Pub Date : 2022-03-24DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2022.2046125
K. Thompson, V. Tassenaar, Sietske Wiersma, F. Portrait
ABSTRACT Adult height is a remarkably accurate summary of early-life environmental conditions. Because of that, height may be negatively associated with mortality. These relationships – between early-life conditions and height, and between height and mortality – have been well-studied in modern samples of both genders, and in historical samples of men. However, these relationships are understudied historical samples of women. Therefore, this study aimed to better-understand the determinants and consequences of female adult height. More specifically, this study examined the relationships between (1) early-life environmental conditions and adult height, and (2) adult height and mortality. To accomplish this, we used a unique dataset that provided lifetime information of 1,088 women who were born between 1811 and 1838, and who were convicted of vagrancy and sent to the penal colonies of Veenhuizen and de Ommerschans. An ordered logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between early-life determinants and adult height. Cox regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between height and mortality. In terms of findings, region of birth, population size of municipality at birth, parental socio-economic status and religion were associated with adult height. The results examining height’s relationship to mortality were more surprising: taller vagrant women – those more than one standard deviation above the mean height – had higher probabilities of dying earlier than those within 0.5 standard deviations of the mean height. Ultimately, this study adds to the evidence that taller height is likely not universally beneficial for living longer.
{"title":"Early-life conditions, height and mortality of nineteenth-century Dutch vagrant women","authors":"K. Thompson, V. Tassenaar, Sietske Wiersma, F. Portrait","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2022.2046125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2046125","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Adult height is a remarkably accurate summary of early-life environmental conditions. Because of that, height may be negatively associated with mortality. These relationships – between early-life conditions and height, and between height and mortality – have been well-studied in modern samples of both genders, and in historical samples of men. However, these relationships are understudied historical samples of women. Therefore, this study aimed to better-understand the determinants and consequences of female adult height. More specifically, this study examined the relationships between (1) early-life environmental conditions and adult height, and (2) adult height and mortality. To accomplish this, we used a unique dataset that provided lifetime information of 1,088 women who were born between 1811 and 1838, and who were convicted of vagrancy and sent to the penal colonies of Veenhuizen and de Ommerschans. An ordered logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between early-life determinants and adult height. Cox regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between height and mortality. In terms of findings, region of birth, population size of municipality at birth, parental socio-economic status and religion were associated with adult height. The results examining height’s relationship to mortality were more surprising: taller vagrant women – those more than one standard deviation above the mean height – had higher probabilities of dying earlier than those within 0.5 standard deviations of the mean height. Ultimately, this study adds to the evidence that taller height is likely not universally beneficial for living longer.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"28 1","pages":"309 - 338"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48736733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-21DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2022.2039878
Francisco J. Marco-Gracia, Francisco J. Beltrán Tapia
ABSTRACT This article uncovers the existence of discriminatory practices in pre-industrial Spain by examining the fate of twins. The analysis of the complete parish registers of a small rural area (17 villages) shows that female twins were discriminated both at birth and during infancy and childhood. Not only the sex ratio of twins at baptism was extremely unbalanced, but discrimination continued throughout infancy and childhood and resulted in female excess mortality, despite that males are biologically more vulnerable. Although their extremely high mortality rates question the idea that twins constituted an exogenous shock to family decisions due to their impact of the family budget, studying twins helps shedding more light on discriminatory patterns because many families prioritised male twins to enhance their survival chances.
{"title":"Assessing gender discrimination during infancy and childhood using twins: The case of rural Spain, 1750-1950","authors":"Francisco J. Marco-Gracia, Francisco J. Beltrán Tapia","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2022.2039878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2039878","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article uncovers the existence of discriminatory practices in pre-industrial Spain by examining the fate of twins. The analysis of the complete parish registers of a small rural area (17 villages) shows that female twins were discriminated both at birth and during infancy and childhood. Not only the sex ratio of twins at baptism was extremely unbalanced, but discrimination continued throughout infancy and childhood and resulted in female excess mortality, despite that males are biologically more vulnerable. Although their extremely high mortality rates question the idea that twins constituted an exogenous shock to family decisions due to their impact of the family budget, studying twins helps shedding more light on discriminatory patterns because many families prioritised male twins to enhance their survival chances.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"658 - 678"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43116464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-21DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2022.2038654
H. Bodenhorn
ABSTRACT Theories of household saving, including the life cycle hypothesis, posit that households add or draw down wealth to equalize the value of consumption over time. This article examines the extent to which late–nineteenth–century, small–town Americans accumulated financial assets consistent with the life cycle hypothesis. Using individual account records from a small–town savings banks, I find that savers accumulated an average of one year’s income at age sixty. Decumulation was slower than expected after age sixty. The evidence is inconsistent with a strong bequest motive, so the slow drawing down of wealth in old age may have been due to uncertain mortality risk or wealth–based attrition from the sample. I find differences in the life cycle accumulations between men and women, the native– and foreign–born, and low–skill and high–skill workers.
{"title":"Were Small-town New Yorkers Life-cycle Savers?","authors":"H. Bodenhorn","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2022.2038654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2038654","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Theories of household saving, including the life cycle hypothesis, posit that households add or draw down wealth to equalize the value of consumption over time. This article examines the extent to which late–nineteenth–century, small–town Americans accumulated financial assets consistent with the life cycle hypothesis. Using individual account records from a small–town savings banks, I find that savers accumulated an average of one year’s income at age sixty. Decumulation was slower than expected after age sixty. The evidence is inconsistent with a strong bequest motive, so the slow drawing down of wealth in old age may have been due to uncertain mortality risk or wealth–based attrition from the sample. I find differences in the life cycle accumulations between men and women, the native– and foreign–born, and low–skill and high–skill workers.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"293 - 325"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49447548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-02DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2022.2033296
Pan Wang
ABSTRACT This paper reveals how love and marriage were interpreted, negotiated and maintained by a young couple during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), by analyzing 200 love letters. It first introduces the letter authors, their experiences of being ‘sent-down’ to work at separate state-owned farms, and the comrade-style love they developed by following the Mao-era injunction to prioritize revolutionary politics over personal matters. It then shows how class struggle politics and associated political thought movements inhibited youth dating and romance. Many young adults had to choose between personal matters and political revolution, which led to the paradoxical existence of expressions of ‘self-restraint’ and ‘self-indulgence’ in sexual affairs. After China’s universities reopened in 1970, the couple pursued tertiary education and put their romance on hold. This period was accompanied by a weakening tie between ‘personal matters’ (love) and political revolution and a rising tension between personal matters and personal development (education and career). With China’s abandonment of the ‘send-down’ policy in 1978, the couple returned to Harbin, the capital city of Heilongjiang province in northeast China. They married after a decade of separation and correspondence about their tumultuous experiences. Analyzing their letters demonstrates the impact of Mao-era policies, ideas and practices in shaping love and family formation processes for the sent-down generation.
{"title":"Love during China’s Cultural Revolution: evidence from a ‘sent-down’ couple’s private letters 1968–1977","authors":"Pan Wang","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2022.2033296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2033296","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper reveals how love and marriage were interpreted, negotiated and maintained by a young couple during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), by analyzing 200 love letters. It first introduces the letter authors, their experiences of being ‘sent-down’ to work at separate state-owned farms, and the comrade-style love they developed by following the Mao-era injunction to prioritize revolutionary politics over personal matters. It then shows how class struggle politics and associated political thought movements inhibited youth dating and romance. Many young adults had to choose between personal matters and political revolution, which led to the paradoxical existence of expressions of ‘self-restraint’ and ‘self-indulgence’ in sexual affairs. After China’s universities reopened in 1970, the couple pursued tertiary education and put their romance on hold. This period was accompanied by a weakening tie between ‘personal matters’ (love) and political revolution and a rising tension between personal matters and personal development (education and career). With China’s abandonment of the ‘send-down’ policy in 1978, the couple returned to Harbin, the capital city of Heilongjiang province in northeast China. They married after a decade of separation and correspondence about their tumultuous experiences. Analyzing their letters demonstrates the impact of Mao-era policies, ideas and practices in shaping love and family formation processes for the sent-down generation.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"370 - 390"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46085176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-10DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.2007499
Eric B. Schneider
ABSTRACT There is a complex inter-relationship between nutrition and morbidity in human health. Many diseases reduce nutritional status, but on the other hand, having low nutritional status is also known to make individuals more susceptible to certain diseases and to more serious illness. Modern evidence on these relationships, determined after the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines, may not be applicable to historical settings before these medical technologies were available. This paper uses a historical cohort study based on records from the London Foundling Hospital to determine the causal effect of nutritional status of children, proxied by weight- and height-for-age Z-scores, on the odds of contracting five infectious diseases of childhood (measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox and whooping cough) and on sickness duration from these diseases. I identify a causal effect by exploiting the randomisation of environmental conditions as foundling children were removed from their original homes, then fostered with families in counties nearby London and later returned to the Foundling Hospital’s main site in London. I find no effect of nutritional status on the odds of contracting the five diseases, but I do find a historically important and statistically significant effect of nutritional status on sickness duration for measles and mumps. These findings have three implications. First, historical incidence of these diseases was unrelated to nutritional status, meaning that poor nutritional status during famines or during the Colombian Exchange did not affect the spread of epidemics. However, undernutrition in these events may have exacerbated measles severity. Second, improving nutritional status in the past 150 years would have reduced the severity of measles and mumps infections but not affect the decline in whooping cough mortality. Finally, selective culling effects from measles would be larger than those from whooping cough since whooping cough severity was not correlated with underlying nutritional status.
{"title":"The effect of nutritional status on historical infectious disease morbidity: evidence from the London Foundling Hospital, 1892-1919","authors":"Eric B. Schneider","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.2007499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.2007499","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There is a complex inter-relationship between nutrition and morbidity in human health. Many diseases reduce nutritional status, but on the other hand, having low nutritional status is also known to make individuals more susceptible to certain diseases and to more serious illness. Modern evidence on these relationships, determined after the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines, may not be applicable to historical settings before these medical technologies were available. This paper uses a historical cohort study based on records from the London Foundling Hospital to determine the causal effect of nutritional status of children, proxied by weight- and height-for-age Z-scores, on the odds of contracting five infectious diseases of childhood (measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox and whooping cough) and on sickness duration from these diseases. I identify a causal effect by exploiting the randomisation of environmental conditions as foundling children were removed from their original homes, then fostered with families in counties nearby London and later returned to the Foundling Hospital’s main site in London. I find no effect of nutritional status on the odds of contracting the five diseases, but I do find a historically important and statistically significant effect of nutritional status on sickness duration for measles and mumps. These findings have three implications. First, historical incidence of these diseases was unrelated to nutritional status, meaning that poor nutritional status during famines or during the Colombian Exchange did not affect the spread of epidemics. However, undernutrition in these events may have exacerbated measles severity. Second, improving nutritional status in the past 150 years would have reduced the severity of measles and mumps infections but not affect the decline in whooping cough mortality. Finally, selective culling effects from measles would be larger than those from whooping cough since whooping cough severity was not correlated with underlying nutritional status.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"28 1","pages":"198 - 228"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42619213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2022.2026801
Fabrice Boudjaaba, L. Herment
ABSTRACT This article should aim to better understand the importance and the role of the prenuptial agreement in the regions where the ‘système de partage égalitaire’ (partible inheritance) prevailed in nineteenth century France. In some regions, under Ancien Regime ‘coutumes’, prenuptial agreement played a important role in the installation of a new household and, in some systems, it was crucial in the transmission of wealth from one generation to another. Indeed, it is quite easy to understand the importance of the prenuptial agreement in inequal inheritance system; but it is more difficult to explain the existence of such contracts in the partible inheritance regions where the transmission of wealth, the rule of inheritance, was, and is always, very simple: the heritage is equally divided between heirs (male and female) without donation or will. How then can we explain the overall growth in the number of marriage contracts at the beginning of the 19th century and the great variability in the use of this practice by region? Does this usage reflect a new desire on the part of families to better control the process of transmission of property within the new framework of the Civil Code? Through two databases of contracts we try to assess the factor which explained the choice to enact a contract or to do not. The first one is cross sectional for the year 1822 for six micro regions in the core of the Paris Basin. The second one is longitudinal (1813–26) for the region of Vernon (in Normandy) at the border of the Paris Basin. Both corpus highlight the role of the life course, marital status, and family configuration of each spouse but also the often-underestimated role of notaries, their habits, and legal practices in the choice of the type of contract.
摘要本文旨在更好地理解婚前协议在19世纪法国盛行“部分继承制度”(system de partage samgalitaire)地区的重要性和作用。在某些地区，在旧制度的“服饰”下，婚前协议在建立新家庭中起着重要作用，在某些制度中，它在财富代代相传中起着至关重要的作用。的确，我们很容易理解婚前协议在不平等继承制度中的重要性;但是，要解释这种契约在可分割继承地区的存在就更加困难了，因为在这些地区，财富的传递，即继承规则，过去和现在都非常简单:遗产在继承人(男性和女性)之间平均分配，无需捐赠或遗嘱。那么，我们如何解释19世纪初婚姻契约数量的总体增长，以及不同地区在使用这种做法方面的巨大差异呢?这种用法是否反映了家庭方面的一种新的愿望，即在《民法典》的新框架内更好地控制财产的移交过程?通过两个合同数据库，我们试图评估解释制定或不制定合同的选择的因素。第一张是1822年巴黎盆地核心的六个微区域的横截面图。第二个是纵向的(1813 - 1826年)，位于巴黎盆地边界的弗农(诺曼底)地区。这两个文集都强调了夫妻双方的生活历程、婚姻状况和家庭结构的作用，但也强调了公证员、他们的习惯和法律实践在选择合同类型方面经常被低估的作用。
{"title":"Marriage, land and law. Signing a marriage contract in Normandy and Ile-de-France, at the time of the Napoleonic Code","authors":"Fabrice Boudjaaba, L. Herment","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2022.2026801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2026801","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article should aim to better understand the importance and the role of the prenuptial agreement in the regions where the ‘système de partage égalitaire’ (partible inheritance) prevailed in nineteenth century France. In some regions, under Ancien Regime ‘coutumes’, prenuptial agreement played a important role in the installation of a new household and, in some systems, it was crucial in the transmission of wealth from one generation to another. Indeed, it is quite easy to understand the importance of the prenuptial agreement in inequal inheritance system; but it is more difficult to explain the existence of such contracts in the partible inheritance regions where the transmission of wealth, the rule of inheritance, was, and is always, very simple: the heritage is equally divided between heirs (male and female) without donation or will. How then can we explain the overall growth in the number of marriage contracts at the beginning of the 19th century and the great variability in the use of this practice by region? Does this usage reflect a new desire on the part of families to better control the process of transmission of property within the new framework of the Civil Code? Through two databases of contracts we try to assess the factor which explained the choice to enact a contract or to do not. The first one is cross sectional for the year 1822 for six micro regions in the core of the Paris Basin. The second one is longitudinal (1813–26) for the region of Vernon (in Normandy) at the border of the Paris Basin. Both corpus highlight the role of the life course, marital status, and family configuration of each spouse but also the often-underestimated role of notaries, their habits, and legal practices in the choice of the type of contract.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"10 1","pages":"82 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59641898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.2021967
P. Guzowski, R. Poniat, C. Kuklo
ABSTRACT Eastern Europe in the early modern period is seen as a region where the serfdom system provided the gentry with political and economic power at the expense of the peasant class. The centrally introduced abolition of serfdom was to comprehensively affect all aspects of life of this social group. This article analyzes the effects of serfdom and subsequent peasant emancipation on families and households within agricultural communities of western provinces in the Russian Empire (the Grodno and Volhynia provinces), which were formerly part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. These communities were not composed of serfs alone, but of petty gentry as well. Special attention is paid to changes in household structures of the two aforementioned population groups and those in their employ. The increasing share of simple family households is presented with the use of registers of parishioners from before and after agrarian reforms. In the parishes under scrutiny, this was not accompanied by any significant decline in the size of peasant households.
{"title":"The influence of emancipation reforms on the Polish rural family in western provinces of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century","authors":"P. Guzowski, R. Poniat, C. Kuklo","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.2021967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.2021967","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Eastern Europe in the early modern period is seen as a region where the serfdom system provided the gentry with political and economic power at the expense of the peasant class. The centrally introduced abolition of serfdom was to comprehensively affect all aspects of life of this social group. This article analyzes the effects of serfdom and subsequent peasant emancipation on families and households within agricultural communities of western provinces in the Russian Empire (the Grodno and Volhynia provinces), which were formerly part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. These communities were not composed of serfs alone, but of petty gentry as well. Special attention is paid to changes in household structures of the two aforementioned population groups and those in their employ. The increasing share of simple family households is presented with the use of registers of parishioners from before and after agrarian reforms. In the parishes under scrutiny, this was not accompanied by any significant decline in the size of peasant households.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"181 - 199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41774921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.2013916
Jakub Wysmułek
ABSTRACT The average early modern family of Ashkenazi Jews is often portrayed in literature in static terms as a nuclear household that is similar in many regards to the other European urban families of premodern Europe. The main goal of this study is to verify this image and to analyze the political and economic factors influencing the size and structure of Jewish households. This study uses three registers of Jewish communities – the 1578 register of Lviv, the 1610 register of Worms, and the 1619 register of Poznan – to conduct a comparative analysis of Ashkenazi Jewish households and their living conditions at the turn of 16th and 17th centuries. The study demonstrates that the existence of significantly different models of Jewish households and indicates a strong relation between the higher status and wealth of families and their larger size and more complex household structure. At the same time, the results also suggest that contextual factors played a significant role in the structure and living conditions of those households. In cities where the economic costs, and legal and political constraints of settling were smaller, there were significantly greater numbers of small households created by the poorer members of the community. On the other hand, in cities where living was associated with greater prestige, prosperity and security, but also required greater wealth and overcoming the difficulties posed by the Christian majority, households were often larger, multi-generational, and included servants and guests.
{"title":"Change and adaptation. Jewish households in Lviv, Worms and Poznan in early modern times","authors":"Jakub Wysmułek","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.2013916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.2013916","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The average early modern family of Ashkenazi Jews is often portrayed in literature in static terms as a nuclear household that is similar in many regards to the other European urban families of premodern Europe. The main goal of this study is to verify this image and to analyze the political and economic factors influencing the size and structure of Jewish households. This study uses three registers of Jewish communities – the 1578 register of Lviv, the 1610 register of Worms, and the 1619 register of Poznan – to conduct a comparative analysis of Ashkenazi Jewish households and their living conditions at the turn of 16th and 17th centuries. The study demonstrates that the existence of significantly different models of Jewish households and indicates a strong relation between the higher status and wealth of families and their larger size and more complex household structure. At the same time, the results also suggest that contextual factors played a significant role in the structure and living conditions of those households. In cities where the economic costs, and legal and political constraints of settling were smaller, there were significantly greater numbers of small households created by the poorer members of the community. On the other hand, in cities where living was associated with greater prestige, prosperity and security, but also required greater wealth and overcoming the difficulties posed by the Christian majority, households were often larger, multi-generational, and included servants and guests.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"145 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46756267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2022.2026802
J. Kaska
ABSTRACT After centuries of discussion about inheritance models and their advantages and disadvantages, it is now generally accepted that the traditional dichotomy of partible and impartible inheritance cannot represent the existing spectrum of inheritance practices and their effects. This article analyses two regions with partible inheritance to illustrate the range of ways in which this inheritance practice could be realised and how different the potential consequences could be as a result. Early modern Schlanders is contrasted with medieval Lambach to examine differences in legal basis, practical implementation, but also in the basic concept of equality between heirs. The example of Schlanders shows how even in a region declared as partible inheritance many logics traditionally associated with impartible inheritance can exist. Lambach, in turn, illustrates how even in the case of widespread division of land, effects such as fragmentation could be counteracted. The analysis makes it possible to identify factors that can have a particularly strong impact on the economic, but also social consequences of this inheritance practice. These are to be found both in the way the inheritance is divided and in other institutional factors, especially the matrimonial property regime. The results of the analysis underline that the inheritance practice of a region should neither be viewed through the lens of traditional schemes nor isolated from local socio-economic conditions.
{"title":"Equal but not identical. Modes of partible inheritance in early-modern Schlanders (South Tyrol) and medieval Lambach (Upper Austria) compared","authors":"J. Kaska","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2022.2026802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2026802","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT After centuries of discussion about inheritance models and their advantages and disadvantages, it is now generally accepted that the traditional dichotomy of partible and impartible inheritance cannot represent the existing spectrum of inheritance practices and their effects. This article analyses two regions with partible inheritance to illustrate the range of ways in which this inheritance practice could be realised and how different the potential consequences could be as a result. Early modern Schlanders is contrasted with medieval Lambach to examine differences in legal basis, practical implementation, but also in the basic concept of equality between heirs. The example of Schlanders shows how even in a region declared as partible inheritance many logics traditionally associated with impartible inheritance can exist. Lambach, in turn, illustrates how even in the case of widespread division of land, effects such as fragmentation could be counteracted. The analysis makes it possible to identify factors that can have a particularly strong impact on the economic, but also social consequences of this inheritance practice. These are to be found both in the way the inheritance is divided and in other institutional factors, especially the matrimonial property regime. The results of the analysis underline that the inheritance practice of a region should neither be viewed through the lens of traditional schemes nor isolated from local socio-economic conditions.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"100 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49110913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2022.2058980
Janine Maegraith, Margareth Lanzinger
ABSTRACT Social and economic historical research has repeatedly shown that the buying and selling, transferring, and rearranging of pieces of land can be identified as various modes of dealing with land in many European regions from the Middle Ages onward. Land was therefore mobile. Furthermore, recent empirical studies have evidenced the existence of ‘land markets’ since the Middle Ages – not only in wine-growing areas or in regions with partible inheritance but also in agricultural areas with impartible inheritance. However, they also show that the definition of the ‘market’ needs broadening in order to incorporate the different modes of transfer and the various actors involved. The many forms of property exchanges, the underlying assemblage of property and land use rights, and the existence and definition of land markets are much debated topics in economic and social history. These debates differ in terms of chronology and how they define land markets and property rights: should analysis distinguish between commercial property transfers and those that can be placed within kin relations? In other words, do we understand premodern land markets in a more comprehensive way and allow for the entanglements between commercial and kin-related property exchanges? This Special Issue argues in favour of such a perspective. The introduction provides a framework to the five contributions to this special issue, which make use of multiple approaches and analyse specific legal spaces in view of land transactions and their legal, social, and economic embeddedness. Here, we discuss methodological challenges, especially the use of sources and data, present some of the main findings of the papers, and conclude with implications and questions for future research on property transfers and markets.
{"title":"Mobile land: modes of transfer – varieties of contexts","authors":"Janine Maegraith, Margareth Lanzinger","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2022.2058980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2022.2058980","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Social and economic historical research has repeatedly shown that the buying and selling, transferring, and rearranging of pieces of land can be identified as various modes of dealing with land in many European regions from the Middle Ages onward. Land was therefore mobile. Furthermore, recent empirical studies have evidenced the existence of ‘land markets’ since the Middle Ages – not only in wine-growing areas or in regions with partible inheritance but also in agricultural areas with impartible inheritance. However, they also show that the definition of the ‘market’ needs broadening in order to incorporate the different modes of transfer and the various actors involved. The many forms of property exchanges, the underlying assemblage of property and land use rights, and the existence and definition of land markets are much debated topics in economic and social history. These debates differ in terms of chronology and how they define land markets and property rights: should analysis distinguish between commercial property transfers and those that can be placed within kin relations? In other words, do we understand premodern land markets in a more comprehensive way and allow for the entanglements between commercial and kin-related property exchanges? This Special Issue argues in favour of such a perspective. The introduction provides a framework to the five contributions to this special issue, which make use of multiple approaches and analyse specific legal spaces in view of land transactions and their legal, social, and economic embeddedness. Here, we discuss methodological challenges, especially the use of sources and data, present some of the main findings of the papers, and conclude with implications and questions for future research on property transfers and markets.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"1 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47644253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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