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Thatcher's North Sea: The Return of Cheap Oil and the ‘Neo-liberalisation’ of European Energy 撒切尔的北海:廉价石油的回归与欧洲能源的“新自由化”
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-12-09 DOI: 10.1017/s0960777322000686
Giuliano Garavini
This article will focus on the prominent role played by the British Conservative government, guided since 1979 by Margaret Thatcher, in re-launching globally an energy model based on cheap fossil fuels by leveraging the newly available petroleum extracted in the North Sea. Between 1980 and 2010 global oil consumption increased by 50 per cent, while both coal and natural gas consumption nearly doubled. North Sea oil represented a crucial, if never openly acknowledged, ally for Thatcher, serving the purpose of bringing down oil prices, while at the same time achieving other crucial policy goals.The advent of the British North Sea oil weakened OPEC control of the global oil market, helped crush the resistance of the British coal miners, fed the ‘de-nationalisation’ of British energy sector, and then contributed to promote the ‘neoliberal governance’ of the EU energy sector.
本文将重点介绍英国保守党政府自1979年以来在玛格丽特·撒切尔的指导下发挥的突出作用,即利用北海新开采的石油,在全球范围内重新启动基于廉价化石燃料的能源模式。1980年至2010年间,全球石油消费量增长了50%,而煤炭和天然气消费量几乎翻了一番。北海石油是撒切尔夫人的一个重要盟友,尽管从未公开承认,但它的目的是降低油价,同时实现其他关键的政策目标。英国北海石油的出现削弱了欧佩克对全球石油市场的控制,有助于粉碎英国煤矿工人的抵抗,助长了英国能源部门的“去国有化”,然后有助于促进欧盟能源行业的“新自由主义治理”。
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引用次数: 1
The Influenza Pandemic of 1918–19 in Spain: From the Epidemic to the Crisis of Liberalism 1918 - 1919年西班牙流感大流行:从流行病到自由主义危机
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0960777322000893
Maximiliano Fuentes Codera, Pau Font Masdeu
This article analyses the political impact of the 1918 influenza pandemic in Spain, a hitherto scarcely explored subject. It first discusses the evolution and impact of the pandemic, focusing on political and social responses. It then shows how these responses were related to debates about the crisis of Restoration Spain's political system. Lastly, it analyses the long-term political impact of the influenza pandemic, showing how the demands of this period can be linked to policies and discourses during the Primo de Rivera dictatorship, particularly regarding the links between the call for a ‘health dictatorship’ developed during the pandemic and the rhetorical use of medical language linked to authoritarian regenerationism between 1923 and 1930.
本文分析了1918年西班牙流感大流行的政治影响,这是一个迄今为止很少探讨的主题。报告首先讨论了大流行病的演变和影响,重点是政治和社会应对措施。然后展示了这些反应是如何与西班牙复辟时期政治体系危机的辩论联系起来的。最后,本文分析了流感大流行的长期政治影响,展示了这一时期的需求如何与里维拉(Primo de Rivera)独裁统治期间的政策和话语联系起来,特别是关于大流行期间发展起来的“卫生独裁”的呼吁与1923年至1930年间与威权再生主义有关的医学语言的修辞使用之间的联系。
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引用次数: 0
The Adventures of an Oral History Archive in the Greek Public Domain 希腊公共领域口述历史档案馆的冒险
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-11-25 DOI: 10.1017/S0960777322000765
G. Antoniou
In December 2021 a famous Greek TV and radio journalist and well-known anti-vaxxer, Yiorgos Tragkas, passed away due to Covid-19 complications. In the previous two decades, Tragkas had become a controversial figure, employing an anti-elite, pro-Russian and anti-Western narrative that fed into the country's underdog culture. His ethnocentric, populist, toxic tabloid journalism had been a popular genre in Greek political culture since the early 1980s. However, the debt and migration crises that shook Greece fuelled populist politics and a wave of misinformation.1 Tragkas jumped on the bandwagon of this new era by whitewashing the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn Party on national TV and by live appearances dressed up as a Second World War Nazi officer, with photos of Adolf Hitler and Angela Merkel on his desk.
2021年12月,希腊著名电视和广播记者、著名的反疫苗工作者Yiorgos Tragkas因新冠肺炎并发症去世。在过去的二十年里,特拉卡斯成为了一个有争议的人物,他的反精英、亲俄和反西方的叙事助长了这个国家的弱势文化。自20世纪80年代初以来,他的种族中心主义、民粹主义、有害的小报新闻一直是希腊政治文化中的流行流派。然而,震撼希腊的债务和移民危机助长了民粹主义政治和一波错误信息特拉卡斯在国家电视台上为新纳粹金色黎明党(Golden Dawn Party)洗白,还在现场打扮成二战纳粹军官,桌上放着阿道夫·希特勒(Adolf Hitler)和安格拉·默克尔(Angela Merkel)的照片。
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引用次数: 0
Colonial Monuments, Portuguese Commemorations and the Writing of the History of the Colony of Cabo Verde 殖民纪念碑,葡萄牙纪念活动和佛得角殖民地历史的写作
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-11-23 DOI: 10.1017/s0960777322000807
V. Barros
Taking as a case study the commemorations and the monuments erected in the colony of Cabo Verde to memorialise the Portuguese ‘discoverers’ of the fifteenth century, this article scrutinises how those mnemonic schemes acted in the construction of the public memory of the ‘discovery’ of the Cabo Verde islands. It analyses the management of those schemes in the fixation of the narrative established as official history of ‘discovery’, in a context featured by controversies, uncertainties, omissions and historical lack about that very ‘discovery’. It also critically examines the contradictions, the concoction of facts and the distortions created by the promoters of the commemorations and monuments, as well as the role they played in that process. This article proves how, through the commemorations held and the monuments erected, the promoters of colonial memory distorted the protocols of interpretation of the information on the ‘discovery’ of Cabo Verde present in the Portuguese official documents and how they shaped the global understanding of that fact.
本文以佛得角殖民地为纪念15世纪葡萄牙“发现者”而设立的纪念活动和纪念碑为例,仔细研究了这些记忆方案在构建公众对佛得角群岛“发现”的记忆中是如何发挥作用的。它分析了这些方案的管理,将叙事固定为“发现”的官方历史,在这种背景下,对“发现”存在争议、不确定性、遗漏和历史缺失。它还批判性地审视了纪念活动和纪念碑的推动者所制造的矛盾、捏造事实和扭曲,以及他们在这一过程中所发挥的作用。这篇文章证明,通过举行纪念活动和竖立纪念碑,殖民记忆的推动者如何扭曲葡萄牙官方文件中关于“发现”佛得角的信息的解释协议,以及他们如何塑造全球对这一事实的理解。
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引用次数: 0
RETRACTED - Agents of Change? Families, Welfare and Democracy in Mid-to-Late Twentieth Century Europe 撤回——变革的推动者?20世纪中后期欧洲的家庭、福利与民主
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.1017/S0960777322000145
Jennifer Crane
This special issue argues that historical work must take ‘the family’ seriously as an active participant in shaping historical change. The issue offers seven case studies from across the North to South and East to West of Europe, ranging from the 1940s until the present, and looking across authoritarian, liberal democratic, communist and fascistic systems. In all case studies, authors look ‘from below’ to show how individuals thought of themselves, in messy and complex ways, as living within ‘families’. This powerful yet shifting idea shaped people's social lives, political choices and activism. This introduction explores grand narratives of welfare and democracy in the twentieth century; offers a new working approach to analysis of family ‘agency’; and then summarises the collection's main findings around chronologies and geographies of change.
这期特刊认为,历史工作必须认真对待“家庭”,将其作为塑造历史变革的积极参与者。该问题提供了从20世纪40年代到现在的七个案例研究,涵盖了从北欧到南欧、从东欧到西欧,以及威权主义、自由民主、共产主义和法西斯主义体系。在所有的案例研究中,作者都“从下面”观察,以显示个人如何以混乱和复杂的方式将自己视为生活在“家庭”中。这种强大但不断变化的观念塑造了人们的社会生活、政治选择和行动主义。这篇引言探讨了二十世纪福利和民主的宏大叙事;为分析家庭“代理”提供了一种新的工作方法;然后总结了该系列关于时间和地理变化的主要发现。
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引用次数: 0
Britain and Europe's Gifted Children in the Quests for Democracy, Welfare and Productivity, 1970–1990 英国和欧洲的天才儿童在对民主、福利和生产力的追求中,1970-1990
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-11-15 DOI: 10.1017/S0960777322000078
Jennifer Crane
Policy, voluntary, psychological and educational interest in gifted children emerged across Europe in the early twentieth century but surged dramatically in the 1970s and 1980s. This article explores the transnational voluntary circles hoping that gifted youth would bring peace and liberal democracy across Europe in these years. It analyses, also, how such work came into conflict with the expectations of conservative press in Britain: that gifted children would in fact bolster national economic progress. Critically, the article demonstrates that parents and children, drawing on professional and cultural capital, resisted ideas of gifted youth as global assets. Interest in giftedness revealed the growing ‘agency’ of articulate, affluent, middle-class families within the contexts of individualism and neoliberalism, but also its limits. Further, we can and must centre the experiences of young people in our scholarship, to truly understand how ‘agency’ operates within families and beyond.
20世纪初,欧洲各地出现了对天才儿童的政策、自愿、心理和教育兴趣,但在20世纪70年代和80年代急剧上升。这篇文章探讨了跨国志愿团体,他们希望这些年有天赋的年轻人能给整个欧洲带来和平与自由民主。它还分析了这些工作是如何与英国保守派媒体的期望相冲突的:天才儿童实际上会促进国家经济进步。至关重要的是,这篇文章表明,父母和孩子利用专业和文化资本,抵制将天才青年视为全球资产的想法。对天赋的兴趣揭示了在个人主义和新自由主义的背景下,能说会道的富裕中产阶级家庭的“能动性”不断增强,但也揭示了其局限性。此外,我们可以而且必须在我们的奖学金中以年轻人的经历为中心,真正了解“代理”是如何在家庭内外运作的。
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引用次数: 0
Redefining Fiumians: Flag Usage and the Ambiguities of the Nation-Building Process in the Former Habsburg-Hungarian corpus separatum, 1914–1924 重新定义斐济人:1914–1924年前哈布斯堡-匈牙利分离时期国旗的使用和国家建设过程的歧义
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-11-10 DOI: 10.1017/s0960777322000753
Ivan Jeličić
In the late Habsburg period, Fiume's municipal flag became the representative symbol of local patriotism. This article argues that local patriotism in Fiume was a form of identification that combined features of modern nationalism with loyalties to the Habsburg Empire. With the disappearance of the dual monarchy and the subsequent transition period (1918–24), the Fiumian flag was redefined and contested both as a symbol of Italian irredentism realised through annexation and of Fiume's independence by local autonomists. Thus, the article demonstrates how local patriotism survived the empire's dissolution and how attachment to a locality was a significant feature of European political life in general during that period.
在哈布斯堡王朝晚期,富姆市旗成为地方爱国主义的代表性象征。本文认为,富姆的地方爱国主义是一种将现代民族主义特征与对哈布斯堡帝国的忠诚相结合的认同形式。随着双重君主制的消失和随后的过渡时期(1918 - 1924),福姆尼亚国旗被重新定义和争议,作为意大利统一主义的象征,通过吞并和福姆的独立,由当地自治主义者实现。因此,本文展示了地方爱国主义如何在帝国解体后幸存下来,以及对地方的依恋如何成为那个时期欧洲政治生活的一个重要特征。
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引用次数: 0
The Fascist Temptation: British and Italian Imperial Entanglements in the Eastern Mediterranean 法西斯的诱惑:英国和意大利帝国在东地中海的纠缠
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-11-10 DOI: 10.1017/s0960777322000728
Alexis Rappas
This article reveals how, in the interwar period, British colonial authorities in Cyprus borrowed from the combination of political authoritarianism and economic development characterising Italian rule in the neighbouring Dodecanese, as both a solution to Greek irredentism and an administration suitable to ‘Mediterranean populations’. British authorities shunned, nonetheless, the chronopolitics and biopolitics buttressing fascist governance, which aimed at the political and cultural assimilation of Dodecanesians into the Italian national community. In conversation with the literature on imperial formations, the article therefore highlights the forms and limitations of the circulation of administrative practices and ideas across European colonial boundaries.
本文揭示了在两次世界大战期间,塞浦路斯的英国殖民当局如何借鉴意大利在邻近的多德卡尼斯统治中的政治威权主义和经济发展特征,作为希腊民族统一主义的解决方案和适合“地中海人口”的管理。然而,英国当局避开了支持法西斯统治的时代政治和生命政治,这些政治和生命政治旨在将多德卡尼斯人在政治和文化上同化到意大利民族社区中。在与有关帝国形成的文献的对话中,本文因此强调了跨欧洲殖民地边界的行政实践和思想流通的形式和局限性。
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引用次数: 0
‘God is against Nationalism’: Averbuch and the Jewish Christians of Interwar Romania “上帝反对民族主义”:Averbuch和罗马尼亚内战时期的犹太基督徒
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-11-08 DOI: 10.1017/s0960777322000601
Iemima Ploscariu
The Romanian government encountered unexpected difficulties after the First World War with the increase of religious minorities, particularly evangelicals in the newly acquired border region of Bessarabia. International affiliations and increasing success in rural areas led government officials and the Romanian Orthodox Church to label these groups as foreign pawns or socially deviant sectarians. The Baptist Church in Chișinău proved a special case of concern as its leadership included a Jewish man, Lev Averbuch. Averbuch's congregation was a diverse religious community, filled with Romanians, Russians, Bulgarians, Jews, Greeks, and others. Their multi-ethnic composition, multi-lingual services, ties to international organisations, and controversial sermons speaking out against nationalism and antisemitism were used by police and Orthodox Church authorities to paint them as a threat to national security. The analysis of Averbuch's interwar community of Jewish Christians in Chișinău shows the region was not a homogenous religious space and that religious identity was of greater value than national identity. It provides insight into the fluidity of religious, ethnic, and even geographic borders, and how policies of national consolidation were challenged at the local level by religious minorities during Europe's tumultuous interwar years.
第一次世界大战后,罗马尼亚政府遇到了意想不到的困难,宗教少数群体的增加,特别是新获得的边境地区比萨拉比亚的福音派教徒。国际关系和在农村地区日益成功导致政府官员和罗马尼亚东正教将这些团体称为外国棋子或社会离经叛道的宗派主义者。Chișinău的浸信会是一个特别令人担忧的案例,因为其领导层包括一名犹太男子Lev Averbuch。Averbuch的会众是一个多元化的宗教社区,充满了罗马尼亚人、俄罗斯人、保加利亚人、犹太人、希腊人和其他人。警察和东正教当局利用他们的多民族组成、多语言服务、与国际组织的联系以及反对民族主义和反犹太主义的有争议的布道,将他们描绘成对国家安全的威胁。对Averbuch在Chișinău的两次战争之间的犹太基督徒社区的分析表明,该地区不是一个同质的宗教空间,宗教身份比民族身份更有价值。它深入了解了宗教、种族甚至地理边界的流动性,以及在欧洲动荡的两次世界大战期间,宗教少数群体如何在地方一级挑战国家巩固政策。
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引用次数: 0
Intervention, Return, and Reinterpretation: The Jasenovac Memorial Museum Collection, 1991–2006 介入、回归与重新诠释:贾塞诺瓦茨纪念博物馆藏品,1991-2006
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-11-03 DOI: 10.1017/s096077732200073x
Alexandra Zaremba
This article recalls an important episode in the history of Jasenovac Memorial Museum (JMM). It traces the formative process through which the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) and US Department of State intervened to retrieve the Jasenovac collection from Banja Luka in 2000, acted as its temporary guardian until returning it to Croatia in 2001, and continued to assist JMM with its creation of a new permanent exhibition. Situating this moment in the site's history at the intersection of Yugoslavia's dissolution and aftermath, the end of the Cold War and changes to US cultural policy, and the opening of the USHMM, this article analyses how these institutions and associated actors negotiated each other's interests and frameworks. It challenges the notion that museums are strict sites of political hegemony. It shows instead how interactions in and between museums unsettle and reconfigure the local and global power systems that surround us.
本文回顾了Jasenovac纪念博物馆(JMM)历史上的一个重要事件。它追溯了2000年美国大屠杀纪念博物馆(USHMM)和美国国务院介入从巴尼亚卢卡取回Jasenovac藏品的形成过程,在2001年将其归还克罗地亚之前一直担任其临时监护人,并继续协助JMM创建一个新的永久展览。本文将该遗址历史上的这一时刻置于南斯拉夫解体和善后、冷战结束和美国文化政策变化以及USHMM开放的交叉点,分析了这些机构和相关行为者如何就彼此的利益和框架进行谈判。它挑战了博物馆是严格的政治霸权场所的观念。相反,它展示了博物馆内部和博物馆之间的互动如何扰乱和重新配置我们周围的地方和全球电力系统。
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引用次数: 0
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Contemporary European History
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