Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-8912758
Katey Castellano
Abstract:Robert Wedderburn's London-based periodical, Axe Laid to the Root (1817), disseminates his vision for a transatlantic alliance between the radicals of England's lower classes and the enslaved people in the West Indies. Throughout the Axe's six issues, he challenges the abolitionist narrative that liberal, individualist freedoms should be spread from England to the West Indies. Wedderburn instead instructs his white, lower-class readers in London about already existing African Jamaican practices of insurrectionary land and food reclamation. First, he champions the provision grounds as a land commons that produce food sovereignty and communal identity. Then he represents the Jamaican Maroons' local ecological knowledge as a source of resistance to plantation economies. Using Sylvia Wynter's environmental theories of resistance, this essay argues that Wedderburn's political theories champion African Jamaican land and food commons as a model for abolitionist futures.
{"title":"Provision Grounds Against the Plantation: Robert Wedderburn's Axe Laid to the Root","authors":"Katey Castellano","doi":"10.1215/07990537-8912758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8912758","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Robert Wedderburn's London-based periodical, Axe Laid to the Root (1817), disseminates his vision for a transatlantic alliance between the radicals of England's lower classes and the enslaved people in the West Indies. Throughout the Axe's six issues, he challenges the abolitionist narrative that liberal, individualist freedoms should be spread from England to the West Indies. Wedderburn instead instructs his white, lower-class readers in London about already existing African Jamaican practices of insurrectionary land and food reclamation. First, he champions the provision grounds as a land commons that produce food sovereignty and communal identity. Then he represents the Jamaican Maroons' local ecological knowledge as a source of resistance to plantation economies. Using Sylvia Wynter's environmental theories of resistance, this essay argues that Wedderburn's political theories champion African Jamaican land and food commons as a model for abolitionist futures.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"23 1","pages":"15 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77016538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-8912775
Aaron Kamugisha
Abstract:This essay provides a meditation on the field of Caribbean intellectual history. Commencing with a reflection on the second edition of the Caribbean Festival of Arts (Carifesta 1976), the essay proceeds to outline the contours of the field through a consideration of eight relatively discrete though overlapping categories. It argues that the study of Caribbean intellectual history gives us more conscious control over the articulation and reproduction of critical ideas about the region over time and space, alerts us to transformations in the conditions of Caribbean intellectual production, and reminds us of the existential crises the region faces in the third decade of the twenty-first century.
{"title":"The Promise of Caribbean Intellectual History","authors":"Aaron Kamugisha","doi":"10.1215/07990537-8912775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8912775","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay provides a meditation on the field of Caribbean intellectual history. Commencing with a reflection on the second edition of the Caribbean Festival of Arts (Carifesta 1976), the essay proceeds to outline the contours of the field through a consideration of eight relatively discrete though overlapping categories. It argues that the study of Caribbean intellectual history gives us more conscious control over the articulation and reproduction of critical ideas about the region over time and space, alerts us to transformations in the conditions of Caribbean intellectual production, and reminds us of the existential crises the region faces in the third decade of the twenty-first century.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"58 1","pages":"48 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90658938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-8912808
Margo Groenewoud
Abstract:This essay traces the roots of marginalization of the Dutch Caribbean in Caribbean studies, approaching these roots as an integral part of a shared Caribbean intellectual history. In the era of twentieth-century Caribbean anticolonialism, nationalism, and decolonization, local intellectuals emerged in the public arena throughout the Caribbean region. The author studies the intellectual interplays and incubations taking place, asking if and how Dutch Caribbean thinkers and writers were involved. Her analysis finds that neglect and erasure impacted Dutch Caribbean studies first and foremost from within. Mid-twentieth-century Dutch Caribbean anticolonial intellectuals have confronted strong oppression and retaliations, leading to obscured publications as well as to considerable societal and archival silences. This reflects on the self-image of the Dutch Caribbean and an observed otherness attitude among Dutch Caribbean intellectuals.
{"title":"Decolonization, Otherness, and the Neglect of the Dutch Caribbean in Caribbean Studies","authors":"Margo Groenewoud","doi":"10.1215/07990537-8912808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8912808","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay traces the roots of marginalization of the Dutch Caribbean in Caribbean studies, approaching these roots as an integral part of a shared Caribbean intellectual history. In the era of twentieth-century Caribbean anticolonialism, nationalism, and decolonization, local intellectuals emerged in the public arena throughout the Caribbean region. The author studies the intellectual interplays and incubations taking place, asking if and how Dutch Caribbean thinkers and writers were involved. Her analysis finds that neglect and erasure impacted Dutch Caribbean studies first and foremost from within. Mid-twentieth-century Dutch Caribbean anticolonial intellectuals have confronted strong oppression and retaliations, leading to obscured publications as well as to considerable societal and archival silences. This reflects on the self-image of the Dutch Caribbean and an observed otherness attitude among Dutch Caribbean intellectuals.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"67 1","pages":"102 - 115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75323591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-8912743
Yohann C. Ripert
Abstract:This essay investigates a moment for Caribbean knowledge production in which intellectuals, gathered in Haiti in 1944 for an International Congress of Philosophy, questioned whether to politicize knowledge or to seclude it from politics. Focusing on Aimé Césaire's "Poetry and Knowledge," the author compares the 1944 conference paper with the version published in Tropiques in 1945 to show a feedback loop between poetry and politics. The war, the isolation, and the intellectual evolution of Tropiques coalesced to form a new environment that prompted Césaire to rethink the relation between poetic practice and political relevance. Illuminating the relation between poetry and politics, "Poetry and Knowledge" is symptomatic of an epistemological shift from poetic writing geared toward political actions to poetic knowledge uncorrupted by political considerations that prepared Césaire for undertaking in 1945 a new literary and political trajectory.
摘要:本文考察了加勒比地区知识生产的一个时期，1944年，知识分子聚集在海地参加国际哲学大会，讨论是将知识政治化，还是将其与政治隔离开来。作者把注意力集中在艾姆萨雷的《诗歌与知识》(Poetry and Knowledge)上，将1944年的会议论文与1945年发表在《热带》(Tropiques)上的版本进行了比较，以显示诗歌与政治之间的反馈循环。战争、孤立和热带地区的知识进化共同形成了一个新的环境，促使csamsaire重新思考诗歌实践与政治相关性之间的关系。《诗歌与知识》阐明了诗歌与政治之间的关系，是一种认识论转变的征兆，从面向政治行动的诗歌写作转向不受政治考虑影响的诗歌知识，这为csamsaire在1945年走上新的文学和政治轨道做好了准备。
{"title":"When Is Poetry Political? Césaire on the Role of Knowledge in 1944","authors":"Yohann C. Ripert","doi":"10.1215/07990537-8912743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8912743","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay investigates a moment for Caribbean knowledge production in which intellectuals, gathered in Haiti in 1944 for an International Congress of Philosophy, questioned whether to politicize knowledge or to seclude it from politics. Focusing on Aimé Césaire's \"Poetry and Knowledge,\" the author compares the 1944 conference paper with the version published in Tropiques in 1945 to show a feedback loop between poetry and politics. The war, the isolation, and the intellectual evolution of Tropiques coalesced to form a new environment that prompted Césaire to rethink the relation between poetic practice and political relevance. Illuminating the relation between poetry and politics, \"Poetry and Knowledge\" is symptomatic of an epistemological shift from poetic writing geared toward political actions to poetic knowledge uncorrupted by political considerations that prepared Césaire for undertaking in 1945 a new literary and political trajectory.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"75 1","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80517943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-8749746
Lucy Swanson
Abstract:This essay examines the second installment of Martinican author Patrick Chamoiseau's trilogy Une enfance créole, using Chemin-d'école to consider how writers from the Caribbean may deploy magic in their texts in alternative ways to the magical realist mode, which critics have argued often reinforces a false dichotomy between a rational "West" and its irrational "others." Specifically, Chamoiseau's memoir both portrays creole magical beliefs as a vehicle through which its school-aged protagonists resist the ideology of neocolonial pedagogies, and it consistently refers to aspects of French civilization through the lens of the magical or marvelous. Ultimately, this essay argues, Chemin-d'école looks beyond magical motifs as mere emblems of tradition or authenticity. Using them instead to portray the neocolonial "civilizing mission" as its own form of magical thinking, the narration destabilizes the very ideas of the essential difference of Caribbean cultures and of the purported rationality of the West.
{"title":"Magical Thinking in Chamoiseau's Chemin-d'école: From Quimbois to the Mission civilisatrice","authors":"Lucy Swanson","doi":"10.1215/07990537-8749746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8749746","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay examines the second installment of Martinican author Patrick Chamoiseau's trilogy Une enfance créole, using Chemin-d'école to consider how writers from the Caribbean may deploy magic in their texts in alternative ways to the magical realist mode, which critics have argued often reinforces a false dichotomy between a rational \"West\" and its irrational \"others.\" Specifically, Chamoiseau's memoir both portrays creole magical beliefs as a vehicle through which its school-aged protagonists resist the ideology of neocolonial pedagogies, and it consistently refers to aspects of French civilization through the lens of the magical or marvelous. Ultimately, this essay argues, Chemin-d'école looks beyond magical motifs as mere emblems of tradition or authenticity. Using them instead to portray the neocolonial \"civilizing mission\" as its own form of magical thinking, the narration destabilizes the very ideas of the essential difference of Caribbean cultures and of the purported rationality of the West.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"34 1","pages":"16 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82733644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-8749794
Matthew Chin
Abstract:This essay examines discourses of homosexuality in late colonial Jamaica through an analysis of the 1951 Police Enquiry, which leveraged accusations of homosexuality among Jamaica's foreign police officers as a key component of its investigative work. With information from Jamaican state records, news media, literature, and social science studies, the essay argues that the inquiry mobilized divergent discourses of homosexuality across the Atlantic to enact an anticolonial nationalist form of sexual regulation. The inquiry drew not only from Jamaican figurations of homosexuality as the preserve of wealthy white foreign men but also from the Wolfenden Committee proceedings that led to the decriminalization of homosexuality in England and from the "Lavender Scare" that purged homosexuals from federal government employment in the United States. Despite its failing to reform Jamaica's police force, the inquiry nevertheless foregrounds how sexual regulation operates through the interconnected workings of race, class, gender, and nation.
{"title":"Antihomosexuality and Nationalist Critique in Late Colonial Jamaica: Revisiting the 1951 Police Enquiry","authors":"Matthew Chin","doi":"10.1215/07990537-8749794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8749794","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay examines discourses of homosexuality in late colonial Jamaica through an analysis of the 1951 Police Enquiry, which leveraged accusations of homosexuality among Jamaica's foreign police officers as a key component of its investigative work. With information from Jamaican state records, news media, literature, and social science studies, the essay argues that the inquiry mobilized divergent discourses of homosexuality across the Atlantic to enact an anticolonial nationalist form of sexual regulation. The inquiry drew not only from Jamaican figurations of homosexuality as the preserve of wealthy white foreign men but also from the Wolfenden Committee proceedings that led to the decriminalization of homosexuality in England and from the \"Lavender Scare\" that purged homosexuals from federal government employment in the United States. Despite its failing to reform Jamaica's police force, the inquiry nevertheless foregrounds how sexual regulation operates through the interconnected workings of race, class, gender, and nation.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"88 1","pages":"81 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89102698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-8749758
Carlos Garrido Castellano, Magdalena López, B. Ramírez, Tony Capellán
Abstract:This essay deals with issues of citizenship, artistic labor, and belonging in the context of the Dominican Republic. It examines the collaborative work of the Colectivo Quintapata to understand how artistic collaboration is used as a way for generating social transformation and reaching audiences beyond the artistic medium. Analyzing art installations, public interventions, and socially engaged art pieces produced by Quintapata between 2009 and 2014, this essay argues that artistic collaboration works in the case of Quintapata, not so much as a formula but rather as a flexible tool employed to face situations of economic and institutional precariousness, extending the outcomes of each project beyond its original temporality and audience.
{"title":"Inside and Outside the Exhibition Space: The Poetics and Politics of Colectivo Quintapata","authors":"Carlos Garrido Castellano, Magdalena López, B. Ramírez, Tony Capellán","doi":"10.1215/07990537-8749758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8749758","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay deals with issues of citizenship, artistic labor, and belonging in the context of the Dominican Republic. It examines the collaborative work of the Colectivo Quintapata to understand how artistic collaboration is used as a way for generating social transformation and reaching audiences beyond the artistic medium. Analyzing art installations, public interventions, and socially engaged art pieces produced by Quintapata between 2009 and 2014, this essay argues that artistic collaboration works in the case of Quintapata, not so much as a formula but rather as a flexible tool employed to face situations of economic and institutional precariousness, extending the outcomes of each project beyond its original temporality and audience.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"45 1","pages":"31 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81448190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-8749782
T. Robinson
Abstract:In Jamaica in the 1940s and 1950s, prominent women and women's organizations led a notorious campaign to promote mass weddings. The campaign targeted working-class black Jamaicans living together in long-term heterosexual relationships and was aimed at improving the status of women and children and readying working-class Jamaicans for citizenship. This essay explores mass weddings as a form of women's activism in the mid-twentieth century, and it reflects on M. G. Smith's trenchant critique of mass weddings in his introduction to Edith Clarke's iconic study My Mother Who Fathered Me. Smith identifies a governor's wife as the instigator of the campaign, not the black Jamaican middle-class nationalist feminists who were responsible, yet his account has ascended to a form of academic folk knowledge that is oft repeated and rarely probed. As a valued resource for understanding late colonialism in the Caribbean, it has caricatured Caribbean feminist interventions in nationalist projects, and it contributes to the feminization of an enduring Caribbean "coloniality."
{"title":"Mass Weddings in Jamaica and the Production of Academic Folk Knowledge","authors":"T. Robinson","doi":"10.1215/07990537-8749782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8749782","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In Jamaica in the 1940s and 1950s, prominent women and women's organizations led a notorious campaign to promote mass weddings. The campaign targeted working-class black Jamaicans living together in long-term heterosexual relationships and was aimed at improving the status of women and children and readying working-class Jamaicans for citizenship. This essay explores mass weddings as a form of women's activism in the mid-twentieth century, and it reflects on M. G. Smith's trenchant critique of mass weddings in his introduction to Edith Clarke's iconic study My Mother Who Fathered Me. Smith identifies a governor's wife as the instigator of the campaign, not the black Jamaican middle-class nationalist feminists who were responsible, yet his account has ascended to a form of academic folk knowledge that is oft repeated and rarely probed. As a valued resource for understanding late colonialism in the Caribbean, it has caricatured Caribbean feminist interventions in nationalist projects, and it contributes to the feminization of an enduring Caribbean \"coloniality.\"","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"519 1","pages":"65 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77199438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-8749914
D. Austin
Abstract:Rounding out a discussion of Moving Against the System: The 1968 Congress of Black Writers and the Making of Global Consciousness, the author engages in a dialogue with his respondents about the significance of the congress. This essay assesses the legacy of the 1968 congress as a manifestation of the black radical tradition and a critical involvement with socialism. Drawing on C. L. R. James and Sylvia Wynter, it argues that black freedom struggles in the Americas and Europe, including slave revolts, have been an essential part of the history of labor and freedom struggles. It also contends that race has been overdetermined in ways that have historically understated the centrality of black labor to the emergence of modern capitalism, to anticapitalist struggle, and to the movement for universal freedom and a more broadly defined socialism. The essay concludes by asserting that black radical politics pose a challenge to the color- and colonial-blindness of the conventional Left while at the same time reimaging what freedom can mean in the present.
{"title":"Dread Dialectics","authors":"D. Austin","doi":"10.1215/07990537-8749914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8749914","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Rounding out a discussion of Moving Against the System: The 1968 Congress of Black Writers and the Making of Global Consciousness, the author engages in a dialogue with his respondents about the significance of the congress. This essay assesses the legacy of the 1968 congress as a manifestation of the black radical tradition and a critical involvement with socialism. Drawing on C. L. R. James and Sylvia Wynter, it argues that black freedom struggles in the Americas and Europe, including slave revolts, have been an essential part of the history of labor and freedom struggles. It also contends that race has been overdetermined in ways that have historically understated the centrality of black labor to the emergence of modern capitalism, to anticapitalist struggle, and to the movement for universal freedom and a more broadly defined socialism. The essay concludes by asserting that black radical politics pose a challenge to the color- and colonial-blindness of the conventional Left while at the same time reimaging what freedom can mean in the present.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"19 1","pages":"228 - 238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87485392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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