Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2023.2204561
Björn Quanjer
ABSTRACT This article aims to answer the question: what makes you taller than your father? To study this intergenerational growth, conscription heights from the Historical Sample of the Netherlands are used from the period 1820–1960. A growth estimation method on the individual level is introduced to cope with the variance in growth windows in the nineteenth century, especially to estimate growth after conscription. Both the influence of external and household factors are examined. Moreover, the external living conditions of the mother are included in the analyses as well. It was found that the disease environment, proxied by crude death rates, affects heights within a generation and so an improvement in these conditions makes a son taller. What adds to this is that maternal early life conditions play a crucial role in outgrowing a father if these conditions differ from that of the father himself. Furthermore, sibship size was found to have a negative effect on heights. Furthermore, social mobility achieved by the father was associated with a larger height difference with his son. Still, on average, sons did not yet reach the heights of higher socioeconomic peers after paternal upward mobility.
{"title":"Standing on the shoulders of giants. Paternal life course effects on son’s heights outcomes in the Netherlands 1820-1960","authors":"Björn Quanjer","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2023.2204561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2023.2204561","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article aims to answer the question: what makes you taller than your father? To study this intergenerational growth, conscription heights from the Historical Sample of the Netherlands are used from the period 1820–1960. A growth estimation method on the individual level is introduced to cope with the variance in growth windows in the nineteenth century, especially to estimate growth after conscription. Both the influence of external and household factors are examined. Moreover, the external living conditions of the mother are included in the analyses as well. It was found that the disease environment, proxied by crude death rates, affects heights within a generation and so an improvement in these conditions makes a son taller. What adds to this is that maternal early life conditions play a crucial role in outgrowing a father if these conditions differ from that of the father himself. Furthermore, sibship size was found to have a negative effect on heights. Furthermore, social mobility achieved by the father was associated with a larger height difference with his son. Still, on average, sons did not yet reach the heights of higher socioeconomic peers after paternal upward mobility.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"28 1","pages":"382 - 416"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44947907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-23DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2023.2192193
Gert Stulp, T. Bonnell, L. Barrett
ABSTRACT The Dutch have a remarkable history when it comes to height. From being one of the shortest European populations in the 19th Century, the Dutch grew some 20 cm and are currently the tallest population in the world. Wealth, hygiene, and diet are well-established contributors to this major increase in height. Some have suggested that natural selection may also contribute to the trend, but evidence is weak. Here, we investigate the potential role of natural selection in the increase in height through simulations. We first ask what if natural selection was solely responsible for the observed increase in height? If the increase in average height was fully due to natural selection on male height, then across six consecutive generations, men who were two standard deviation above average height would need to have eight times more children on average. If selection acted only through those who have the opportunity to reproduce, then reproduction would need to be restricted to the tallest third (37%) of the population in order to give rise to the stark increase in height over time. No linear relationship between height and child mortality is able to account for the increase over time. We then present simulations based on previously observed estimates of partnership, mortality, selection and heritability and show that natural selection had a negligible effect (estimates from 0.07 to 0.36 cm) on the increase in height in the period 1850 to 2000. Our simulations highlight the plasticity of height and how remarkable the trend in height is in evolutionary terms. Only by using a combination of methods and insights from different disciplines, including biology, demography, and history are we potentially able to address how much of the increase in height is due to natural selection versus other causes.
{"title":"Simulating the evolution of height in the Netherlands in recent history","authors":"Gert Stulp, T. Bonnell, L. Barrett","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2023.2192193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2023.2192193","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Dutch have a remarkable history when it comes to height. From being one of the shortest European populations in the 19th Century, the Dutch grew some 20 cm and are currently the tallest population in the world. Wealth, hygiene, and diet are well-established contributors to this major increase in height. Some have suggested that natural selection may also contribute to the trend, but evidence is weak. Here, we investigate the potential role of natural selection in the increase in height through simulations. We first ask what if natural selection was solely responsible for the observed increase in height? If the increase in average height was fully due to natural selection on male height, then across six consecutive generations, men who were two standard deviation above average height would need to have eight times more children on average. If selection acted only through those who have the opportunity to reproduce, then reproduction would need to be restricted to the tallest third (37%) of the population in order to give rise to the stark increase in height over time. No linear relationship between height and child mortality is able to account for the increase over time. We then present simulations based on previously observed estimates of partnership, mortality, selection and heritability and show that natural selection had a negligible effect (estimates from 0.07 to 0.36 cm) on the increase in height in the period 1850 to 2000. Our simulations highlight the plasticity of height and how remarkable the trend in height is in evolutionary terms. Only by using a combination of methods and insights from different disciplines, including biology, demography, and history are we potentially able to address how much of the increase in height is due to natural selection versus other causes.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"28 1","pages":"434 - 456"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48098047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-06DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2023.2178478
G. Galofré-Vilà
ABSTRACT In 1935, the United States passed Social Security Act (SSA) providing financial security to American families. I use the individual census data for 1940 and 1960 to show that women from states that allowed for more social spending under the SSA had substantially more children than women from states that allowed for lower social benefits. I also use a new panel of state-level fertility by parity between 1935 and 1959 to show that family allowances were connected to first, second and third parities, but that there was a differential effect according to the different social programs and race.
{"title":"The US baby boom and the 1935 Social Security Act","authors":"G. Galofré-Vilà","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2023.2178478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2023.2178478","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In 1935, the United States passed Social Security Act (SSA) providing financial security to American families. I use the individual census data for 1940 and 1960 to show that women from states that allowed for more social spending under the SSA had substantially more children than women from states that allowed for lower social benefits. I also use a new panel of state-level fertility by parity between 1935 and 1959 to show that family allowances were connected to first, second and third parities, but that there was a differential effect according to the different social programs and race.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"28 1","pages":"530 - 543"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45926321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-25DOI: 10.1080/1081602x.2023.2179095
J. Vos
{"title":"Family and labour in an Angolan cash-crop economy, 1910","authors":"J. Vos","doi":"10.1080/1081602x.2023.2179095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2023.2179095","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42955483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-09DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2023.2165131
Annika Elwert, L. Quaranta
ABSTRACT The introduction of a child day-care system is one of the early welfare interventions targeted towards mothers and young children that over time gained great prominence in the Swedish welfare state. Because quantitative research on day-cares in historical settings is generally scarce, in this study, we focus on the determinants of day-care enrolment in southern Sweden during the early twentieth century. We use unique individual-level records of day-care attendance for children born between 1900 and 1935 which have been linked to longitudinal micro-level data for the city of Landskrona obtained from the Scanian Economic Demographic Database. Event-history techniques are employed to analyse the importance of factors such as household composition, parental socio-economic background, marital status of the mother, and mother’s occupation. Of the studied children, 8% were ever enrolled in day-cares, most of them around the ages 3 to 6. The results show that the mother’s marital status, household SES, number of siblings, the presence of other adult females in the household and mother’s occupation are all significant determinants of day-care attendance for children. In this study, we show that in the early twentieth century in southern Sweden, day-care attendance followed a negative SES gradient and was most common among children of single mothers.
{"title":"The social care-taking of the city-kids. Determinants for day-care attendance in early twentieth-century southern Sweden","authors":"Annika Elwert, L. Quaranta","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2023.2165131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2023.2165131","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The introduction of a child day-care system is one of the early welfare interventions targeted towards mothers and young children that over time gained great prominence in the Swedish welfare state. Because quantitative research on day-cares in historical settings is generally scarce, in this study, we focus on the determinants of day-care enrolment in southern Sweden during the early twentieth century. We use unique individual-level records of day-care attendance for children born between 1900 and 1935 which have been linked to longitudinal micro-level data for the city of Landskrona obtained from the Scanian Economic Demographic Database. Event-history techniques are employed to analyse the importance of factors such as household composition, parental socio-economic background, marital status of the mother, and mother’s occupation. Of the studied children, 8% were ever enrolled in day-cares, most of them around the ages 3 to 6. The results show that the mother’s marital status, household SES, number of siblings, the presence of other adult females in the household and mother’s occupation are all significant determinants of day-care attendance for children. In this study, we show that in the early twentieth century in southern Sweden, day-care attendance followed a negative SES gradient and was most common among children of single mothers.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"28 1","pages":"508 - 529"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45708138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2022.2084441
Kim Stienstra, Antonie Knigge
ABSTRACT Recent research into intergenerational social mobility has examined the association between the socioeconomic position of grandparents (G1) and their grandchildren (G3), but it remains unclear why G1-G3 associations arise. Prevailing explanations focus on whether grandparents have a true direct influence on their grandchildren or an indirect one via omitted parental characteristics. We argue that there may be other important indirect pathways of multigenerational persistence: grandparents can transmit resources via uncles and aunts, and they can encourage assortative mating in the middle generation, which also increases the resources available to their grandchildren. We examine these indirect pathways by studying the status attainment of 176,678 Dutch men for the period 1857 to 1922 using marriage certificates. Results show that G3ʹs status was substantially associated with uncles’ status and that assortative mating based on social origin was strong. Accounting for these associations reduces much of the G1-G3 association. We therefore conclude that multigenerational persistence arose hardly because grandfathers had a direct influence but rather because grandfathers were important in more indirect ways.
{"title":"Indirect pathways of multigenerational persistence: the role of uncles and assortative mating in the Netherlands, 1857-1922","authors":"Kim Stienstra, Antonie Knigge","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2022.2084441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2084441","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recent research into intergenerational social mobility has examined the association between the socioeconomic position of grandparents (G1) and their grandchildren (G3), but it remains unclear why G1-G3 associations arise. Prevailing explanations focus on whether grandparents have a true direct influence on their grandchildren or an indirect one via omitted parental characteristics. We argue that there may be other important indirect pathways of multigenerational persistence: grandparents can transmit resources via uncles and aunts, and they can encourage assortative mating in the middle generation, which also increases the resources available to their grandchildren. We examine these indirect pathways by studying the status attainment of 176,678 Dutch men for the period 1857 to 1922 using marriage certificates. Results show that G3ʹs status was substantially associated with uncles’ status and that assortative mating based on social origin was strong. Accounting for these associations reduces much of the G1-G3 association. We therefore conclude that multigenerational persistence arose hardly because grandfathers had a direct influence but rather because grandfathers were important in more indirect ways.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"28 1","pages":"67 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41581467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2022.2159852
Juan F. Gamella, Arturo Álvarez-Roldán
ABSTRACT For over five centuries the Gitanos/Calé of Spain have shown a marked preference for marrying within their ethnocultural community. In the last decades, however, various Gitano groups have experienced a rise in intermarriage that is transforming their families, their identities and their interactions with mainstream society. This paper analyzes this historical transformation in an area of Andalusia that shows some of the highest concentrations of Romani people in Western Europe. Ethnographic and historical-demographic research allowed the reconstitution of 3,336 Gitano families formed from 1900 to 2006. Of these 421 (12,6%) were mixed. This rate increased to over 25% in the 2000s, and in some localities about half of the recent Gitano marriages were mixed. Three major findings emerge from this case study. Firstly, the local environment plays a key role in intermarriage. Local history generated different intercultural environments and relationships in adjacent municipalities, leading to diverse levels of intermarriage. Secondly, more Gitanas are marrying non-Gitano men than vice versa. Since 1990 Gitanas made 60% of all mixed unions. Thirdly, Gitanas in mixed marriages tend to marry later and to have fewer children than those in endogamous unions. Thus, these women may have been trailblazers in the fertility transitions of Gitano women. The paper hypothesizes that the incorporation of the Gitano/Calé people into the institutions of the Welfare State has favored interactions across ethnic boundaries, reduced social distance, and facilitated intermarriage. The upward mobility of some Gitano families may be turning socioeconomic and educational homogamy against ethnic endogamy.
{"title":"Breaking secular endogamy. The growth of intermarriage among the Gitanos/Calé of Spain (1900–2006)","authors":"Juan F. Gamella, Arturo Álvarez-Roldán","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2022.2159852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2159852","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT For over five centuries the Gitanos/Calé of Spain have shown a marked preference for marrying within their ethnocultural community. In the last decades, however, various Gitano groups have experienced a rise in intermarriage that is transforming their families, their identities and their interactions with mainstream society. This paper analyzes this historical transformation in an area of Andalusia that shows some of the highest concentrations of Romani people in Western Europe. Ethnographic and historical-demographic research allowed the reconstitution of 3,336 Gitano families formed from 1900 to 2006. Of these 421 (12,6%) were mixed. This rate increased to over 25% in the 2000s, and in some localities about half of the recent Gitano marriages were mixed. Three major findings emerge from this case study. Firstly, the local environment plays a key role in intermarriage. Local history generated different intercultural environments and relationships in adjacent municipalities, leading to diverse levels of intermarriage. Secondly, more Gitanas are marrying non-Gitano men than vice versa. Since 1990 Gitanas made 60% of all mixed unions. Thirdly, Gitanas in mixed marriages tend to marry later and to have fewer children than those in endogamous unions. Thus, these women may have been trailblazers in the fertility transitions of Gitano women. The paper hypothesizes that the incorporation of the Gitano/Calé people into the institutions of the Welfare State has favored interactions across ethnic boundaries, reduced social distance, and facilitated intermarriage. The upward mobility of some Gitano families may be turning socioeconomic and educational homogamy against ethnic endogamy.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"28 1","pages":"457 - 483"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47499708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2022.2161593
J. Sánchez-Barricarte, Roberta Pace
ABSTRACT Using a database of sociodemographic and economic variables for 16 Italian regions over a long period of time (from the late 19th century to the end of the 20th century), we analyze the historical evolution of female nuptiality. An econometric analysis (Panel Corrected Standard Errors) for the period 1900–1991 helps us to confirm the relationship established in some theories on marriage rates such as ‘the new home economics’ (life expectancy at birth, literacy rate, urban population, population working in the primary sector, and Gross Domestic Product per capita). Other variables proved not to be statistically significant (sex ratio in the group aged 15–49 years and male and female participation in the workforce).
{"title":"Historical trends in female nuptiality in Italy and analysis of possible underlying reasons","authors":"J. Sánchez-Barricarte, Roberta Pace","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2022.2161593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2161593","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Using a database of sociodemographic and economic variables for 16 Italian regions over a long period of time (from the late 19th century to the end of the 20th century), we analyze the historical evolution of female nuptiality. An econometric analysis (Panel Corrected Standard Errors) for the period 1900–1991 helps us to confirm the relationship established in some theories on marriage rates such as ‘the new home economics’ (life expectancy at birth, literacy rate, urban population, population working in the primary sector, and Gross Domestic Product per capita). Other variables proved not to be statistically significant (sex ratio in the group aged 15–49 years and male and female participation in the workforce).","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"28 1","pages":"484 - 507"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44188800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-15DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2022.2143391
T. Donald, K. Inwood, Hamish Maxwell-Stewart
ABSTRACT This paper explores growth patterns for British and Irish adolescents transported to Australia in the 19th century. During incarceration in Australia, the young convicts did not catch up with contemporary standards of potential stature—contrary to what we are led to expect by the existing literature and the high calorie convict diet. Rather, the experience of transportation stunted the adolescent male convicts. Variation between height on arrival and in later life confirms that teen convicts remained shorter than their shipmates transported after reaching maturity. We consider, but reject, age-dependent selection as a potential explanation. We speculate that the origin of this unfortunate experience lies in the low economic value of young and unskilled males. While fewer data are available for female convicts, their colonial experiences appear to have differed, again consistent with their relative economic value in the colony.
{"title":"Adolescent growth and convict transportation to nineteenth-century Australia","authors":"T. Donald, K. Inwood, Hamish Maxwell-Stewart","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2022.2143391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2143391","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper explores growth patterns for British and Irish adolescents transported to Australia in the 19th century. During incarceration in Australia, the young convicts did not catch up with contemporary standards of potential stature—contrary to what we are led to expect by the existing literature and the high calorie convict diet. Rather, the experience of transportation stunted the adolescent male convicts. Variation between height on arrival and in later life confirms that teen convicts remained shorter than their shipmates transported after reaching maturity. We consider, but reject, age-dependent selection as a potential explanation. We speculate that the origin of this unfortunate experience lies in the low economic value of young and unskilled males. While fewer data are available for female convicts, their colonial experiences appear to have differed, again consistent with their relative economic value in the colony.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"28 1","pages":"256 - 277"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49629362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-25DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2022.2135562
M. Requena
ABSTRACT This research presents new evidence on the negative associations of the number of siblings and birth order with years of schooling among female and male Spanish cohorts born in the first six decades of the twentieth century. Special attention is given to unravelling the separate effects of both factors, sib size and birth order. Based on data from the 1991 Spanish Sociodemographic Survey (SDS), findings in Spain support the theoretical framework of the family conditional resource dilution model and indicate that both number of siblings and birth order have been important and relatively independent factors in reducing educational attainment. The association of family size and birth order with educational attainment was contingent to a significant extent on socio-economic status. Whereas the educational consequences of number of siblings are not uniformly distributed by social class, the results for birth order are much more homogeneous. This suggests that parents in high socioeconomic statuses were able to limit the effects of dilution induced by the number of siblings while the dynamics of the dilution of resources associated with the birth order depended, in part, on factors not entirely controllable by families.
{"title":"Birth order, sibling size and educational attainment in twentieth century Spain","authors":"M. Requena","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2022.2135562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2135562","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This research presents new evidence on the negative associations of the number of siblings and birth order with years of schooling among female and male Spanish cohorts born in the first six decades of the twentieth century. Special attention is given to unravelling the separate effects of both factors, sib size and birth order. Based on data from the 1991 Spanish Sociodemographic Survey (SDS), findings in Spain support the theoretical framework of the family conditional resource dilution model and indicate that both number of siblings and birth order have been important and relatively independent factors in reducing educational attainment. The association of family size and birth order with educational attainment was contingent to a significant extent on socio-economic status. Whereas the educational consequences of number of siblings are not uniformly distributed by social class, the results for birth order are much more homogeneous. This suggests that parents in high socioeconomic statuses were able to limit the effects of dilution induced by the number of siblings while the dynamics of the dilution of resources associated with the birth order depended, in part, on factors not entirely controllable by families.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"28 1","pages":"149 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45793191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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