{"title":"Family, Mobility, Community","authors":"C. Harris","doi":"10.4324/9781003213284-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003213284-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82755572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.4135/9781483326573.n952
C. Harris
{"title":"The Nuclear Family","authors":"C. Harris","doi":"10.4135/9781483326573.n952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483326573.n952","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"14 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83149528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Family","authors":"C. Harris","doi":"10.4324/9781003213284-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003213284-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"199 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86946322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Kinship","authors":"C. Harris","doi":"10.4324/9781003213284-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003213284-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84943605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.4324/9781003213284-10
C. Harris
{"title":"Adult Relationships in the Elementary Family","authors":"C. Harris","doi":"10.4324/9781003213284-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003213284-10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78348409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-12DOI: 10.1080/1081602x.2021.1955723
Andrea Bělehradová, K. Líšková
The paper examines the changes during state socialism in Czechoslovakia in the understanding of the post-reproductive sexuality of women, focusing on the network of medical experts and shifts in expertise, which gave rise to a ‘new kind of person’: sexually active climacteric women. Analyzing the medical press, we show how Czechoslovak experts moved from an exclusive focus on women of reproductive age toward seeing climacteric women first in connection with their working capacities and gynecological health, and over time more as sexual beings. We trace the changes in the broader societal discourse and the shifts in (primarily gynecological) expertise that facilitated a gradual rejection of the stereotypical image of ‘fading’ women and made the emergence of sexually active climacteric women possible. Moreover, we highlight the role of transnational knowledge circulation. We demonstrate how expertise was transformed after Czechoslovak experts became acquainted with the work of the US sexologists Masters and Johnson in the second half of the 1960s. As the systems of knowledge realigned, expertise shifted toward emphasizing the existence and importance of sexual pleasure for (post-)climacteric women. Pointing to similar developments in neighboring countries, we highlight the importance of comparative approaches to statesocialist sexualities. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 29 January 2021 Accepted 12 July 2021
{"title":"Aging women as sexual beings. Expertise between the 1950s and 1970s in state socialist Czechoslovakia","authors":"Andrea Bělehradová, K. Líšková","doi":"10.1080/1081602x.2021.1955723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2021.1955723","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines the changes during state socialism in Czechoslovakia in the understanding of the post-reproductive sexuality of women, focusing on the network of medical experts and shifts in expertise, which gave rise to a ‘new kind of person’: sexually active climacteric women. Analyzing the medical press, we show how Czechoslovak experts moved from an exclusive focus on women of reproductive age toward seeing climacteric women first in connection with their working capacities and gynecological health, and over time more as sexual beings. We trace the changes in the broader societal discourse and the shifts in (primarily gynecological) expertise that facilitated a gradual rejection of the stereotypical image of ‘fading’ women and made the emergence of sexually active climacteric women possible. Moreover, we highlight the role of transnational knowledge circulation. We demonstrate how expertise was transformed after Czechoslovak experts became acquainted with the work of the US sexologists Masters and Johnson in the second half of the 1960s. As the systems of knowledge realigned, expertise shifted toward emphasizing the existence and importance of sexual pleasure for (post-)climacteric women. Pointing to similar developments in neighboring countries, we highlight the importance of comparative approaches to statesocialist sexualities. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 29 January 2021 Accepted 12 July 2021","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42808431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-10DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.1955725
R. Schäfer
ABSTRACT The paper deals with families in villages on the bank of the river Rhine in the southwest of Germany (Rheingau, Rheinhessen, Mittelrhein). Starting with the observation that land changed hands often, although the situation in the Middle Rhine valley favoured tenants – wine was produced for export, personal serfdom was rare, and hereditary leasehold was typical for the region and landlords rarely interfered – I ask for the reasons why. The main reason for the vivid fluctuation was the importance of credit for the wine-growing society. Almost every piece of land was mortgaged. The debts could only be paid back after harvest when the wine was sold. Credits and also loans for investment could be secured on land only. The second most important reason for land change is inheritance rules. Property had to be divided among the children. Female and male children inherited equal shares, as soon as one of their parents died. Land was sold, burdened, leased, shared, swapped and divided – and it changed hands quite often without any hindrance. It is obvious that families were loaded with heavy burdens despite the good conditions for tenants. But, the high mobility of land is no proof for economic depression; it is a by–effect of this very specialised economic system. In the fifteenth century the ecological and economical system was fragile, but it was just working. So, mobile land could be seen as a sign of a vivid economic system in the fifteenth century and not as a sign of crisis.
{"title":"Land transactions within rural society in the Middle Rhine Valley (ca. 1400–1535)","authors":"R. Schäfer","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.1955725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.1955725","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The paper deals with families in villages on the bank of the river Rhine in the southwest of Germany (Rheingau, Rheinhessen, Mittelrhein). Starting with the observation that land changed hands often, although the situation in the Middle Rhine valley favoured tenants – wine was produced for export, personal serfdom was rare, and hereditary leasehold was typical for the region and landlords rarely interfered – I ask for the reasons why. The main reason for the vivid fluctuation was the importance of credit for the wine-growing society. Almost every piece of land was mortgaged. The debts could only be paid back after harvest when the wine was sold. Credits and also loans for investment could be secured on land only. The second most important reason for land change is inheritance rules. Property had to be divided among the children. Female and male children inherited equal shares, as soon as one of their parents died. Land was sold, burdened, leased, shared, swapped and divided – and it changed hands quite often without any hindrance. It is obvious that families were loaded with heavy burdens despite the good conditions for tenants. But, the high mobility of land is no proof for economic depression; it is a by–effect of this very specialised economic system. In the fifteenth century the ecological and economical system was fragile, but it was just working. So, mobile land could be seen as a sign of a vivid economic system in the fifteenth century and not as a sign of crisis.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"37 - 53"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41349236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-09DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.1961095
Hao Dong, S. Kurosu
ABSTRACT Adoption was an important strategy for early-modern Japanese families to function and continue. This study is the first to systematically examine whether survival chances differ between adopted and non-adopted children and how gender moderates the survival differentials in historical Japan. We take advantage of individual-level panel data drawn from local household registers in northeast villages and towns between 1716 and 1870 consisting of 71,677 annual observations of 10,587 children aged 1–14, of whom 384 were adopted. Our event-history analysis takes a rich set of household characteristics and local economic context into account. We also apply matching and within-family comparison approaches to account for the unequal sex and age distribution of records between adopted and non-adopted children and unobserved systematic differences between households. We find substantial survival differentials between adopted and non-adopted children, which further vary by sex. Compared with non-adopted children of the same gender, adopted boys enjoyed survival advantages, while adopted girls suffered from elevated mortality risks. Moreover, the gendered survival differentials of adopted children were particularly apparent among those aged 5–9 rather than at older ages. In line with the patriarchal norms, these findings imply potentially different familial expectations for boy and girl adoptions in shaping child survival differentials.
{"title":"Gendered survival differentials of adopted children in northeast Japan, 1716–1870","authors":"Hao Dong, S. Kurosu","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.1961095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.1961095","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Adoption was an important strategy for early-modern Japanese families to function and continue. This study is the first to systematically examine whether survival chances differ between adopted and non-adopted children and how gender moderates the survival differentials in historical Japan. We take advantage of individual-level panel data drawn from local household registers in northeast villages and towns between 1716 and 1870 consisting of 71,677 annual observations of 10,587 children aged 1–14, of whom 384 were adopted. Our event-history analysis takes a rich set of household characteristics and local economic context into account. We also apply matching and within-family comparison approaches to account for the unequal sex and age distribution of records between adopted and non-adopted children and unobserved systematic differences between households. We find substantial survival differentials between adopted and non-adopted children, which further vary by sex. Compared with non-adopted children of the same gender, adopted boys enjoyed survival advantages, while adopted girls suffered from elevated mortality risks. Moreover, the gendered survival differentials of adopted children were particularly apparent among those aged 5–9 rather than at older ages. In line with the patriarchal norms, these findings imply potentially different familial expectations for boy and girl adoptions in shaping child survival differentials.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"26 1","pages":"583 - 601"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49220449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-09DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.1955724
Janine Maegraith
ABSTRACT The debate on early modern European land markets investigates the involvement of kinship networks and possible links between land transfers and rural credit. In context of our project “The Role of Wealth in Defining and Constituting Kinship Spaces”, I found proceedings settling post-mortem successions as well as many commercial land transactions in the court district of Sonnenburg in the Puster valley. These inheritance and purchase contracts have one thing in common: they had to be financed and often this was done by a transfer of existing liabilities secured on the land. This leads to the question of affordability. For, especially in context of a variant of impartible inheritance, succession involved assuming existing debts and new obligations with compensation payments of ceding siblings. But not all succession decisions or conveyances’ terms of payment were recorded in the court books. I will complement the limited quantitative data with case studies that show the entanglement of commercial and succession related transfers to ask who had access to transfers and how they were financed. In particular, I will use case studies that reveal the importance of family money – specifically women’s marriage portions – and complex negotiations in financing land transactions. Looking at financing as a social practice shows how careful planning and flexible horizontal lending structures enabled multiple land transactions in early modern Tyrol.
{"title":"Financing transfers: buying, exchanging and inheriting properties in early modern southern Tyrol","authors":"Janine Maegraith","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.1955724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.1955724","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The debate on early modern European land markets investigates the involvement of kinship networks and possible links between land transfers and rural credit. In context of our project “The Role of Wealth in Defining and Constituting Kinship Spaces”, I found proceedings settling post-mortem successions as well as many commercial land transactions in the court district of Sonnenburg in the Puster valley. These inheritance and purchase contracts have one thing in common: they had to be financed and often this was done by a transfer of existing liabilities secured on the land. This leads to the question of affordability. For, especially in context of a variant of impartible inheritance, succession involved assuming existing debts and new obligations with compensation payments of ceding siblings. But not all succession decisions or conveyances’ terms of payment were recorded in the court books. I will complement the limited quantitative data with case studies that show the entanglement of commercial and succession related transfers to ask who had access to transfers and how they were financed. In particular, I will use case studies that reveal the importance of family money – specifically women’s marriage portions – and complex negotiations in financing land transactions. Looking at financing as a social practice shows how careful planning and flexible horizontal lending structures enabled multiple land transactions in early modern Tyrol.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"27 1","pages":"11 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48960746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-14DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2021.1951802
Vita Zelče
ABSTRACT The article analyses family history and memory in the post-WWII period, as reflected in photo albums compiled by women living in what had become the Soviet-occupied country of Latvia. The content analysis method is used to examine twenty photo albums. The results indicate that such albums served as an autobiographical instrument for women in the private sphere of everyday life. The principal thematic categories of photographs in the albums were everyday scenes, portraits of individuals, photos of infants and children, pictures of family rituals, portraits of young men performing their obligatory military service in the Soviet armed forces, group photos of families, and groups photos of festive family events. Generally, the women compilers of the albums sought to place photographs in chronological sequence, but interruptions of a sequence are visible by the inclusion of photographs from the pre-Soviet decades. Most of the albums are incomplete and contain many unmounted photos, which testifies to autobiographical instability and the need for editing to make albums conform to the ideological demands of the Soviet decades. Interpretation of the albums from the post-memory viewpoint suggests the necessity for contextual historical information, since their female compilers were evidently creating their own mythology about these post-war decades. The albums portray a society with strong family values, orderly networks of family relationships, mutual trust, prosperity, and ‘the good life’ – all of which stood in sharp contrast with the everyday realities of Soviet-era existence.
{"title":"Family history and memory in photo albums of Latvian women after World War II","authors":"Vita Zelče","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2021.1951802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2021.1951802","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The article analyses family history and memory in the post-WWII period, as reflected in photo albums compiled by women living in what had become the Soviet-occupied country of Latvia. The content analysis method is used to examine twenty photo albums. The results indicate that such albums served as an autobiographical instrument for women in the private sphere of everyday life. The principal thematic categories of photographs in the albums were everyday scenes, portraits of individuals, photos of infants and children, pictures of family rituals, portraits of young men performing their obligatory military service in the Soviet armed forces, group photos of families, and groups photos of festive family events. Generally, the women compilers of the albums sought to place photographs in chronological sequence, but interruptions of a sequence are visible by the inclusion of photographs from the pre-Soviet decades. Most of the albums are incomplete and contain many unmounted photos, which testifies to autobiographical instability and the need for editing to make albums conform to the ideological demands of the Soviet decades. Interpretation of the albums from the post-memory viewpoint suggests the necessity for contextual historical information, since their female compilers were evidently creating their own mythology about these post-war decades. The albums portray a society with strong family values, orderly networks of family relationships, mutual trust, prosperity, and ‘the good life’ – all of which stood in sharp contrast with the everyday realities of Soviet-era existence.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"26 1","pages":"533 - 561"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45947079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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