines human individuals and their power to act upon spirits both ritually and materially. Based on the author’s fieldwork (from 1994 to 2019), it analyzes the emic concept onnir, which is omnipresent in the daily activities and the past and present collective/individual rituals of Siberian Evenki and Even. Each human owns a specific fluctuating “charge made of spirits” and an “active imprint” that empowers the human to act, perform rituals, develop talents, and create. Even after death, this “imprint” affects everything and everyone a human ever touched. Onnir defines the interrelations between the individual, the spirits of his or her own “charge,” and the spirits of the universe in an “active agent”-“patient” relationship. This paper contributes to studies of the notions of the individual, “playing” as a ritual means, the acceptance/rejection of neoshamans, neorituals, and the (ritual) agency of ordinary individuals.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"57 1","pages":"72 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45290486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents four new possible images of drums in the Finnish rock art, and considers these, and apparent dancing images as an acoustic record of the past. It also presents preliminary results of testing echo at over 100 rock-art sites that suggest that exceptional soundscape is an elemental, if not a fundamental component, of rock art. Both the images and the echo correlate well with the local Sámi ceremonies of singing and drumming at sacred sieidi sites—regional tradition and Finnish rock art point to entering into deeper trance through music and dancing. However, in Finland, there are few entoptic signs in rock art. In some places these signs are connected to shamanism but research shows a correlation with entoptic signs and psychedelic substances but not necessarily with shamanism. This disconnect emphasizes the need for redefining ASC: the term is not singular, but plural. Contrary to being hallucinations, shamanic states can be better understood as being exceptionally present and part of an Indigenous knowledge formation process. A pattern of liminal features, images, and local analogies construe Finnish rock-art sites effectively as sites of liminality, trance, and relationship.
{"title":"Entering Trance, Entering Relationship: Liminality at Finnish Rock-Art Sites","authors":"Ulla Valovesi","doi":"10.3368/aa.57.1.100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.57.1.100","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents four new possible images of drums in the Finnish rock art, and considers these, and apparent dancing images as an acoustic record of the past. It also presents preliminary results of testing echo at over 100 rock-art sites that suggest that exceptional soundscape is an elemental, if not a fundamental component, of rock art. Both the images and the echo correlate well with the local Sámi ceremonies of singing and drumming at sacred sieidi sites—regional tradition and Finnish rock art point to entering into deeper trance through music and dancing. However, in Finland, there are few entoptic signs in rock art. In some places these signs are connected to shamanism but research shows a correlation with entoptic signs and psychedelic substances but not necessarily with shamanism. This disconnect emphasizes the need for redefining ASC: the term is not singular, but plural. Contrary to being hallucinations, shamanic states can be better understood as being exceptionally present and part of an Indigenous knowledge formation process. A pattern of liminal features, images, and local analogies construe Finnish rock-art sites effectively as sites of liminality, trance, and relationship.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"57 1","pages":"100 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45934483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent reanalysis of material excavated from the Bluefish Caves, Yukon Territory claims to have identified culturally modified bone dating to 24,000 cal. BP, thereby providing evidence for continuous human occupation of eastern Beringia from the Last Glacial Maximum. However, the recent research largely ignores the history of criticisms of the site and leaves outstanding questions about the site context, associations of lithic artifacts and Last Glacial Maximum radiocarbon dates, and the impact of natural processes on the faunal assemblage, and therefore, how the site fits into the broader Beringian archaeological record. This paper critically analyzes the archaeological record from Bluefish Caves by focusing on evidence for significantly disturbed archaeological contexts and alteration of bone by nonanthropogenic processes. We offer alternative hypotheses explaining the archaeological record at Bluefish Caves based on published data that were not considered in the recent reanalysis. These alternative hypotheses must be addressed before Bluefish Caves can be considered evidence for a Last Glacial Maximum occupation of Beringia. Bluefish Caves remains provocative but unconvincing archaeological evidence for the Beringian Standstill supported by genetic data.
{"title":"Unresolved Questions about Site Formation, Provenience, and the Impact of Natural Processes on Bone at the Bluefish Caves, Yukon Territory","authors":"Kathryn E. Krasinski, John C. Blong","doi":"10.3368/aa.57.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.57.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Recent reanalysis of material excavated from the Bluefish Caves, Yukon Territory claims to have identified culturally modified bone dating to 24,000 cal. BP, thereby providing evidence for continuous human occupation of eastern Beringia from the Last Glacial Maximum. However, the recent research largely ignores the history of criticisms of the site and leaves outstanding questions about the site context, associations of lithic artifacts and Last Glacial Maximum radiocarbon dates, and the impact of natural processes on the faunal assemblage, and therefore, how the site fits into the broader Beringian archaeological record. This paper critically analyzes the archaeological record from Bluefish Caves by focusing on evidence for significantly disturbed archaeological contexts and alteration of bone by nonanthropogenic processes. We offer alternative hypotheses explaining the archaeological record at Bluefish Caves based on published data that were not considered in the recent reanalysis. These alternative hypotheses must be addressed before Bluefish Caves can be considered evidence for a Last Glacial Maximum occupation of Beringia. Bluefish Caves remains provocative but unconvincing archaeological evidence for the Beringian Standstill supported by genetic data.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"57 1","pages":"1 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42983440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sacrifice of slaves among the Tlingit Indians, who lived in southeastern Alaska, had a ritual character and was part of their traditional culture. Slaves were sacrificed during special ceremonies—potlaches. Initially, the Russians, coming into the lands of the Tlingit at the end of the 18th century, did not interfere in their customs or try to prevent ritual slayings. Only at the end of the 1810s, when rather well-educated and humane naval officers took command in the Russian colonies in America, were attempts undertaken to ease the lot of the doomed slaves. Russian missionaries also played a definite role in keeping the Tlingit from ritual slaying. Of course, the Russians’ campaign, as well as the ransom of the slaves and prohibition against killing them at the walls of the colonial capital Novo-Arkhangel’sk, exerted influence primarily on the Tlingit living in the vicinity of the community of Sitka. Nevertheless, due to the endeavors of the Russians, several dozen people were saved from death. Resistance to human sacrifice among the Tlingit became one of the specific aspects of the social policy of the colonial administration, influencing in some ways the character of Russian-Tlingit relations.
{"title":"Russian Resistance to Human Sacrifice among the Tlingit Indians (1819–1867)","authors":"Andrei V. Grinëv, R. Bland","doi":"10.3368/aa.57.1.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.57.1.22","url":null,"abstract":"Sacrifice of slaves among the Tlingit Indians, who lived in southeastern Alaska, had a ritual character and was part of their traditional culture. Slaves were sacrificed during special ceremonies—potlaches. Initially, the Russians, coming into the lands of the Tlingit at the end of the 18th century, did not interfere in their customs or try to prevent ritual slayings. Only at the end of the 1810s, when rather well-educated and humane naval officers took command in the Russian colonies in America, were attempts undertaken to ease the lot of the doomed slaves. Russian missionaries also played a definite role in keeping the Tlingit from ritual slaying. Of course, the Russians’ campaign, as well as the ransom of the slaves and prohibition against killing them at the walls of the colonial capital Novo-Arkhangel’sk, exerted influence primarily on the Tlingit living in the vicinity of the community of Sitka. Nevertheless, due to the endeavors of the Russians, several dozen people were saved from death. Resistance to human sacrifice among the Tlingit became one of the specific aspects of the social policy of the colonial administration, influencing in some ways the character of Russian-Tlingit relations.","PeriodicalId":45997,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Anthropology","volume":"57 1","pages":"22 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45243306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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