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The Neoliberal Turn that Never Was: Breaking with the Standard Narrative of Mitterrand's tournant de la rigueur 从未有过的新自由主义转向:打破密特朗的常规叙事
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-02-21 DOI: 10.1017/s0960777322000881
Mathieu Fulla
On 10 May 1981, French voters elected a socialist president, François Mitterrand, whose programmes promised to change their daily lives. Less than two years later, his government definitively endorsed economic austerity. The adverse international context, it was argued at the time, forced France to prioritise its European commitments over radical reform of capitalism. Since then, most commentators have interpreted this decision either as a betrayal by the socialist elites or as a symbol of their economic incompetence. This article reappraises these narratives. Based on archival research and a large body of lesser-known critical French-language scholarship, it contends that the 1983 austerity plan was neither a sudden shift nor a neoliberal turn. Without denying the crucial political and symbolic dimensions of the decisions of the left in 1983, the article also shows that the crucial stages of the liberalisation of French capitalism occurred in fact later in the decade.
1981年5月10日,法国选民选出了社会党总统弗朗索瓦·密特朗,他的计划承诺改变他们的日常生活。不到两年后,他的政府明确支持经济紧缩。当时有人认为,不利的国际环境迫使法国将其对欧洲的承诺置于对资本主义的激进改革之上。从那以后,大多数评论人士都将这一决定解读为社会主义精英的背叛,或者是他们经济无能的象征。本文重新评价了这些叙述。基于档案研究和大量鲜为人知的批评性法语学术研究,该书认为1983年的紧缩计划既不是突然的转变,也不是新自由主义的转向。在不否认1983年左翼决定的关键政治和象征维度的情况下,文章还表明,法国资本主义自由化的关键阶段实际上发生在这十年的后期。
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引用次数: 0
Europe in the Mirror of Russia: How Interwar Travels to the Soviet Union Reshaped European Perceptions of Borders, Time and History 俄罗斯镜像中的欧洲:《内战之旅》如何重塑欧洲人对边界、时间和历史的看法
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0960777321000849
Jessica Wardhaugh
Studies of interwar travels from Europe to Russia tend to prioritise reactions to the Soviet Union. This article, in contrast, examines how travellers reflected on Europe in the mirror of Russia and focuses on the little-studied writing and reception of narratives by Andrée Viollis, Luc Durtain, Georges Duhamel and Alfred Fabre-Luce in the late 1920s. Through a comparative analysis shaped by recent histories of temporality, the article explores how encounters between Europe and Russia challenged assumptions on borders, time and history. Although Europeans are generally associated with a model of linear, evolutionary time, this case study reveals their engagement with competing models of time as linear, cyclical and salvational.
对两次世界大战期间从欧洲到俄罗斯的旅行的研究往往优先考虑对苏联的反应。相比之下,这篇文章考察了旅行者如何在俄罗斯的镜子中反思欧洲,并重点关注20世纪20年代末安德雷·维奥利斯、吕克·杜坦、乔治·杜哈梅尔和阿尔弗雷德·法布尔·卢斯鲜为人知的叙事写作和接受。通过由近代史形成的比较分析,本文探讨了欧洲和俄罗斯之间的相遇如何挑战对边界、时间和历史的假设。尽管欧洲人通常与线性进化时间模型联系在一起,但本案例研究揭示了他们与线性、周期性和拯救性的竞争时间模型的联系。
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引用次数: 0
Contemporary History as an Intrusion into Personal Memory: Methodological Dilemmas, Public Presence and the Perils of Presentism 侵入个人记忆的当代史:方法论困境、公众存在与呈现主义的危险
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1017/s0960777322000509
Evanthis Hatzivassiliou
In a brilliant 1972 cartoon, the creator of Snoopy, Charles M. Schulz, depicts the contemplative beagle going through a crisis of rage. Snoopy discovers that a six-storey parking garage has been built on the site of the Daisy Hill Puppy Farm, a place in which, we are led to understand, he had spent some of his happiest childhood moments. Snoopy cannot contain himself. ‘You stupid people’, he shouts; ‘You're parking on my memories’.
在1972年的一幅精彩漫画中,史努比的创作者查尔斯·M·舒尔茨描绘了一只沉思的小猎犬正在经历愤怒的危机。史努比发现在黛西山小狗农场的原址上建了一个六层楼高的停车场,我们了解到,他在这里度过了童年最快乐的时光。史努比无法控制自己“你们这些愚蠢的人,”他喊道你把车停在我的记忆里。
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引用次数: 0
Irrelevant Scapegoat: The Perils of Doing European History in Post-Trump America 无关的替罪羊:在后特朗普时代的美国做欧洲历史的危险
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1017/s0960777322000571
D. Reill
On 8 February 2022, an expert in Middle Eastern legal history – Florida State University associate professor Will Hanley – testified in front of Florida's House Education and Employment Committee. As a volunteer commentator rather than an invited speaker, Hanley was allotted just sixty seconds. But in his brief time, he did everything he could to argue against the adoption of the HB 7 ‘stop WOKE act’, which called for new educational protocols, especially regarding how race be taught in US classrooms.1 Hanley is not an Americanist; he does not teach on the subjects the HB 7 law affects, such as the Declaration of Independence, the US constitution, or the Federalist Papers. Nonetheless, this specialist on Islamic naming practices and Ottoman-Egyptian nationalisms stepped up and risked his career at a publicly funded institution because he knew that the reach of the US culture wars is much greater than American history, affecting all historians and all the students they teach – in the United States and beyond.2 In this essay, I want to explain why Hanley's actions should serve as a model for us all. To do this, I focus on how the US culture wars – as waged by both the right and the left – are triggering a global reconceptualisation of European history that will have dangerous consequences for students, researchers, teachers, and the profession at large. I start with Florida – the state where both Hanley and I work – because it is an extreme case of how the new culture wars have taken aim at history education, a template unfortunately being replicated with similar interventions in other US states.
2022年2月8日,中东法律史专家——佛罗里达州立大学副教授威尔·汉利(Will Hanley)在佛罗里达州众议院教育和就业委员会作证。作为一名志愿评论员而非受邀演讲者,汉利只有60秒的发言时间。但在他短暂的时间里,他尽其所能反对HB 7“停止唤醒法案”的通过,该法案要求新的教育协议,特别是关于如何在美国课堂上教授种族问题汉利不是美国人;他不教HB 7法案影响的科目,比如《独立宣言》、美国宪法或《联邦党人文集》。尽管如此,这位研究伊斯兰命名习俗和奥斯曼-埃及民族主义的专家还是挺身而出,冒着失去职业生涯的风险去了一家公共资助的机构,因为他知道,美国文化战争的影响范围远远超过了美国历史,影响了所有历史学家和他们教的所有学生——无论是在美国还是在其他地方在这篇文章中,我想解释为什么汉利的行为应该成为我们所有人的榜样。为此,我将重点关注美国的文化战争——由右翼和左翼共同发起——如何引发全球对欧洲历史的重新概念化,这将对学生、研究人员、教师和整个专业产生危险的后果。我从佛罗里达州说起——汉利和我都在那里工作——因为它是新文化战争如何瞄准历史教育的一个极端案例,不幸的是,美国其他州也复制了类似的干预模式。
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引用次数: 0
Confronting the Past: The Role of the European Historian Today 直面过去:当今欧洲历史学家的角色
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1017/s0960777322000832
Emile Chabal, E. Karamouzi
The pandemic may have consigned historians to their homes, but this did not stop history from taking centre-stage in public debate. From falling statues to culture wars, history in all its forms has continued to be deployed by states, activists, prestigious institutions and grassroots organisations. As has always been the case, those who study history for a living have rarely played a prominent role in these debates. At best, historians have tended to be confined to supporting roles as ‘advisers’, ‘consultants’ or ‘experts’. Still, even for those historians who eschew the rough-and-tumble of political and civic discussion, it is impossible to remain entirely neutral. Governments and politicians can overturn funding priorities; universities can suddenly find themselves targets of hostile political campaigning; and lecture halls can turn into sites of civic struggle. This constant historical instrumentalisation is a dramatic reminder of the power of narratives in constructing realities.
疫情可能让历史学家背井离乡,但这并没有阻止历史在公众辩论中占据中心地位。从倒下的雕像到文化战争,各种形式的历史继续被国家、活动家、著名机构和基层组织所利用。与往常一样,那些以研究历史为生的人很少在这些争论中发挥突出作用。充其量,历史学家往往被局限于“顾问”、“顾问”或“专家”的辅助角色。尽管如此,即使对于那些避开政治和公民讨论的混乱的历史学家来说,也不可能保持完全中立。政府和政治家可以推翻资金优先事项;大学可能会突然发现自己成为敌对政治运动的目标;演讲厅可以变成公民斗争的场所。这种不断的历史工具化是对叙事在构建现实中的力量的戏剧性提醒。
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引用次数: 0
Scholars and the Politics of International Art Restitution 学者与国际艺术品归还的政治
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1017/s0960777322000613
Jelena Subotić
Almost every week brings news of another major European museum agreeing to return looted art. Since the 2000s we have grown somewhat accustomed to the headlines describing a ceremonial return to its original owners of a painting looted in the Holocaust, a process that took decades to develop and was initially met with considerable resistance in the art world and in the countries where this art was displayed.1 In the past few years, however, building in part on the perceived success of Holocaust art restitution but also on the increased visibility and impact of national and global social movements demanding racial justice and institutional decolonisation, major international museums have come under ever stronger pressure to return art looted as part of colonial occupations. Perhaps the most organised of the current campaigns is the campaign to return the so-called ‘Benin Bronzes’ – a vast collection of various artifacts looted from the Kingdom of Benin (in today's Nigeria) and dispersed across major international museums, most prominently the British Museum in London, the Ethnological Museum in Berlin, and the Musée du quai Branly in Paris, among others. Since 2020, a number of museums have pledged to return their holdings of Benin Bronzes and restitute them to Nigeria, where a major new museum is being built to display them in Benin City. All of this activity has also reenergised perhaps the most famous case for restitution – the movement to return the Parthenon ‘Elgin’ marbles from the British Museum to the Acropolis in Athens.
几乎每周都会有另一家欧洲主要博物馆同意归还被掠夺艺术品的消息。自2000年代以来,我们已经多少习惯了新闻标题中描述的在大屠杀中被掠夺的一幅画的原主回归仪式,这一过程花了几十年的时间来发展,最初在艺术界和展出这幅画的国家遇到了相当大的阻力然而,在过去几年中,一方面是由于大屠杀艺术品归还的成功,另一方面是由于要求种族正义和机构非殖民化的国家和全球社会运动的知名度和影响日益增加,主要的国际博物馆面临着越来越大的压力,要求归还作为殖民占领一部分被掠夺的艺术品。也许目前最有组织的运动是归还所谓的“贝宁青铜器”的运动-从贝宁王国(今天的尼日利亚)掠夺的大量各种各样的文物,分散在主要的国际博物馆,最突出的是伦敦的大英博物馆,柏林的民族学博物馆和巴黎的mussame du quai Branly,等等。自2020年以来,一些博物馆已承诺归还其持有的贝宁青铜器,并将其归还给尼日利亚,尼日利亚正在建造一座新的大型博物馆,在贝宁市展示它们。所有这些活动也重新激发了可能是最著名的归还案例——将帕台农神庙埃尔金大理石雕像从大英博物馆归还给雅典卫城的运动。
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引用次数: 0
The Memory of Southern European Dictatorships in Popular TV Shows 流行电视节目中南欧独裁统治的记忆
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1017/S0960777322000741
Kostis Kornetis
Ever since the ground-breaking historical mini-series Holocaust (1978), television has proven to play a major role in structuring the collective memory about the past.1 This medium has, moreover, displayed a capacity to trigger a collective rendering of, and coming to terms with, painful, hidden or forgotten aspects of the past. Media specialist Garry R. Edgerton has even argued that ‘television is the principal means by which most people learn about history’.2 Even though such assertions might be tempered by today's predominance of social media – especially in generational terms – an inquiry into the politics of memory in popular television is still relevant for the field of public history, as well as for memory studies. This is particularly pertinent when representing dictatorship in the European South. Alongside public history projects of all kinds (including museums, memorials, commemorative plaques and practices), filmic representations (be it for cinematic or television use) structure the collective imaginary about the recent past. This essay briefly discusses TV shows that deal with and shape public understandings of the dictatorships in Spain (the final phase of Francoism, post-1968), Greece (the Colonels’ dictatorship, post-1969) and Portugal (the final phase of the Estado Novo (New State), post-1968).
自从开创性的历史迷你剧《大屠杀》(1978)以来,电视已被证明在构建关于过去的集体记忆方面发挥了重要作用此外,这种媒介还显示出一种能力,可以引发对过去痛苦、隐藏或被遗忘的方面的集体呈现和接受。媒体专家Garry R. Edgerton甚至认为“电视是大多数人了解历史的主要手段”尽管这样的断言可能会被当今社会媒体的主导地位所削弱——尤其是在代际方面——但对大众电视中记忆政治的探究仍然与公共历史领域以及记忆研究有关。这在代表欧洲南部的独裁统治时尤为贴切。除了各种各样的公共历史项目(包括博物馆、纪念馆、纪念牌和实践),电影表现(无论是用于电影还是电视用途)构建了关于最近过去的集体想象。本文简要讨论了电视节目处理和塑造公众对西班牙独裁统治的理解(佛朗哥主义的最后阶段,1968年后),希腊(上校的独裁统治,1969年后)和葡萄牙(Estado Novo(新国家)的最后阶段,1968年后)。
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引用次数: 0
The (Re-)construction of Monuments in Germany: New Historical Narratives in a Time of Nation-building 德国纪念碑(再)建构:国家建构时代的新历史叙事
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1017/S0960777322000467
Sandrine Kott, T. Wieder
In the slipstream of the Black Lives Matter movement in the United States, there has been a global mobilisation around monuments and statues of famous figures involved in the slave trade and European colonial conquest. In former colonial states – such as France and Britain – and states shaped by the legacies of slavery – such as the United States – activists have defaced, damaged or torn down monuments associated with these contested pasts. This is hardly a novelty. The destruction of physical symbols is often a response to regime change. But, in this case, the mobilisation has taken a different form. Instead of legitimising a new regime and new elites, the destruction of monuments is part of a demand for justice from historically marginalised groups who are seeking to reclaim their heritage. The deconstruction of these monuments automatically entails the deconstruction of dominant national narratives that have contributed to such marginalisation.
随着美国“黑人的命也是命”(Black Lives Matter)运动的兴起,围绕参与奴隶贸易和欧洲殖民征服的著名人物的纪念碑和雕像展开了全球动员。在前殖民地国家,如法国和英国,以及受奴隶制影响的国家,如美国,活动人士污损、破坏或拆除了与这些有争议的过去有关的纪念碑。这并不是什么新鲜事。对物理符号的破坏通常是对政权更迭的反应。但是,在这种情况下,动员采取了不同的形式。摧毁纪念碑不是让新政权和新精英合法化,而是历史上被边缘化的群体要求伸张正义的一部分,这些群体正在寻求收回自己的遗产。对这些纪念碑的解构自然而然地需要对导致这种边缘化的主导民族叙事的解构。
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引用次数: 0
The Political Role of the Historian 历史学家的政治角色
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1017/S0960777322000716
David Motadel
Debates about history have never been strictly confined to the world of scholarship. They have also been at the centre of political controversies in society. ‘The problem for professional historians’, Eric Hobsbawm once observed, ‘is that their subject has important social and political functions’.1 ‘This duality’, he noted, ‘is the core of our subject’. This essay offers some reflections on the political role of historians, exploring the relationship between their scholarly work and their involvement in political debates. A closer look at the issue shows that it is not so much a problem as an opportunity for historians to engage with their subject on various levels, from the realm of scholarship to the realm of contemporary politics, which makes their position in society both more complex and more critical.
关于历史的辩论从来没有严格局限于学术界。他们也一直处于社会政治争议的中心埃里克·霍布斯鲍姆(Eric Hobsbawm)曾指出,专业历史学家的问题在于,他们的学科具有重要的社会和政治功能。1他指出,“这种双重性”是我们学科的核心。本文对历史学家的政治角色进行了一些思考,探讨了他们的学术工作与参与政治辩论之间的关系。仔细研究这个问题会发现,与其说这是一个问题,不如说这是历史学家在学术领域到当代政治领域等各个层面参与研究的机会,这使他们在社会中的地位更加复杂和批判性。
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引用次数: 0
CEH volume 32 issue 1 Cover and Front matter CEH第32卷第1期封面和封面问题
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1017/s0960777322000972
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引用次数: 0
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Contemporary European History
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