Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-8749818
Keisha Lindsay
Abstract:This essay explores how and with what effect Amy Bailey, a teacher, women's rights activist, and public intellectual, cofounded the Housecraft Training Centre to educate working-class Jamaican women in cooking, cleaning, childcare, and other "domestic sciences." Newspaper articles, unpublished interviews, and other texts reveal that Bailey used the center to articulate a vision of working-class black ladyhood that advanced black women's sense of racial dignity by valorizing elitist, patriarchal narratives at work in 1950s Jamaica. In doing so, Bailey ultimately fostered, as well as stymied, the possibility that Jamaica would come to realize what its national ethos professed—that it was an increasingly plural, prosperous, and egalitarian state well positioned for political independence from Britain.
{"title":"Amy Bailey, Black Ladyhood, and 1950s Jamaica","authors":"Keisha Lindsay","doi":"10.1215/07990537-8749818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8749818","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay explores how and with what effect Amy Bailey, a teacher, women's rights activist, and public intellectual, cofounded the Housecraft Training Centre to educate working-class Jamaican women in cooking, cleaning, childcare, and other \"domestic sciences.\" Newspaper articles, unpublished interviews, and other texts reveal that Bailey used the center to articulate a vision of working-class black ladyhood that advanced black women's sense of racial dignity by valorizing elitist, patriarchal narratives at work in 1950s Jamaica. In doing so, Bailey ultimately fostered, as well as stymied, the possibility that Jamaica would come to realize what its national ethos professed—that it was an increasingly plural, prosperous, and egalitarian state well positioned for political independence from Britain.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"13 1","pages":"128 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86853866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-8749770
Deborah A. Thomas
Abstract:The long 1950s in Jamaica encompassed the pivotal moments that set into motion the infrastructures of modern political, social, economic, and artistic activity. They also brought into relief struggles over the appropriate scales of interaction, whether national, regional, Pan-African, or diasporic. This essay lays out three of the experiential baselines that would have undergirded these processes—the beginnings of developmentalism, the normativity of migration, and the more explicit emergence of the United States as a significant actor within political and economic affairs. It argues that by the end of the long 1950s, the earlier-twentieth-century story of an emergent civil society in Jamaica was displaced by the story of political society. The result has been a formal decolonization that lacked some of the decolonial social and cultural visions of earlier moments.
{"title":"Displacements: The Jamaican 1950s","authors":"Deborah A. Thomas","doi":"10.1215/07990537-8749770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8749770","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The long 1950s in Jamaica encompassed the pivotal moments that set into motion the infrastructures of modern political, social, economic, and artistic activity. They also brought into relief struggles over the appropriate scales of interaction, whether national, regional, Pan-African, or diasporic. This essay lays out three of the experiential baselines that would have undergirded these processes—the beginnings of developmentalism, the normativity of migration, and the more explicit emergence of the United States as a significant actor within political and economic affairs. It argues that by the end of the long 1950s, the earlier-twentieth-century story of an emergent civil society in Jamaica was displaced by the story of political society. The result has been a formal decolonization that lacked some of the decolonial social and cultural visions of earlier moments.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"60 1","pages":"54 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84101042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-8749890
Laurie R. Lambert
Abstract:In Moving Against the System: The 1968 Congress of Black Writers and the Making of Global Consciousness, David Austin continues his important work as the leading historian of 1960s black Montreal. Moving Against the System illuminates histories that are critical to an understanding of black radicalism in Canada, the Caribbean, and the African diaspora, more broadly. This work decenters the United States as the nexus of Black Power, allowing readers to think about Canada as an understudied site of black radical organizing. While the congress viewed Black Nationalism as a serious political framework for defeating both racism and colonialism, all the speakers were male. This essay critiques the masculinist politics of Black Power at the congress and analyzes how Austin navigates the absence of women's voices among the congress's speakers.
{"title":"Black Power and/as Patriarchy","authors":"Laurie R. Lambert","doi":"10.1215/07990537-8749890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8749890","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In Moving Against the System: The 1968 Congress of Black Writers and the Making of Global Consciousness, David Austin continues his important work as the leading historian of 1960s black Montreal. Moving Against the System illuminates histories that are critical to an understanding of black radicalism in Canada, the Caribbean, and the African diaspora, more broadly. This work decenters the United States as the nexus of Black Power, allowing readers to think about Canada as an understudied site of black radical organizing. While the congress viewed Black Nationalism as a serious political framework for defeating both racism and colonialism, all the speakers were male. This essay critiques the masculinist politics of Black Power at the congress and analyzes how Austin navigates the absence of women's voices among the congress's speakers.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"352 1","pages":"206 - 217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89272930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-8749806
Tao Leigh Goffe
Abstract:This essay examines the political economy of Caribbean cultural capital and the formation of reggae in Jamaica in the 1950s. Through study of the Afro-Asian intimacies and tensions embedded in the sound of preindependence Jamaica, the essay traces the birth of the "sound-system" to the networks of local small-retail grocery shops, ubiquitous across Jamaica, that were owned and operated by Jamaican Chinese shopkeepers and examines how they formed material infrastructures. In charting the hardwiring of speakers and how the sociality of the shop housed the production of a new sound, the essay argues that sonic innovation was derived from Afro-Jamaican servicepeople who returned from World War II with military technological expertise, which they applied to sound engineering, and from entrepreneurial guilds of Jamaican merchants and shopkeepers of Chinese, Afro-Chinese, and Indo-Chinese descent, who helped form the conditions of possibility for the production and global distribution of reggae. Thus the networks of Jamaican Chinese diasporic capital and talent, producing and performing, helped to engineer the electrical flows of reggae to rural areas and urban dancehall parties.
{"title":"Bigger than the Sound: The Jamaican Chinese Infrastructures of Reggae","authors":"Tao Leigh Goffe","doi":"10.1215/07990537-8749806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8749806","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay examines the political economy of Caribbean cultural capital and the formation of reggae in Jamaica in the 1950s. Through study of the Afro-Asian intimacies and tensions embedded in the sound of preindependence Jamaica, the essay traces the birth of the \"sound-system\" to the networks of local small-retail grocery shops, ubiquitous across Jamaica, that were owned and operated by Jamaican Chinese shopkeepers and examines how they formed material infrastructures. In charting the hardwiring of speakers and how the sociality of the shop housed the production of a new sound, the essay argues that sonic innovation was derived from Afro-Jamaican servicepeople who returned from World War II with military technological expertise, which they applied to sound engineering, and from entrepreneurial guilds of Jamaican merchants and shopkeepers of Chinese, Afro-Chinese, and Indo-Chinese descent, who helped form the conditions of possibility for the production and global distribution of reggae. Thus the networks of Jamaican Chinese diasporic capital and talent, producing and performing, helped to engineer the electrical flows of reggae to rural areas and urban dancehall parties.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"31 1","pages":"127 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84527194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-8749830
O'Neil Lawrence
Abstract:The "creation" of Jamaican national identity owed much to the artistic movement that preceded and followed independence in 1962. While depictions of the peasantry, particularly male laborers, have become iconic representations of "true" Jamaicans, the scholarship surrounding these works has conspicuously ignored any erotic potential inherent in them. Using the contemporaneous, mostly private homoerotic photographic archive of Archie Lindo as a point of entry, this essay questions and complicates the narrative surrounding nationalist-era art in Jamaica, particularly the ways the black male body was mobilized in the development of Jamaican art and visual culture.
{"title":"Through Archie Lindo's Lens: Uncovering the Queer Subtext in Nationalist Jamaican Art","authors":"O'Neil Lawrence","doi":"10.1215/07990537-8749830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8749830","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The \"creation\" of Jamaican national identity owed much to the artistic movement that preceded and followed independence in 1962. While depictions of the peasantry, particularly male laborers, have become iconic representations of \"true\" Jamaicans, the scholarship surrounding these works has conspicuously ignored any erotic potential inherent in them. Using the contemporaneous, mostly private homoerotic photographic archive of Archie Lindo as a point of entry, this essay questions and complicates the narrative surrounding nationalist-era art in Jamaica, particularly the ways the black male body was mobilized in the development of Jamaican art and visual culture.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"27 1","pages":"143 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81027871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-8749734
Corine Labridy-Stofle
Abstract:This essay seeks to add a set of novellas written by Raphaël Confiant between 1994 and 1997 to the ongoing conversation surrounding the Éloge de la créolité and its controversial legacy. In the nearly thirty years since its publication, the Éloge and its authors have been dispraised for their monomaniacal concern for the past and their phallocentric disregard for women's critical role in the transmission of Antillean culture. Far from suggesting that these accusations are ill-founded, this essay contends that Confiant responded to the critiques and confronted the Éloge's blindspots in his Trilogie tropicale. These exuberant works, which think through the effects of modernity, globalization, and cultural domination on contemporary Martinique, have been largely ignored, perhaps because they do not follow the poetic principles outlined in the Éloge. Rather than treating them apart from other créoliste writings, this essay proposes that they constitute a self-reflexive moment in Confiant's oeuvre.
摘要:本文试图将Raphaël conconant在1994年至1997年间写的一组中篇小说加入到围绕Éloge de la cracimolit及其有争议的遗产的持续讨论中。在其出版后的近三十年里，Éloge及其作者因其对过去的偏执关注和对妇女在安地列斯文化传播中的关键作用的男性中心的漠视而受到批评。这篇文章并没有暗示这些指责是毫无根据的，而是认为康芬特在他的《热带三部曲》中回应了这些批评，直面了Éloge的盲点。这些充满活力的作品，思考了现代性、全球化和文化统治对当代马提尼克岛的影响，在很大程度上被忽视了，也许是因为它们没有遵循Éloge中概述的诗歌原则。这篇文章并没有将它们与其他的cracmeoliste作品区分开来，而是提出它们构成了康康特作品中的一个自我反思时刻。
{"title":"Departmental Dystopia: The Now and the Femme in Raphaël Confiant's Trilogie tropicale","authors":"Corine Labridy-Stofle","doi":"10.1215/07990537-8749734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8749734","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay seeks to add a set of novellas written by Raphaël Confiant between 1994 and 1997 to the ongoing conversation surrounding the Éloge de la créolité and its controversial legacy. In the nearly thirty years since its publication, the Éloge and its authors have been dispraised for their monomaniacal concern for the past and their phallocentric disregard for women's critical role in the transmission of Antillean culture. Far from suggesting that these accusations are ill-founded, this essay contends that Confiant responded to the critiques and confronted the Éloge's blindspots in his Trilogie tropicale. These exuberant works, which think through the effects of modernity, globalization, and cultural domination on contemporary Martinique, have been largely ignored, perhaps because they do not follow the poetic principles outlined in the Éloge. Rather than treating them apart from other créoliste writings, this essay proposes that they constitute a self-reflexive moment in Confiant's oeuvre.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"499 1","pages":"1 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78843544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-8749842
Ronald Cummings
Abstract:This essay utilizes an alternative politics of directionality as a way of reentering the mid-twentieth-century Caribbean literary archive. Rather than focusing on Windrush as the main orienting point, this discussion examines and regrounds what events and institutions in Jamaica might tell us about the literary 1950s. Beginning by rethinking the historiographical gaze toward London, the author then raises key questions about what the narrative of the founding of the English department at the University College of the West Indies and the work of Focus magazine in Jamaica might tell us about the development of literary culture in the Caribbean. The author ends by thinking about how a focus on returns might also help us to rethink the decade. The essay examines instances of migrant returns, through which people recrossed the waters, and explores literary remittances that saw the role and function of the London scene being debated and contested within the region.
{"title":"Caribbean Literary Historiography and the Jamaican Literary 1950s","authors":"Ronald Cummings","doi":"10.1215/07990537-8749842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8749842","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay utilizes an alternative politics of directionality as a way of reentering the mid-twentieth-century Caribbean literary archive. Rather than focusing on Windrush as the main orienting point, this discussion examines and regrounds what events and institutions in Jamaica might tell us about the literary 1950s. Beginning by rethinking the historiographical gaze toward London, the author then raises key questions about what the narrative of the founding of the English department at the University College of the West Indies and the work of Focus magazine in Jamaica might tell us about the development of literary culture in the Caribbean. The author ends by thinking about how a focus on returns might also help us to rethink the decade. The essay examines instances of migrant returns, through which people recrossed the waters, and explores literary remittances that saw the role and function of the London scene being debated and contested within the region.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"90 1","pages":"164 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75372984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-8749878
P. Hudson
Abstract:Held at Montreal's McGill University from 11 to 14 October 1968, the "Congress of Black Writers: Toward the Second Emancipation—the Dynamics of Black Liberation" was dubbed the largest Black Power conference ever held outside the United States. In Moving Against the System: The 1968 Congress of Black Writers and the Making of Global Consciousness, David Austin has compiled the surviving transcripts of this historic gathering, including the speeches by Walter Rodney, C. L. R. James, Stokely Carmichael, and Richard B. Moore, and he provides an extended introduction locating Montreal within the global politics of the late 1960s. This essay considers Moving Against the System as an archive of black and Caribbean history, examining both the debates that occurred among the participants of the conference and Austin's role as an archivist and interpreter of Montreal's radical past.
{"title":"Montreal 1968 and the Last Colonial Generation","authors":"P. Hudson","doi":"10.1215/07990537-8749878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8749878","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Held at Montreal's McGill University from 11 to 14 October 1968, the \"Congress of Black Writers: Toward the Second Emancipation—the Dynamics of Black Liberation\" was dubbed the largest Black Power conference ever held outside the United States. In Moving Against the System: The 1968 Congress of Black Writers and the Making of Global Consciousness, David Austin has compiled the surviving transcripts of this historic gathering, including the speeches by Walter Rodney, C. L. R. James, Stokely Carmichael, and Richard B. Moore, and he provides an extended introduction locating Montreal within the global politics of the late 1960s. This essay considers Moving Against the System as an archive of black and Caribbean history, examining both the debates that occurred among the participants of the conference and Austin's role as an archivist and interpreter of Montreal's radical past.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"190 1","pages":"195 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89283085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-8604514
Leniqueca A. Welcome
Abstract:Looking ethnographically at the 2018 flooding of Greenvale Park, Trinidad, and in conversation with disasters and their aftershocks throughout the region, this essay explores the entanglements of crisis, loss, and liberation. Drawing on the grassroot responses to recent not-sonatural crisis events as evidence, it shows that repetitive states of coconstituted ecological and political-economic devastation create vivid spaces of loss that make clear to the affected that repeating states of dystopia cannot be ruptured by the reiteration of the past political visions of nation-states. Finally, the essay suggests that our apocalyptic present makes the case for an abolitionist praxis to intentionally end this world that singularly values Man2 /homo oeconomicus to save ourselves as a species.
{"title":"The Infrastructures of Liberation at the End of the World: A Reflection on Disaster in the Caribbean","authors":"Leniqueca A. Welcome","doi":"10.1215/07990537-8604514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8604514","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Looking ethnographically at the 2018 flooding of Greenvale Park, Trinidad, and in conversation with disasters and their aftershocks throughout the region, this essay explores the entanglements of crisis, loss, and liberation. Drawing on the grassroot responses to recent not-sonatural crisis events as evidence, it shows that repetitive states of coconstituted ecological and political-economic devastation create vivid spaces of loss that make clear to the affected that repeating states of dystopia cannot be ruptured by the reiteration of the past political visions of nation-states. Finally, the essay suggests that our apocalyptic present makes the case for an abolitionist praxis to intentionally end this world that singularly values Man2 /homo oeconomicus to save ourselves as a species.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"37 1","pages":"109 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84158454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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