Pub Date : 2022-02-02DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2022.2033296
Pan Wang
ABSTRACT This paper reveals how love and marriage were interpreted, negotiated and maintained by a young couple during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), by analyzing 200 love letters. It first introduces the letter authors, their experiences of being ‘sent-down’ to work at separate state-owned farms, and the comrade-style love they developed by following the Mao-era injunction to prioritize revolutionary politics over personal matters. It then shows how class struggle politics and associated political thought movements inhibited youth dating and romance. Many young adults had to choose between personal matters and political revolution, which led to the paradoxical existence of expressions of ‘self-restraint’ and ‘self-indulgence’ in sexual affairs. After China’s universities reopened in 1970, the couple pursued tertiary education and put their romance on hold. This period was accompanied by a weakening tie between ‘personal matters’ (love) and political revolution and a rising tension between personal matters and personal development (education and career). With China’s abandonment of the ‘send-down’ policy in 1978, the couple returned to Harbin, the capital city of Heilongjiang province in northeast China. They married after a decade of separation and correspondence about their tumultuous experiences. Analyzing their letters demonstrates the impact of Mao-era policies, ideas and practices in shaping love and family formation processes for the sent-down generation.
{"title":"Love during China’s Cultural Revolution: evidence from a ‘sent-down’ couple’s private letters 1968–1977","authors":"Pan Wang","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2022.2033296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2033296","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper reveals how love and marriage were interpreted, negotiated and maintained by a young couple during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), by analyzing 200 love letters. It first introduces the letter authors, their experiences of being ‘sent-down’ to work at separate state-owned farms, and the comrade-style love they developed by following the Mao-era injunction to prioritize revolutionary politics over personal matters. It then shows how class struggle politics and associated political thought movements inhibited youth dating and romance. Many young adults had to choose between personal matters and political revolution, which led to the paradoxical existence of expressions of ‘self-restraint’ and ‘self-indulgence’ in sexual affairs. After China’s universities reopened in 1970, the couple pursued tertiary education and put their romance on hold. This period was accompanied by a weakening tie between ‘personal matters’ (love) and political revolution and a rising tension between personal matters and personal development (education and career). With China’s abandonment of the ‘send-down’ policy in 1978, the couple returned to Harbin, the capital city of Heilongjiang province in northeast China. They married after a decade of separation and correspondence about their tumultuous experiences. Analyzing their letters demonstrates the impact of Mao-era policies, ideas and practices in shaping love and family formation processes for the sent-down generation.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"370 - 390"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46085176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-10DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.2007499
Eric B. Schneider
ABSTRACT There is a complex inter-relationship between nutrition and morbidity in human health. Many diseases reduce nutritional status, but on the other hand, having low nutritional status is also known to make individuals more susceptible to certain diseases and to more serious illness. Modern evidence on these relationships, determined after the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines, may not be applicable to historical settings before these medical technologies were available. This paper uses a historical cohort study based on records from the London Foundling Hospital to determine the causal effect of nutritional status of children, proxied by weight- and height-for-age Z-scores, on the odds of contracting five infectious diseases of childhood (measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox and whooping cough) and on sickness duration from these diseases. I identify a causal effect by exploiting the randomisation of environmental conditions as foundling children were removed from their original homes, then fostered with families in counties nearby London and later returned to the Foundling Hospital’s main site in London. I find no effect of nutritional status on the odds of contracting the five diseases, but I do find a historically important and statistically significant effect of nutritional status on sickness duration for measles and mumps. These findings have three implications. First, historical incidence of these diseases was unrelated to nutritional status, meaning that poor nutritional status during famines or during the Colombian Exchange did not affect the spread of epidemics. However, undernutrition in these events may have exacerbated measles severity. Second, improving nutritional status in the past 150 years would have reduced the severity of measles and mumps infections but not affect the decline in whooping cough mortality. Finally, selective culling effects from measles would be larger than those from whooping cough since whooping cough severity was not correlated with underlying nutritional status.
{"title":"The effect of nutritional status on historical infectious disease morbidity: evidence from the London Foundling Hospital, 1892-1919","authors":"Eric B. Schneider","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.2007499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.2007499","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There is a complex inter-relationship between nutrition and morbidity in human health. Many diseases reduce nutritional status, but on the other hand, having low nutritional status is also known to make individuals more susceptible to certain diseases and to more serious illness. Modern evidence on these relationships, determined after the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines, may not be applicable to historical settings before these medical technologies were available. This paper uses a historical cohort study based on records from the London Foundling Hospital to determine the causal effect of nutritional status of children, proxied by weight- and height-for-age Z-scores, on the odds of contracting five infectious diseases of childhood (measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox and whooping cough) and on sickness duration from these diseases. I identify a causal effect by exploiting the randomisation of environmental conditions as foundling children were removed from their original homes, then fostered with families in counties nearby London and later returned to the Foundling Hospital’s main site in London. I find no effect of nutritional status on the odds of contracting the five diseases, but I do find a historically important and statistically significant effect of nutritional status on sickness duration for measles and mumps. These findings have three implications. First, historical incidence of these diseases was unrelated to nutritional status, meaning that poor nutritional status during famines or during the Colombian Exchange did not affect the spread of epidemics. However, undernutrition in these events may have exacerbated measles severity. Second, improving nutritional status in the past 150 years would have reduced the severity of measles and mumps infections but not affect the decline in whooping cough mortality. Finally, selective culling effects from measles would be larger than those from whooping cough since whooping cough severity was not correlated with underlying nutritional status.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"28 1","pages":"198 - 228"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42619213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2022.2026801
Fabrice Boudjaaba, L. Herment
ABSTRACT This article should aim to better understand the importance and the role of the prenuptial agreement in the regions where the ‘système de partage égalitaire’ (partible inheritance) prevailed in nineteenth century France. In some regions, under Ancien Regime ‘coutumes’, prenuptial agreement played a important role in the installation of a new household and, in some systems, it was crucial in the transmission of wealth from one generation to another. Indeed, it is quite easy to understand the importance of the prenuptial agreement in inequal inheritance system; but it is more difficult to explain the existence of such contracts in the partible inheritance regions where the transmission of wealth, the rule of inheritance, was, and is always, very simple: the heritage is equally divided between heirs (male and female) without donation or will. How then can we explain the overall growth in the number of marriage contracts at the beginning of the 19th century and the great variability in the use of this practice by region? Does this usage reflect a new desire on the part of families to better control the process of transmission of property within the new framework of the Civil Code? Through two databases of contracts we try to assess the factor which explained the choice to enact a contract or to do not. The first one is cross sectional for the year 1822 for six micro regions in the core of the Paris Basin. The second one is longitudinal (1813–26) for the region of Vernon (in Normandy) at the border of the Paris Basin. Both corpus highlight the role of the life course, marital status, and family configuration of each spouse but also the often-underestimated role of notaries, their habits, and legal practices in the choice of the type of contract.
摘要本文旨在更好地理解婚前协议在19世纪法国盛行“部分继承制度”(system de partage samgalitaire)地区的重要性和作用。在某些地区，在旧制度的“服饰”下，婚前协议在建立新家庭中起着重要作用，在某些制度中，它在财富代代相传中起着至关重要的作用。的确，我们很容易理解婚前协议在不平等继承制度中的重要性;但是，要解释这种契约在可分割继承地区的存在就更加困难了，因为在这些地区，财富的传递，即继承规则，过去和现在都非常简单:遗产在继承人(男性和女性)之间平均分配，无需捐赠或遗嘱。那么，我们如何解释19世纪初婚姻契约数量的总体增长，以及不同地区在使用这种做法方面的巨大差异呢?这种用法是否反映了家庭方面的一种新的愿望，即在《民法典》的新框架内更好地控制财产的移交过程?通过两个合同数据库，我们试图评估解释制定或不制定合同的选择的因素。第一张是1822年巴黎盆地核心的六个微区域的横截面图。第二个是纵向的(1813 - 1826年)，位于巴黎盆地边界的弗农(诺曼底)地区。这两个文集都强调了夫妻双方的生活历程、婚姻状况和家庭结构的作用，但也强调了公证员、他们的习惯和法律实践在选择合同类型方面经常被低估的作用。
{"title":"Marriage, land and law. Signing a marriage contract in Normandy and Ile-de-France, at the time of the Napoleonic Code","authors":"Fabrice Boudjaaba, L. Herment","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2022.2026801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2026801","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article should aim to better understand the importance and the role of the prenuptial agreement in the regions where the ‘système de partage égalitaire’ (partible inheritance) prevailed in nineteenth century France. In some regions, under Ancien Regime ‘coutumes’, prenuptial agreement played a important role in the installation of a new household and, in some systems, it was crucial in the transmission of wealth from one generation to another. Indeed, it is quite easy to understand the importance of the prenuptial agreement in inequal inheritance system; but it is more difficult to explain the existence of such contracts in the partible inheritance regions where the transmission of wealth, the rule of inheritance, was, and is always, very simple: the heritage is equally divided between heirs (male and female) without donation or will. How then can we explain the overall growth in the number of marriage contracts at the beginning of the 19th century and the great variability in the use of this practice by region? Does this usage reflect a new desire on the part of families to better control the process of transmission of property within the new framework of the Civil Code? Through two databases of contracts we try to assess the factor which explained the choice to enact a contract or to do not. The first one is cross sectional for the year 1822 for six micro regions in the core of the Paris Basin. The second one is longitudinal (1813–26) for the region of Vernon (in Normandy) at the border of the Paris Basin. Both corpus highlight the role of the life course, marital status, and family configuration of each spouse but also the often-underestimated role of notaries, their habits, and legal practices in the choice of the type of contract.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"10 1","pages":"82 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59641898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.2021967
P. Guzowski, R. Poniat, C. Kuklo
ABSTRACT Eastern Europe in the early modern period is seen as a region where the serfdom system provided the gentry with political and economic power at the expense of the peasant class. The centrally introduced abolition of serfdom was to comprehensively affect all aspects of life of this social group. This article analyzes the effects of serfdom and subsequent peasant emancipation on families and households within agricultural communities of western provinces in the Russian Empire (the Grodno and Volhynia provinces), which were formerly part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. These communities were not composed of serfs alone, but of petty gentry as well. Special attention is paid to changes in household structures of the two aforementioned population groups and those in their employ. The increasing share of simple family households is presented with the use of registers of parishioners from before and after agrarian reforms. In the parishes under scrutiny, this was not accompanied by any significant decline in the size of peasant households.
{"title":"The influence of emancipation reforms on the Polish rural family in western provinces of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century","authors":"P. Guzowski, R. Poniat, C. Kuklo","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.2021967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.2021967","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Eastern Europe in the early modern period is seen as a region where the serfdom system provided the gentry with political and economic power at the expense of the peasant class. The centrally introduced abolition of serfdom was to comprehensively affect all aspects of life of this social group. This article analyzes the effects of serfdom and subsequent peasant emancipation on families and households within agricultural communities of western provinces in the Russian Empire (the Grodno and Volhynia provinces), which were formerly part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. These communities were not composed of serfs alone, but of petty gentry as well. Special attention is paid to changes in household structures of the two aforementioned population groups and those in their employ. The increasing share of simple family households is presented with the use of registers of parishioners from before and after agrarian reforms. In the parishes under scrutiny, this was not accompanied by any significant decline in the size of peasant households.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"181 - 199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41774921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.2013916
Jakub Wysmułek
ABSTRACT The average early modern family of Ashkenazi Jews is often portrayed in literature in static terms as a nuclear household that is similar in many regards to the other European urban families of premodern Europe. The main goal of this study is to verify this image and to analyze the political and economic factors influencing the size and structure of Jewish households. This study uses three registers of Jewish communities – the 1578 register of Lviv, the 1610 register of Worms, and the 1619 register of Poznan – to conduct a comparative analysis of Ashkenazi Jewish households and their living conditions at the turn of 16th and 17th centuries. The study demonstrates that the existence of significantly different models of Jewish households and indicates a strong relation between the higher status and wealth of families and their larger size and more complex household structure. At the same time, the results also suggest that contextual factors played a significant role in the structure and living conditions of those households. In cities where the economic costs, and legal and political constraints of settling were smaller, there were significantly greater numbers of small households created by the poorer members of the community. On the other hand, in cities where living was associated with greater prestige, prosperity and security, but also required greater wealth and overcoming the difficulties posed by the Christian majority, households were often larger, multi-generational, and included servants and guests.
{"title":"Change and adaptation. Jewish households in Lviv, Worms and Poznan in early modern times","authors":"Jakub Wysmułek","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.2013916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.2013916","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The average early modern family of Ashkenazi Jews is often portrayed in literature in static terms as a nuclear household that is similar in many regards to the other European urban families of premodern Europe. The main goal of this study is to verify this image and to analyze the political and economic factors influencing the size and structure of Jewish households. This study uses three registers of Jewish communities – the 1578 register of Lviv, the 1610 register of Worms, and the 1619 register of Poznan – to conduct a comparative analysis of Ashkenazi Jewish households and their living conditions at the turn of 16th and 17th centuries. The study demonstrates that the existence of significantly different models of Jewish households and indicates a strong relation between the higher status and wealth of families and their larger size and more complex household structure. At the same time, the results also suggest that contextual factors played a significant role in the structure and living conditions of those households. In cities where the economic costs, and legal and political constraints of settling were smaller, there were significantly greater numbers of small households created by the poorer members of the community. On the other hand, in cities where living was associated with greater prestige, prosperity and security, but also required greater wealth and overcoming the difficulties posed by the Christian majority, households were often larger, multi-generational, and included servants and guests.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"145 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46756267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2022.2026802
J. Kaska
ABSTRACT After centuries of discussion about inheritance models and their advantages and disadvantages, it is now generally accepted that the traditional dichotomy of partible and impartible inheritance cannot represent the existing spectrum of inheritance practices and their effects. This article analyses two regions with partible inheritance to illustrate the range of ways in which this inheritance practice could be realised and how different the potential consequences could be as a result. Early modern Schlanders is contrasted with medieval Lambach to examine differences in legal basis, practical implementation, but also in the basic concept of equality between heirs. The example of Schlanders shows how even in a region declared as partible inheritance many logics traditionally associated with impartible inheritance can exist. Lambach, in turn, illustrates how even in the case of widespread division of land, effects such as fragmentation could be counteracted. The analysis makes it possible to identify factors that can have a particularly strong impact on the economic, but also social consequences of this inheritance practice. These are to be found both in the way the inheritance is divided and in other institutional factors, especially the matrimonial property regime. The results of the analysis underline that the inheritance practice of a region should neither be viewed through the lens of traditional schemes nor isolated from local socio-economic conditions.
{"title":"Equal but not identical. Modes of partible inheritance in early-modern Schlanders (South Tyrol) and medieval Lambach (Upper Austria) compared","authors":"J. Kaska","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2022.2026802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2026802","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT After centuries of discussion about inheritance models and their advantages and disadvantages, it is now generally accepted that the traditional dichotomy of partible and impartible inheritance cannot represent the existing spectrum of inheritance practices and their effects. This article analyses two regions with partible inheritance to illustrate the range of ways in which this inheritance practice could be realised and how different the potential consequences could be as a result. Early modern Schlanders is contrasted with medieval Lambach to examine differences in legal basis, practical implementation, but also in the basic concept of equality between heirs. The example of Schlanders shows how even in a region declared as partible inheritance many logics traditionally associated with impartible inheritance can exist. Lambach, in turn, illustrates how even in the case of widespread division of land, effects such as fragmentation could be counteracted. The analysis makes it possible to identify factors that can have a particularly strong impact on the economic, but also social consequences of this inheritance practice. These are to be found both in the way the inheritance is divided and in other institutional factors, especially the matrimonial property regime. The results of the analysis underline that the inheritance practice of a region should neither be viewed through the lens of traditional schemes nor isolated from local socio-economic conditions.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"100 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49110913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2022.2058980
Janine Maegraith, Margareth Lanzinger
ABSTRACT Social and economic historical research has repeatedly shown that the buying and selling, transferring, and rearranging of pieces of land can be identified as various modes of dealing with land in many European regions from the Middle Ages onward. Land was therefore mobile. Furthermore, recent empirical studies have evidenced the existence of ‘land markets’ since the Middle Ages – not only in wine-growing areas or in regions with partible inheritance but also in agricultural areas with impartible inheritance. However, they also show that the definition of the ‘market’ needs broadening in order to incorporate the different modes of transfer and the various actors involved. The many forms of property exchanges, the underlying assemblage of property and land use rights, and the existence and definition of land markets are much debated topics in economic and social history. These debates differ in terms of chronology and how they define land markets and property rights: should analysis distinguish between commercial property transfers and those that can be placed within kin relations? In other words, do we understand premodern land markets in a more comprehensive way and allow for the entanglements between commercial and kin-related property exchanges? This Special Issue argues in favour of such a perspective. The introduction provides a framework to the five contributions to this special issue, which make use of multiple approaches and analyse specific legal spaces in view of land transactions and their legal, social, and economic embeddedness. Here, we discuss methodological challenges, especially the use of sources and data, present some of the main findings of the papers, and conclude with implications and questions for future research on property transfers and markets.
{"title":"Mobile land: modes of transfer – varieties of contexts","authors":"Janine Maegraith, Margareth Lanzinger","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2022.2058980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2058980","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Social and economic historical research has repeatedly shown that the buying and selling, transferring, and rearranging of pieces of land can be identified as various modes of dealing with land in many European regions from the Middle Ages onward. Land was therefore mobile. Furthermore, recent empirical studies have evidenced the existence of ‘land markets’ since the Middle Ages – not only in wine-growing areas or in regions with partible inheritance but also in agricultural areas with impartible inheritance. However, they also show that the definition of the ‘market’ needs broadening in order to incorporate the different modes of transfer and the various actors involved. The many forms of property exchanges, the underlying assemblage of property and land use rights, and the existence and definition of land markets are much debated topics in economic and social history. These debates differ in terms of chronology and how they define land markets and property rights: should analysis distinguish between commercial property transfers and those that can be placed within kin relations? In other words, do we understand premodern land markets in a more comprehensive way and allow for the entanglements between commercial and kin-related property exchanges? This Special Issue argues in favour of such a perspective. The introduction provides a framework to the five contributions to this special issue, which make use of multiple approaches and analyse specific legal spaces in view of land transactions and their legal, social, and economic embeddedness. Here, we discuss methodological challenges, especially the use of sources and data, present some of the main findings of the papers, and conclude with implications and questions for future research on property transfers and markets.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"1 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47644253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.2003842
Bonnie Clementsson
ABSTRACT Like many other West European countries during the early modern period, Swedish society was structured by a variety of hierarchies and, in this context, the principle of filial deference, or the obedience and recognition children – young or adult – were expected to show their parents, was more or less absolute. These ideas of family hierarchy also influenced marriage laws and the formal rules of who was allowed to marry whom. During the 1700s the number of applications to the Swedish Crown seeking permission to marry from couples who were related to each other in some way increased significantly. Often these requests concerned second marriages and possible constructions of stepfamilies. Through analyses of more than 1000 marriage applications to authorities in Sweden from the early 1700s to the early 1900s, this article will show how notions of the power relations within the families changed towards the end of the 1700s, affecting how different forbidden relationships were perceived and assessed by the authorities. Parental respect was challenged and the unconditional respect for the older generation started to diminish. This cultural shift also affected the possible constellations and structures of stepfamilies even though there had been no change of the formal laws.
{"title":"Changing patterns of hierarchy within Swedish stepfamilies in the late 1700s","authors":"Bonnie Clementsson","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.2003842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.2003842","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Like many other West European countries during the early modern period, Swedish society was structured by a variety of hierarchies and, in this context, the principle of filial deference, or the obedience and recognition children – young or adult – were expected to show their parents, was more or less absolute. These ideas of family hierarchy also influenced marriage laws and the formal rules of who was allowed to marry whom. During the 1700s the number of applications to the Swedish Crown seeking permission to marry from couples who were related to each other in some way increased significantly. Often these requests concerned second marriages and possible constructions of stepfamilies. Through analyses of more than 1000 marriage applications to authorities in Sweden from the early 1700s to the early 1900s, this article will show how notions of the power relations within the families changed towards the end of the 1700s, affecting how different forbidden relationships were perceived and assessed by the authorities. Parental respect was challenged and the unconditional respect for the older generation started to diminish. This cultural shift also affected the possible constellations and structures of stepfamilies even though there had been no change of the formal laws.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"546 - 574"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41620725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-21DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.2005654
Aleksander Panjek
ABSTRACT The article addresses the question of family and farm in the eastern Alpine area in the pre-statistical period in the case of Slovenia. In particular, it questions the prevalence of the ‘Bauer-type’ family, in which the farm is indivisible, the male farm head has a pronounced autocratic power, while his siblings and other family members are relegated to a subordinate role. Since family and kinship history research in early modern rural Slovenia doesn’t offer sufficiently solid foundations, the division of farms is investigated as a signal of the absence of the ‘Bauer’ model and instead of the presence of a partible succession system. The figures on farm division in different areas in the long run are integrated by information on inheritance and dowry practices, taken from the literature and archival sources. Furthermore, by identifying the actors on the peasant land market, who were entitled to sell and purchase farms and plots, family and gender-related aspects of land-ownership rights are disclosed. The research combines scholarly literature with archive sources to present regional overviews and case studies, on which it reconstructs a wholly original and comprehensive insight into family, farm and land market in Slovenia. The resulting picture is more complex than the simple extension of the ‘Bauer’ family-type would suggest, somehow resembling the composite situation of Tyrol, and it reverses the existing interpretation in Slovenian literature. In fact, farm divisibility seems to prevail, although indivisibility was present. Partible succession was the rule, both in the case of divisible and indivisible farms. The prevailing customary law among peasants was partible inheritance, preferably to males, combined with a dowry system and the separation of property between spouses.
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Pub Date : 2021-12-07DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.2003841
J. Schlumbohm
ABSTRACT This article explores whether, in terms of inheritance and living arrangements, stepfamilies differed from other families. It is done for the parish of Belm near the town of Osnabrück, Northwest Germany, with a database that includes a family reconstitution 1650–1860, household lists, sources on landholding and other nominative data. – The family reconstitution, analysed by a lifetable approach, shows that the great majority of men, widowed below age 50, found a new spouse. The same is true for women below age 40. Remarriages took place remarkably soon, and both widowers and widows usually chose a much younger partner. Thus, many stepfamilies emerged. – According to the regional law, farms were impartible, and the youngest son was preferred as heir. If, however, a remarriage had taken place, the farm was supposed to go to a child from the first marriage. Due to a regime of joint marital property, widows were in a rather strong position. The database reveals to what extent the practices of property transfers followed the rules, and several legal disputes show the lines of potential conflict. – Census lists from the nineteenth century show that, after retirement, stepparents frequently lived in a separate cottage, running their own household economy, if the farm was large enough. Biological parents usually stayed in the main house, as part of their successor’s household. Moreover, orphaned future heirs of large holdings tended to go into service on another farm, instead of working under their stepfather’s rule. This, however, was also true where the future heir’s sibling was the interim manager of the holding. In sum, the cleavage in complex families was not inevitably between children and stepparents, nor between the offspring of different marriages. Proximity and distance between family members depended on many factors, shared biological descent was just one of them.
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