History of the Family最新文献

National-level analysis of historical women's life courses and kinship networks is understudied due to data limitations. Previous analysis of patrilineal kin propinquity in the United States relied on surnames to identify the probability of non-random isonymy (same surname) as a proxy for nearby kin. One limitation of this approach is losing matrilineal kinship networks due to women's changing surnames upon marriage. Using linked census data from IPUMS MLP, LIFE-M, and Census Tree for 1900-1940, this project aims to identify birth surnames for married women to better measure matrilineal kinship networks in the United States. Results using linked census suggest non-coresidential matrilineal kinship networks underwent a similar decline as proximate patrilineal kinship networks in this time period, but nuances suggest that we should not treat these declines similarly. Matrilineal and patrilineal kin propinquity differed in the life course patterns for currently married women, and accounting for both matrilineal and patrilineal kin propinquity are important to assess the full kinship network. The rates differ in some cases between the three linked datasets, suggesting that underlying biases in the data explain some of the differences. However, the trends are similar in all geographies and methods suggesting that the identified trends are not due to random chance. While this analysis does not directly identify kin, the data produced here allows other research to identify relations from other censuses with data quality flags indicating how relationships are determined. This marks a revolutionary improvement in national-level analyses for women's life course research in the early twentieth century.

Large numbers of Canadians, of both English and French descent, migrated to the United States between 1850 and 1930. In Canada, French-Canadian fertility and child mortality rates were about 50% higher than English Canadian rates. Although the English-Canadian and U.S. white population of native-born parentage experienced rapid fertility declines beginning in the mid to late nineteenth century, there is no sign of significant fertility decline among French Canadians before the twentieth century. We use the number of women's children ever born and the number of surviving children in the IPUMS 1910 full-count census dataset to examine whether migration to the United States altered the timing of the demographic transition for French Canadians. We conduct multivariate analyses to examine correlates of child mortality and fertility (including separate analyses of birth spacing and stopping behaviors), focusing on variables related to the migratory experience. The results indicate that while large differentials in child mortality and fertility persisted between the French- and English-Canadian populations living in the United States, the mortality and fertility of second-generation French Canadians converged significantly toward English-Canadian levels. Other characteristics associated with greater integration into American society yield similar results, with women in exogamous unions, who could speak English, and who resided in enumeration districts with lower proportions of French Canadians experiencing significantly lower fertility and child mortality rates. As expected, the demographic regime of English-Canadian women was similar to US-born women of US-born parentage.

This study examined the effects of institutional, social, and household contexts on reproductive outcomes in rural east Liaoning (Liaodong) and Shuangcheng in northeast China from the late 18^th to the early 20^th century. This study used the China Multi-Generational Panel Dataset for Liaoning and Shuangcheng (CMGPD-LN and CMGPD-SC), which was constructed based on the household registers of residents of Liaodong and Shuangcheng between 1749 and 1913. The subjects of the study, who were mostly farmers, had an institutional affiliation with the Eight Banners. In Liaodong, they were categorized according to their economic obligations, and in Shuangcheng, they were categorized according to their entitlements. Overall, the differences in institutional backgrounds, entitlements, and duties meant that Shuangcheng bannermen had more surviving sons and higher marital fertility rates and total fertility rates than those from Liaodong. A further discrete-time event-history analysis of marital fertility, total fertility, and the number of surviving sons by age 45 showed that official employment played a crucial role in Liaodong, whereas the within-household hierarchy was of great significance in Shuangcheng. Within Liaodong and Shuangcheng, bannermen with distinct institutional affiliations had different fertility rates and reproductive responses to official employment and within-household hierarchy. Differences in reproduction persisted even after accounting for differences in access to marriage and survivorship of births. Institutions, characterized by membership of an institutional category and local policies that created inequality between categories, were found to play a more important role in reproduction than inter- and intra-household inequalities, as institutional differences impacted patterns of reproduction.

Couple formation and assortative mating significantly influence societal structures, as marriages between individuals from diverse geographical or social backgrounds promote intra-family diversity. Understanding these patterns is crucial for grasping the demographic processes that shape contemporary societies. However, the scarcity of comprehensive data has impeded progress in this area. This paper aims to fill this gap by investigating assortative mating trends in the United States among birth cohorts from 1700 to 1910, utilizing data from FamiLinx, an online crowdsourced genealogical database. We focus on two primary dimensions: migration background (including natives, first and second-generation migrants) and age at marriage. Our analysis yields three major findings. First, we document significant changes in assortative mating trends over time, reflecting the dynamic nature of mate selection and its responsiveness to societal shifts. Second, we uncover substantial heterogeneity in assortative mating patterns across different social groups, indicating varying social dynamics and preferences. Third, we illustrate how these trends can be differently interpreted depending on whether the perspective is individual or familial. Additionally, we explore the advantages and limitations of using online genealogical data for historical studies of assortative mating, highlighting its potential for offering new insights while acknowledging the challenges posed by data quality and representativeness.