Pub Date : 2021-11-29DOI: 10.1080/1081602x.2021.1997782
Enrico Debiasi, M. Rosenbaum-Feldbrügge, Björn Eriksson
The death of a parent during childhood is a major traumatic event. While there is a good understanding of the early-life effects of parental loss, the evidence regarding its impact on adult mortality is still scarce. Accordingly, the aim of this article is to study the longterm consequences of parental loss on mortality with a particular focus on differences by socioeconomic status (SES) of the family. We use data from 1880, 1890, 1900, and 1910 Swedish censuses that have been linked to the Swedish Death Index, which contain records for the deaths occurred in Sweden between 1860 and 2016. We run a series of OLS regressions to estimate the mean age at death of orphans adjusting for a set of parental and household characteristics. In addition, we account for children’s own socioeconomic position and marital status in adulthood. The findings suggest that parental death in childhood has long-lasting detrimental consequences later in life even though it decreases substantially as individuals get older. We explain the decreasing magnitude of the association with age as likely to be due to an increased selection with the more resilient individuals surviving to older ages. The presence of stepparents is associated with a survival advantage, but we do not find support for an interaction effect between parental death and family SES. Accordingly, the detrimental consequences of parental death are equally observed among all social classes. Including adulthood characteristics slightly attenuates the relationship between parental death in childhood and adulthood mortality, but the results remain significant. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 5 June 2021 Accepted 22 October 2021
{"title":"The long-term consequences of parental death in childhood on mortality and the role of socioeconomic status: evidence from Sweden at the turn of the 20th century","authors":"Enrico Debiasi, M. Rosenbaum-Feldbrügge, Björn Eriksson","doi":"10.1080/1081602x.2021.1997782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2021.1997782","url":null,"abstract":"The death of a parent during childhood is a major traumatic event. While there is a good understanding of the early-life effects of parental loss, the evidence regarding its impact on adult mortality is still scarce. Accordingly, the aim of this article is to study the longterm consequences of parental loss on mortality with a particular focus on differences by socioeconomic status (SES) of the family. We use data from 1880, 1890, 1900, and 1910 Swedish censuses that have been linked to the Swedish Death Index, which contain records for the deaths occurred in Sweden between 1860 and 2016. We run a series of OLS regressions to estimate the mean age at death of orphans adjusting for a set of parental and household characteristics. In addition, we account for children’s own socioeconomic position and marital status in adulthood. The findings suggest that parental death in childhood has long-lasting detrimental consequences later in life even though it decreases substantially as individuals get older. We explain the decreasing magnitude of the association with age as likely to be due to an increased selection with the more resilient individuals surviving to older ages. The presence of stepparents is associated with a survival advantage, but we do not find support for an interaction effect between parental death and family SES. Accordingly, the detrimental consequences of parental death are equally observed among all social classes. Including adulthood characteristics slightly attenuates the relationship between parental death in childhood and adulthood mortality, but the results remain significant. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 5 June 2021 Accepted 22 October 2021","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43196205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-26DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.2007500
A. Fornasin, M. Breschi
ABSTRACT This article examines the characteristics of Italian families with a female family head in the Italian Population Census of 1931. The aim is to assess the spread and distribution of female-led families in Italy, and to analyze, in demographic and socio-economic terms, the characteristics of these families and the women who led them. Differences between these female-led families and those with male family heads are highlighted in terms of demographic characteristics, social status and geographical distribution. Female-family heads were mostly widows and were particularly numerous among the very rich and the very poor. As regards territorial distribution, female family heads were more numerous in the north and south than in the centre, and they were more common in cities than in the countryside. Many characteristics of these female-led families can be traced back hundreds of years.
{"title":"Female family heads in fascist Italy: a study of the 1931 population census","authors":"A. Fornasin, M. Breschi","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.2007500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.2007500","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the characteristics of Italian families with a female family head in the Italian Population Census of 1931. The aim is to assess the spread and distribution of female-led families in Italy, and to analyze, in demographic and socio-economic terms, the characteristics of these families and the women who led them. Differences between these female-led families and those with male family heads are highlighted in terms of demographic characteristics, social status and geographical distribution. Female-family heads were mostly widows and were particularly numerous among the very rich and the very poor. As regards territorial distribution, female family heads were more numerous in the north and south than in the centre, and they were more common in cities than in the countryside. Many characteristics of these female-led families can be traced back hundreds of years.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"125 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41346969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-21DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.2000472
P. Őri
ABSTRACT This paper examines the consequences of the dissolution and reorganization of families (death of one or both of the spouses, remarriage of the surviving partner) from the perspective of children (half-orphans, orphans, stepchildren). It concentrates on the survival of children, analysing the impacts of parental loss and remarriage on the risk of children’s death. The analysis is based on the family reconstitution database of a Hungarian settlement (Zsámbék) inhabited mostly by Roman Catholic German settlers. The study focuses on individuals born between 1720 and 1850, it follows them from birth to death or age 15, besides descriptive statistics the analysis is based on event history models. By using Cox regression in three models this article examines the impacts of parental loss and remarriage and the effects of having stepsiblings and half-siblings within stepfamilies. According to the results, parental loss had serious consequences but remarriage and the appearance of stepparents had not in most of the cases a negative effect on children’s survival. The analysis stresses the special role of women in premodern households instead of a ‘Cinderella effect’, under certain circumstances the burden of household work and child care could increase enormously, which resulted in increased competition among family members, especially among children and stepchildren.
{"title":"Parental loss in 18th–19th century Hungary: the impact of the parents’ widowhood and remarriage on their children’s survival, Zsámbék, 1720–1850","authors":"P. Őri","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.2000472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.2000472","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines the consequences of the dissolution and reorganization of families (death of one or both of the spouses, remarriage of the surviving partner) from the perspective of children (half-orphans, orphans, stepchildren). It concentrates on the survival of children, analysing the impacts of parental loss and remarriage on the risk of children’s death. The analysis is based on the family reconstitution database of a Hungarian settlement (Zsámbék) inhabited mostly by Roman Catholic German settlers. The study focuses on individuals born between 1720 and 1850, it follows them from birth to death or age 15, besides descriptive statistics the analysis is based on event history models. By using Cox regression in three models this article examines the impacts of parental loss and remarriage and the effects of having stepsiblings and half-siblings within stepfamilies. According to the results, parental loss had serious consequences but remarriage and the appearance of stepparents had not in most of the cases a negative effect on children’s survival. The analysis stresses the special role of women in premodern households instead of a ‘Cinderella effect’, under certain circumstances the burden of household work and child care could increase enormously, which resulted in increased competition among family members, especially among children and stepchildren.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"453 - 479"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59641193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-19DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.1981975
J.W. Schnitzeler
ABSTRACT Various well-known forms of safeguards for life-cycle risks have been described extensively for the early modern era. In this paper I want to draw attention to one specific and often underrated one, the risk of being orphaned at a young age, and the changing social arrangements covering the consequences. The mortality pattern of European cities translated into high numbers of young orphans. Most of them did not need the physical care provided by orphanages and were taken in by family or friends. However, some of them needed assistance to safeguard assets they had inherited from their parents. All over Western Europe, institutions emerged to act in loco parentis, and supervise guardians and secure the transfer of inheritances. Through our analysis of Holland’s orphan chambers in a European context, we highlight the importance of a hitherto neglected aspect, namely the dynamics of urban growth and migration. In that way, we aim to provide a more profound understanding of the precise functions, and the rise and decline of these remarkable institutions and show their importance as welfare arrangements.
{"title":"In Loco Parentis: Holland’s orphan chambers in a European context","authors":"J.W. Schnitzeler","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.1981975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.1981975","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Various well-known forms of safeguards for life-cycle risks have been described extensively for the early modern era. In this paper I want to draw attention to one specific and often underrated one, the risk of being orphaned at a young age, and the changing social arrangements covering the consequences. The mortality pattern of European cities translated into high numbers of young orphans. Most of them did not need the physical care provided by orphanages and were taken in by family or friends. However, some of them needed assistance to safeguard assets they had inherited from their parents. All over Western Europe, institutions emerged to act in loco parentis, and supervise guardians and secure the transfer of inheritances. Through our analysis of Holland’s orphan chambers in a European context, we highlight the importance of a hitherto neglected aspect, namely the dynamics of urban growth and migration. In that way, we aim to provide a more profound understanding of the precise functions, and the rise and decline of these remarkable institutions and show their importance as welfare arrangements.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"243 - 267"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45794395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-16DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.1986738
A. Velková, Petr Tureček
ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to examine, to what extent the chance of survival of children under 5 years of age was influenced by a biological parent’s death in the region of western Bohemia. Young children’s mortality is considered in relation to family structure, since persons raising the child in its early childhood significantly influenced the quality of child care. Given the gender-specific division of labour in pre-modern families we focus chiefly on the possible different effects of a mother’s death or a father’s death. In addition, we try to establish whether the negative impact of a biological parent’s death could be compensated by the entrance of a stepparent. For the purposes of this analysis we used the Cox proportional hazards mixed-effect model. Our research has shown that although maternal death had more serious consequences compared to paternal death, especially if it occurred in the child’s first year of life, even paternal death increased child mortality since the need to assume the paternal role prevented the surviving mother from taking optimum care of her children. The entrance of a stepparent in general increased children’s chance of survival although in the case of stepmothers the positive effect was limited and could mainly be observed among children over 3. In contrast, our research has shown that there was no major difference in survival chances resulting from the presence of a biological father vs. a stepfather, an interesting result demonstrating that in the functioning of the pre-modern family biological ties were of only relative importance.
{"title":"Influence of parental death on child mortality and the phenomenon of the stepfamily in western Bohemia in 1708–1834","authors":"A. Velková, Petr Tureček","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.1986738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.1986738","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to examine, to what extent the chance of survival of children under 5 years of age was influenced by a biological parent’s death in the region of western Bohemia. Young children’s mortality is considered in relation to family structure, since persons raising the child in its early childhood significantly influenced the quality of child care. Given the gender-specific division of labour in pre-modern families we focus chiefly on the possible different effects of a mother’s death or a father’s death. In addition, we try to establish whether the negative impact of a biological parent’s death could be compensated by the entrance of a stepparent. For the purposes of this analysis we used the Cox proportional hazards mixed-effect model. Our research has shown that although maternal death had more serious consequences compared to paternal death, especially if it occurred in the child’s first year of life, even paternal death increased child mortality since the need to assume the paternal role prevented the surviving mother from taking optimum care of her children. The entrance of a stepparent in general increased children’s chance of survival although in the case of stepmothers the positive effect was limited and could mainly be observed among children over 3. In contrast, our research has shown that there was no major difference in survival chances resulting from the presence of a biological father vs. a stepfather, an interesting result demonstrating that in the functioning of the pre-modern family biological ties were of only relative importance.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"434 - 452"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48952556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-27DOI: 10.1080/1081602x.2021.1986739
Natalia Jarska
{"title":"‘We treat each other as equal partners’ the understanding of companionate marriage in postwar Poland","authors":"Natalia Jarska","doi":"10.1080/1081602x.2021.1986739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2021.1986739","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41517175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.2000471
Carlos Santiago-Caballero
ABSTRACT Rather than the exception, social homogamy was the rule in past societies, where ascribed status was a key factor in the matching process. However, frameworks like the modernisation theory predict that as a society modernises, ascribed status loses influence against achieved status. According to this setting, the new economic and social opportunities offered by the industrialisation of an economy enhance the independence of young people from their families in the creation of a new household. This paper makes use of a newly assembled database of around 32,000 marriage records in Spain at the time of its modernisation. Our results show that as the secondary and especially the service sectors increased, the influence of ascribed status decreased and the influence of achieved status increased. The division of the sample in three different social groups shows that this pattern was clearer for the low and middle classes, while modernisation variables do not seem to play any significant role – positive or negative – in the elites, where the marriage markets show a very particular pattern. We believe that the importance of the service sector is related to new job opportunities that appeared for young individuals from the lowest social classes. Although these opportunities could help to improve their independence from their families strengthening their role in the marriage market, it is not that clear that it helped to improve their living conditions.
{"title":"Social homogamy in Spain at the time of modernisation, 1841–70","authors":"Carlos Santiago-Caballero","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.2000471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.2000471","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Rather than the exception, social homogamy was the rule in past societies, where ascribed status was a key factor in the matching process. However, frameworks like the modernisation theory predict that as a society modernises, ascribed status loses influence against achieved status. According to this setting, the new economic and social opportunities offered by the industrialisation of an economy enhance the independence of young people from their families in the creation of a new household. This paper makes use of a newly assembled database of around 32,000 marriage records in Spain at the time of its modernisation. Our results show that as the secondary and especially the service sectors increased, the influence of ascribed status decreased and the influence of achieved status increased. The division of the sample in three different social groups shows that this pattern was clearer for the low and middle classes, while modernisation variables do not seem to play any significant role – positive or negative – in the elites, where the marriage markets show a very particular pattern. We believe that the importance of the service sector is related to new job opportunities that appeared for young individuals from the lowest social classes. Although these opportunities could help to improve their independence from their families strengthening their role in the marriage market, it is not that clear that it helped to improve their living conditions.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"26 1","pages":"682 - 708"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59641182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.1986737
Cristina Bradatan
ABSTRACT This paper analyzes some of the consequences ethnic emigration might have on the social boundaries between ethnic majorities and minorities. It focuses on a specific East-European context (Romania) and its historical national minority groups: Jewish, Germans, Hungarians and Roma. Two of these groups – Jewish and Germans – have had high levels of emigration over the past four decades. By comparing them with the other two groups, I suggest that this flight has been followed by an increasing percentage of mixed marriages, indicating a decreasing social boundary between the majority and minority groups. However, more children from mixed marriages identify with the minority group, showing that, despite higher intermarriage rates, assimilation is not to be expected. The influence of other factors (education, differential fertility, benefits offered by the motherland) is also discussed in order to understand these antithetical trends.
{"title":"Increasing mixed marriages without assimilation: a consequence of historical ethnic emigration in Romania","authors":"Cristina Bradatan","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.1986737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.1986737","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper analyzes some of the consequences ethnic emigration might have on the social boundaries between ethnic majorities and minorities. It focuses on a specific East-European context (Romania) and its historical national minority groups: Jewish, Germans, Hungarians and Roma. Two of these groups – Jewish and Germans – have had high levels of emigration over the past four decades. By comparing them with the other two groups, I suggest that this flight has been followed by an increasing percentage of mixed marriages, indicating a decreasing social boundary between the majority and minority groups. However, more children from mixed marriages identify with the minority group, showing that, despite higher intermarriage rates, assimilation is not to be expected. The influence of other factors (education, differential fertility, benefits offered by the motherland) is also discussed in order to understand these antithetical trends.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"26 1","pages":"623 - 637"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45976419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-07DOI: 10.1080/1081602x.2021.1973533
C. Pooley
ABSTRACT For most of the time everyday life is composed of a variety of mundane activities that go almost unnoticed and unrecorded. Many of these will follow a regular rhythm or routine that may vary over the life course as personal and family circumstances change. They may also change over a weekly or seasonal cycle. Although individually such activities could be viewed as trivial, collectively these routines and rhythms construct the fabric of all societies, economies and communities. Studying everyday life in the past is hard because few sources record mundane activities in their entirety or over a whole life span. In this paper the diaries of one woman who lived in north Lancashire (UK) from 1928 to 2018 are analysed to chart the changing rhythms and routines of everyday activities over her life course. She began writing a diary at the age of 13 and completed a detailed daily account of her activities every year until shortly before her death. By sampling the extensive run of diaries, I identify the ways in which her activities changed over her life course, and how they fluctuated over weekly and seasonal cycles. I identify seven key life-course stages during which her commitments to employment, housework, caring and leisure activities varied in response to her changing circumstances. The paper uses both quantitative and qualitative evidence from the diaries to illustrate a rarely seen aspect of change over the life course, and relates this evidence to theories of everyday life, including Lefebvre’s work on ‘rhythmanalysis’.
{"title":"What Betty did: charting everyday activity over the life course","authors":"C. Pooley","doi":"10.1080/1081602x.2021.1973533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2021.1973533","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT For most of the time everyday life is composed of a variety of mundane activities that go almost unnoticed and unrecorded. Many of these will follow a regular rhythm or routine that may vary over the life course as personal and family circumstances change. They may also change over a weekly or seasonal cycle. Although individually such activities could be viewed as trivial, collectively these routines and rhythms construct the fabric of all societies, economies and communities. Studying everyday life in the past is hard because few sources record mundane activities in their entirety or over a whole life span. In this paper the diaries of one woman who lived in north Lancashire (UK) from 1928 to 2018 are analysed to chart the changing rhythms and routines of everyday activities over her life course. She began writing a diary at the age of 13 and completed a detailed daily account of her activities every year until shortly before her death. By sampling the extensive run of diaries, I identify the ways in which her activities changed over her life course, and how they fluctuated over weekly and seasonal cycles. I identify seven key life-course stages during which her commitments to employment, housework, caring and leisure activities varied in response to her changing circumstances. The paper uses both quantitative and qualitative evidence from the diaries to illustrate a rarely seen aspect of change over the life course, and relates this evidence to theories of everyday life, including Lefebvre’s work on ‘rhythmanalysis’.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"26 1","pages":"602 - 622"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46212798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.4324/9781003213284-11
C. Harris
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"C. Harris","doi":"10.4324/9781003213284-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003213284-11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74673368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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