Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.2003842
Bonnie Clementsson
ABSTRACT Like many other West European countries during the early modern period, Swedish society was structured by a variety of hierarchies and, in this context, the principle of filial deference, or the obedience and recognition children – young or adult – were expected to show their parents, was more or less absolute. These ideas of family hierarchy also influenced marriage laws and the formal rules of who was allowed to marry whom. During the 1700s the number of applications to the Swedish Crown seeking permission to marry from couples who were related to each other in some way increased significantly. Often these requests concerned second marriages and possible constructions of stepfamilies. Through analyses of more than 1000 marriage applications to authorities in Sweden from the early 1700s to the early 1900s, this article will show how notions of the power relations within the families changed towards the end of the 1700s, affecting how different forbidden relationships were perceived and assessed by the authorities. Parental respect was challenged and the unconditional respect for the older generation started to diminish. This cultural shift also affected the possible constellations and structures of stepfamilies even though there had been no change of the formal laws.
{"title":"Changing patterns of hierarchy within Swedish stepfamilies in the late 1700s","authors":"Bonnie Clementsson","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.2003842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.2003842","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Like many other West European countries during the early modern period, Swedish society was structured by a variety of hierarchies and, in this context, the principle of filial deference, or the obedience and recognition children – young or adult – were expected to show their parents, was more or less absolute. These ideas of family hierarchy also influenced marriage laws and the formal rules of who was allowed to marry whom. During the 1700s the number of applications to the Swedish Crown seeking permission to marry from couples who were related to each other in some way increased significantly. Often these requests concerned second marriages and possible constructions of stepfamilies. Through analyses of more than 1000 marriage applications to authorities in Sweden from the early 1700s to the early 1900s, this article will show how notions of the power relations within the families changed towards the end of the 1700s, affecting how different forbidden relationships were perceived and assessed by the authorities. Parental respect was challenged and the unconditional respect for the older generation started to diminish. This cultural shift also affected the possible constellations and structures of stepfamilies even though there had been no change of the formal laws.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"546 - 574"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41620725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-21DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.2005654
Aleksander Panjek
ABSTRACT The article addresses the question of family and farm in the eastern Alpine area in the pre-statistical period in the case of Slovenia. In particular, it questions the prevalence of the ‘Bauer-type’ family, in which the farm is indivisible, the male farm head has a pronounced autocratic power, while his siblings and other family members are relegated to a subordinate role. Since family and kinship history research in early modern rural Slovenia doesn’t offer sufficiently solid foundations, the division of farms is investigated as a signal of the absence of the ‘Bauer’ model and instead of the presence of a partible succession system. The figures on farm division in different areas in the long run are integrated by information on inheritance and dowry practices, taken from the literature and archival sources. Furthermore, by identifying the actors on the peasant land market, who were entitled to sell and purchase farms and plots, family and gender-related aspects of land-ownership rights are disclosed. The research combines scholarly literature with archive sources to present regional overviews and case studies, on which it reconstructs a wholly original and comprehensive insight into family, farm and land market in Slovenia. The resulting picture is more complex than the simple extension of the ‘Bauer’ family-type would suggest, somehow resembling the composite situation of Tyrol, and it reverses the existing interpretation in Slovenian literature. In fact, farm divisibility seems to prevail, although indivisibility was present. Partible succession was the rule, both in the case of divisible and indivisible farms. The prevailing customary law among peasants was partible inheritance, preferably to males, combined with a dowry system and the separation of property between spouses.
{"title":"Land will tear us apart: family-farm division and real estate market in Slovenia (sixteenth to eighteenth centuries)","authors":"Aleksander Panjek","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.2005654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.2005654","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The article addresses the question of family and farm in the eastern Alpine area in the pre-statistical period in the case of Slovenia. In particular, it questions the prevalence of the ‘Bauer-type’ family, in which the farm is indivisible, the male farm head has a pronounced autocratic power, while his siblings and other family members are relegated to a subordinate role. Since family and kinship history research in early modern rural Slovenia doesn’t offer sufficiently solid foundations, the division of farms is investigated as a signal of the absence of the ‘Bauer’ model and instead of the presence of a partible succession system. The figures on farm division in different areas in the long run are integrated by information on inheritance and dowry practices, taken from the literature and archival sources. Furthermore, by identifying the actors on the peasant land market, who were entitled to sell and purchase farms and plots, family and gender-related aspects of land-ownership rights are disclosed. The research combines scholarly literature with archive sources to present regional overviews and case studies, on which it reconstructs a wholly original and comprehensive insight into family, farm and land market in Slovenia. The resulting picture is more complex than the simple extension of the ‘Bauer’ family-type would suggest, somehow resembling the composite situation of Tyrol, and it reverses the existing interpretation in Slovenian literature. In fact, farm divisibility seems to prevail, although indivisibility was present. Partible succession was the rule, both in the case of divisible and indivisible farms. The prevailing customary law among peasants was partible inheritance, preferably to males, combined with a dowry system and the separation of property between spouses.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"54 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48719851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-07DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.2003841
J. Schlumbohm
ABSTRACT This article explores whether, in terms of inheritance and living arrangements, stepfamilies differed from other families. It is done for the parish of Belm near the town of Osnabrück, Northwest Germany, with a database that includes a family reconstitution 1650–1860, household lists, sources on landholding and other nominative data. – The family reconstitution, analysed by a lifetable approach, shows that the great majority of men, widowed below age 50, found a new spouse. The same is true for women below age 40. Remarriages took place remarkably soon, and both widowers and widows usually chose a much younger partner. Thus, many stepfamilies emerged. – According to the regional law, farms were impartible, and the youngest son was preferred as heir. If, however, a remarriage had taken place, the farm was supposed to go to a child from the first marriage. Due to a regime of joint marital property, widows were in a rather strong position. The database reveals to what extent the practices of property transfers followed the rules, and several legal disputes show the lines of potential conflict. – Census lists from the nineteenth century show that, after retirement, stepparents frequently lived in a separate cottage, running their own household economy, if the farm was large enough. Biological parents usually stayed in the main house, as part of their successor’s household. Moreover, orphaned future heirs of large holdings tended to go into service on another farm, instead of working under their stepfather’s rule. This, however, was also true where the future heir’s sibling was the interim manager of the holding. In sum, the cleavage in complex families was not inevitably between children and stepparents, nor between the offspring of different marriages. Proximity and distance between family members depended on many factors, shared biological descent was just one of them.
{"title":"Stepfamilies, inheritance, and living arrangements in a rural society of Germany","authors":"J. Schlumbohm","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.2003841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.2003841","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores whether, in terms of inheritance and living arrangements, stepfamilies differed from other families. It is done for the parish of Belm near the town of Osnabrück, Northwest Germany, with a database that includes a family reconstitution 1650–1860, household lists, sources on landholding and other nominative data. – The family reconstitution, analysed by a lifetable approach, shows that the great majority of men, widowed below age 50, found a new spouse. The same is true for women below age 40. Remarriages took place remarkably soon, and both widowers and widows usually chose a much younger partner. Thus, many stepfamilies emerged. – According to the regional law, farms were impartible, and the youngest son was preferred as heir. If, however, a remarriage had taken place, the farm was supposed to go to a child from the first marriage. Due to a regime of joint marital property, widows were in a rather strong position. The database reveals to what extent the practices of property transfers followed the rules, and several legal disputes show the lines of potential conflict. – Census lists from the nineteenth century show that, after retirement, stepparents frequently lived in a separate cottage, running their own household economy, if the farm was large enough. Biological parents usually stayed in the main house, as part of their successor’s household. Moreover, orphaned future heirs of large holdings tended to go into service on another farm, instead of working under their stepfather’s rule. This, however, was also true where the future heir’s sibling was the interim manager of the holding. In sum, the cleavage in complex families was not inevitably between children and stepparents, nor between the offspring of different marriages. Proximity and distance between family members depended on many factors, shared biological descent was just one of them.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"480 - 492"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41948614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-29DOI: 10.1080/1081602x.2021.1997782
Enrico Debiasi, M. Rosenbaum-Feldbrügge, Björn Eriksson
The death of a parent during childhood is a major traumatic event. While there is a good understanding of the early-life effects of parental loss, the evidence regarding its impact on adult mortality is still scarce. Accordingly, the aim of this article is to study the longterm consequences of parental loss on mortality with a particular focus on differences by socioeconomic status (SES) of the family. We use data from 1880, 1890, 1900, and 1910 Swedish censuses that have been linked to the Swedish Death Index, which contain records for the deaths occurred in Sweden between 1860 and 2016. We run a series of OLS regressions to estimate the mean age at death of orphans adjusting for a set of parental and household characteristics. In addition, we account for children’s own socioeconomic position and marital status in adulthood. The findings suggest that parental death in childhood has long-lasting detrimental consequences later in life even though it decreases substantially as individuals get older. We explain the decreasing magnitude of the association with age as likely to be due to an increased selection with the more resilient individuals surviving to older ages. The presence of stepparents is associated with a survival advantage, but we do not find support for an interaction effect between parental death and family SES. Accordingly, the detrimental consequences of parental death are equally observed among all social classes. Including adulthood characteristics slightly attenuates the relationship between parental death in childhood and adulthood mortality, but the results remain significant. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 5 June 2021 Accepted 22 October 2021
{"title":"The long-term consequences of parental death in childhood on mortality and the role of socioeconomic status: evidence from Sweden at the turn of the 20th century","authors":"Enrico Debiasi, M. Rosenbaum-Feldbrügge, Björn Eriksson","doi":"10.1080/1081602x.2021.1997782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2021.1997782","url":null,"abstract":"The death of a parent during childhood is a major traumatic event. While there is a good understanding of the early-life effects of parental loss, the evidence regarding its impact on adult mortality is still scarce. Accordingly, the aim of this article is to study the longterm consequences of parental loss on mortality with a particular focus on differences by socioeconomic status (SES) of the family. We use data from 1880, 1890, 1900, and 1910 Swedish censuses that have been linked to the Swedish Death Index, which contain records for the deaths occurred in Sweden between 1860 and 2016. We run a series of OLS regressions to estimate the mean age at death of orphans adjusting for a set of parental and household characteristics. In addition, we account for children’s own socioeconomic position and marital status in adulthood. The findings suggest that parental death in childhood has long-lasting detrimental consequences later in life even though it decreases substantially as individuals get older. We explain the decreasing magnitude of the association with age as likely to be due to an increased selection with the more resilient individuals surviving to older ages. The presence of stepparents is associated with a survival advantage, but we do not find support for an interaction effect between parental death and family SES. Accordingly, the detrimental consequences of parental death are equally observed among all social classes. Including adulthood characteristics slightly attenuates the relationship between parental death in childhood and adulthood mortality, but the results remain significant. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 5 June 2021 Accepted 22 October 2021","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43196205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-26DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.2007500
A. Fornasin, M. Breschi
ABSTRACT This article examines the characteristics of Italian families with a female family head in the Italian Population Census of 1931. The aim is to assess the spread and distribution of female-led families in Italy, and to analyze, in demographic and socio-economic terms, the characteristics of these families and the women who led them. Differences between these female-led families and those with male family heads are highlighted in terms of demographic characteristics, social status and geographical distribution. Female-family heads were mostly widows and were particularly numerous among the very rich and the very poor. As regards territorial distribution, female family heads were more numerous in the north and south than in the centre, and they were more common in cities than in the countryside. Many characteristics of these female-led families can be traced back hundreds of years.
{"title":"Female family heads in fascist Italy: a study of the 1931 population census","authors":"A. Fornasin, M. Breschi","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.2007500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.2007500","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the characteristics of Italian families with a female family head in the Italian Population Census of 1931. The aim is to assess the spread and distribution of female-led families in Italy, and to analyze, in demographic and socio-economic terms, the characteristics of these families and the women who led them. Differences between these female-led families and those with male family heads are highlighted in terms of demographic characteristics, social status and geographical distribution. Female-family heads were mostly widows and were particularly numerous among the very rich and the very poor. As regards territorial distribution, female family heads were more numerous in the north and south than in the centre, and they were more common in cities than in the countryside. Many characteristics of these female-led families can be traced back hundreds of years.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"125 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41346969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-21DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.2000472
P. Őri
ABSTRACT This paper examines the consequences of the dissolution and reorganization of families (death of one or both of the spouses, remarriage of the surviving partner) from the perspective of children (half-orphans, orphans, stepchildren). It concentrates on the survival of children, analysing the impacts of parental loss and remarriage on the risk of children’s death. The analysis is based on the family reconstitution database of a Hungarian settlement (Zsámbék) inhabited mostly by Roman Catholic German settlers. The study focuses on individuals born between 1720 and 1850, it follows them from birth to death or age 15, besides descriptive statistics the analysis is based on event history models. By using Cox regression in three models this article examines the impacts of parental loss and remarriage and the effects of having stepsiblings and half-siblings within stepfamilies. According to the results, parental loss had serious consequences but remarriage and the appearance of stepparents had not in most of the cases a negative effect on children’s survival. The analysis stresses the special role of women in premodern households instead of a ‘Cinderella effect’, under certain circumstances the burden of household work and child care could increase enormously, which resulted in increased competition among family members, especially among children and stepchildren.
{"title":"Parental loss in 18th–19th century Hungary: the impact of the parents’ widowhood and remarriage on their children’s survival, Zsámbék, 1720–1850","authors":"P. Őri","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.2000472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.2000472","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines the consequences of the dissolution and reorganization of families (death of one or both of the spouses, remarriage of the surviving partner) from the perspective of children (half-orphans, orphans, stepchildren). It concentrates on the survival of children, analysing the impacts of parental loss and remarriage on the risk of children’s death. The analysis is based on the family reconstitution database of a Hungarian settlement (Zsámbék) inhabited mostly by Roman Catholic German settlers. The study focuses on individuals born between 1720 and 1850, it follows them from birth to death or age 15, besides descriptive statistics the analysis is based on event history models. By using Cox regression in three models this article examines the impacts of parental loss and remarriage and the effects of having stepsiblings and half-siblings within stepfamilies. According to the results, parental loss had serious consequences but remarriage and the appearance of stepparents had not in most of the cases a negative effect on children’s survival. The analysis stresses the special role of women in premodern households instead of a ‘Cinderella effect’, under certain circumstances the burden of household work and child care could increase enormously, which resulted in increased competition among family members, especially among children and stepchildren.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"453 - 479"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59641193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-19DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.1981975
J.W. Schnitzeler
ABSTRACT Various well-known forms of safeguards for life-cycle risks have been described extensively for the early modern era. In this paper I want to draw attention to one specific and often underrated one, the risk of being orphaned at a young age, and the changing social arrangements covering the consequences. The mortality pattern of European cities translated into high numbers of young orphans. Most of them did not need the physical care provided by orphanages and were taken in by family or friends. However, some of them needed assistance to safeguard assets they had inherited from their parents. All over Western Europe, institutions emerged to act in loco parentis, and supervise guardians and secure the transfer of inheritances. Through our analysis of Holland’s orphan chambers in a European context, we highlight the importance of a hitherto neglected aspect, namely the dynamics of urban growth and migration. In that way, we aim to provide a more profound understanding of the precise functions, and the rise and decline of these remarkable institutions and show their importance as welfare arrangements.
{"title":"In Loco Parentis: Holland’s orphan chambers in a European context","authors":"J.W. Schnitzeler","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.1981975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.1981975","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Various well-known forms of safeguards for life-cycle risks have been described extensively for the early modern era. In this paper I want to draw attention to one specific and often underrated one, the risk of being orphaned at a young age, and the changing social arrangements covering the consequences. The mortality pattern of European cities translated into high numbers of young orphans. Most of them did not need the physical care provided by orphanages and were taken in by family or friends. However, some of them needed assistance to safeguard assets they had inherited from their parents. All over Western Europe, institutions emerged to act in loco parentis, and supervise guardians and secure the transfer of inheritances. Through our analysis of Holland’s orphan chambers in a European context, we highlight the importance of a hitherto neglected aspect, namely the dynamics of urban growth and migration. In that way, we aim to provide a more profound understanding of the precise functions, and the rise and decline of these remarkable institutions and show their importance as welfare arrangements.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"243 - 267"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45794395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-16DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.1986738
A. Velková, Petr Tureček
ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to examine, to what extent the chance of survival of children under 5 years of age was influenced by a biological parent’s death in the region of western Bohemia. Young children’s mortality is considered in relation to family structure, since persons raising the child in its early childhood significantly influenced the quality of child care. Given the gender-specific division of labour in pre-modern families we focus chiefly on the possible different effects of a mother’s death or a father’s death. In addition, we try to establish whether the negative impact of a biological parent’s death could be compensated by the entrance of a stepparent. For the purposes of this analysis we used the Cox proportional hazards mixed-effect model. Our research has shown that although maternal death had more serious consequences compared to paternal death, especially if it occurred in the child’s first year of life, even paternal death increased child mortality since the need to assume the paternal role prevented the surviving mother from taking optimum care of her children. The entrance of a stepparent in general increased children’s chance of survival although in the case of stepmothers the positive effect was limited and could mainly be observed among children over 3. In contrast, our research has shown that there was no major difference in survival chances resulting from the presence of a biological father vs. a stepfather, an interesting result demonstrating that in the functioning of the pre-modern family biological ties were of only relative importance.
{"title":"Influence of parental death on child mortality and the phenomenon of the stepfamily in western Bohemia in 1708–1834","authors":"A. Velková, Petr Tureček","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.1986738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.1986738","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to examine, to what extent the chance of survival of children under 5 years of age was influenced by a biological parent’s death in the region of western Bohemia. Young children’s mortality is considered in relation to family structure, since persons raising the child in its early childhood significantly influenced the quality of child care. Given the gender-specific division of labour in pre-modern families we focus chiefly on the possible different effects of a mother’s death or a father’s death. In addition, we try to establish whether the negative impact of a biological parent’s death could be compensated by the entrance of a stepparent. For the purposes of this analysis we used the Cox proportional hazards mixed-effect model. Our research has shown that although maternal death had more serious consequences compared to paternal death, especially if it occurred in the child’s first year of life, even paternal death increased child mortality since the need to assume the paternal role prevented the surviving mother from taking optimum care of her children. The entrance of a stepparent in general increased children’s chance of survival although in the case of stepmothers the positive effect was limited and could mainly be observed among children over 3. In contrast, our research has shown that there was no major difference in survival chances resulting from the presence of a biological father vs. a stepfather, an interesting result demonstrating that in the functioning of the pre-modern family biological ties were of only relative importance.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"434 - 452"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48952556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-27DOI: 10.1080/1081602x.2021.1986739
Natalia Jarska
{"title":"‘We treat each other as equal partners’ the understanding of companionate marriage in postwar Poland","authors":"Natalia Jarska","doi":"10.1080/1081602x.2021.1986739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2021.1986739","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41517175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.2000471
Carlos Santiago-Caballero
ABSTRACT Rather than the exception, social homogamy was the rule in past societies, where ascribed status was a key factor in the matching process. However, frameworks like the modernisation theory predict that as a society modernises, ascribed status loses influence against achieved status. According to this setting, the new economic and social opportunities offered by the industrialisation of an economy enhance the independence of young people from their families in the creation of a new household. This paper makes use of a newly assembled database of around 32,000 marriage records in Spain at the time of its modernisation. Our results show that as the secondary and especially the service sectors increased, the influence of ascribed status decreased and the influence of achieved status increased. The division of the sample in three different social groups shows that this pattern was clearer for the low and middle classes, while modernisation variables do not seem to play any significant role – positive or negative – in the elites, where the marriage markets show a very particular pattern. We believe that the importance of the service sector is related to new job opportunities that appeared for young individuals from the lowest social classes. Although these opportunities could help to improve their independence from their families strengthening their role in the marriage market, it is not that clear that it helped to improve their living conditions.
{"title":"Social homogamy in Spain at the time of modernisation, 1841–70","authors":"Carlos Santiago-Caballero","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.2000471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.2000471","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Rather than the exception, social homogamy was the rule in past societies, where ascribed status was a key factor in the matching process. However, frameworks like the modernisation theory predict that as a society modernises, ascribed status loses influence against achieved status. According to this setting, the new economic and social opportunities offered by the industrialisation of an economy enhance the independence of young people from their families in the creation of a new household. This paper makes use of a newly assembled database of around 32,000 marriage records in Spain at the time of its modernisation. Our results show that as the secondary and especially the service sectors increased, the influence of ascribed status decreased and the influence of achieved status increased. The division of the sample in three different social groups shows that this pattern was clearer for the low and middle classes, while modernisation variables do not seem to play any significant role – positive or negative – in the elites, where the marriage markets show a very particular pattern. We believe that the importance of the service sector is related to new job opportunities that appeared for young individuals from the lowest social classes. Although these opportunities could help to improve their independence from their families strengthening their role in the marriage market, it is not that clear that it helped to improve their living conditions.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"26 1","pages":"682 - 708"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59641182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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