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Malariology and decolonization: Eastern European experts from the League of Nations to the World Health Organization 疟疾学和非殖民化:从国际联盟到世界卫生组织的东欧专家
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-03-11 DOI: 10.1017/S1740022822000067
Bogdan C. Iacob
Abstract The article de-centres the global history of disease by examining the agency of Eastern European expertise at international organizations and during decolonization. It challenges accounts of anti-malaria policies at the League of Nations Health Organization and at the World Health Organization written from a Western, particularly North American perspective, or on the basis of local reactions to Western interventions. The contribution proposes an analysis of circulations and ideas across multiple cultural, social and political spaces: post-imperial European states, (post)colonial territories and bureaucracies of international organizations. From the 1920s to the 1960s, Eastern European experts played a crucial role in the transformation of malaria from an imperial disease that tested governance over ‘tropical’ peoples into an issue of global health and nation-state building. However, regional representatives reproduced civilizational hierarchies intrinsic to North–South biomedical relations. The global entanglements of Eastern European malariology show that liberation from disease was less about communism or liberalism, and more about national renewal, statehood and world hierarchies.
摘要本文通过考察东欧专业知识在国际组织和非殖民化期间的作用,对全球疾病史进行了梳理。它挑战了国际联盟卫生组织和世界卫生组织从西方,特别是北美的角度,或根据当地对西方干预措施的反应,对抗疟疾政策的描述。该贡献提出了对多个文化、社会和政治空间中的流通和思想的分析:后帝国主义的欧洲国家、(后)殖民地和国际组织的官僚机构。从20世纪20年代到60年代,东欧专家在将疟疾从一种考验“热带”人民治理的帝国疾病转变为全球卫生和民族国家建设问题方面发挥了关键作用。然而,地区代表再现了南北生物医学关系中固有的文明等级制度。东欧不合时宜的全球纠葛表明,从疾病中解放出来与其说是共产主义或自由主义,不如说是国家复兴、国家地位和世界等级制度。
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引用次数: 2
(Anti-)Colonialism, religion and science in Bengal from the perspective of global religious history 从全球宗教史看孟加拉的(反)殖民主义、宗教与科学
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-03-11 DOI: 10.1017/S1740022822000110
J. Strube
Abstract This article focuses on debates about the relationship between religion, science and national identity that unfolded in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Bengal. Combining perspectives from religious studies and global history, it offers a specific approach to theoretical and methodological issues revolving around entanglement, agency and modernity. This will be operationalized, first, through an exploration of personal networks surrounding the Bengali Tantric pandit Shivachandra Bhattacharya Vidyarnava; his Bengali disciple, philosopher and nationalist educator, Pramathanath Mukhopadhyay and Shivachandra’s British disciple, the judge John Woodroffe. Second, an investigation of the connections between self-referentially ‘orthodox’ societies, so-called reformers, and the Theosophical Society will further illustrate the global exchanges that conditioned and shaped contemporary debates about religion, science and politics. This will complicate and shed new light on the contested relationship between modernity and tradition, or reformism and orthodoxy, opening new perspectives for further dialogue between religious studies and global history.
摘要本文聚焦于19世纪末和20世纪初孟加拉关于宗教、科学和民族认同之间关系的辩论。它结合了宗教研究和全球历史的视角,为围绕纠缠、代理和现代性的理论和方法论问题提供了一种具体的方法。这将首先通过探索孟加拉密宗牧师Shivachandra Bhattacharya Vidyarnawa周围的个人网络来实现;他的孟加拉弟子、哲学家和民族主义教育家Pramathanath Mukhopadhyay和Shivachandra的英国弟子John Woodroffe法官。其次,对自我指称的“正统”社会、所谓的改革者和神学社会之间的联系进行调查,将进一步说明制约和塑造当代宗教、科学和政治辩论的全球交流。这将使现代性与传统、改良主义与正统之间有争议的关系复杂化,并为其提供新的视角,为宗教研究与全球历史之间的进一步对话开辟新的视角。
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引用次数: 1
Special issue introduction: Towards a global history of international organizations and decolonization 特刊导言:走向国际组织和非殖民化的全球历史
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-03-11 DOI: 10.1017/S1740022822000043
Eva-Maria Muschik
Abstract Decolonization and the expansion of international organizations in the twentieth century are crucial developments in modern global history, yet scholars have seldom closely studied their impact on one another. While decolonization is often presented as the ‘success story’ of international organizations, these bodies have also been condemned as instruments of neocolonialism. This introduction and special issue moves beyond this binary and investigates the multifaceted roles that international organizations have played in decolonizing countries and how the dissolution of European empires has in turn affected the development of international organizations. International organizations were neither straightforward tools of empire or neocolonialism, nor natural instruments for ‘Third World’ liberation. Rather, the contributions collected here underline a history of decolonization that defies any teleological framing and emphasizes diverse trajectories of global interaction facilitated through international organizations. The introduction offers an overview of recent literature on the topic and discusses promising avenues for further research.
摘要二十世纪的非殖民化和国际组织的扩张是现代全球历史上的重要发展,但学者们很少仔细研究它们之间的影响。虽然非殖民化经常被描述为国际组织的“成功故事”,但这些机构也被谴责为新殖民主义的工具。这篇引言和特刊超越了这种二元性,探讨了国际组织在国家非殖民化中发挥的多方面作用,以及欧洲帝国的解体如何反过来影响国际组织的发展。国际组织既不是帝国主义或新殖民主义的直接工具,也不是“第三世界”解放的自然工具。相反,这里收集的资料强调了非殖民化的历史,它无视任何目的论框架,强调通过国际组织促进的全球互动的不同轨迹。引言概述了有关该主题的最新文献,并讨论了有希望进行进一步研究的途径。
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引用次数: 3
The League of Nations and the post-Ottoman recolonization of the Nile Valley: The imperial Matryoshka of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1922–1924 国际联盟与后奥斯曼帝国对尼罗河流域的重新殖民:英埃苏丹帝国的马特里什卡,1922–1924
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-03-09 DOI: 10.1017/S1740022822000031
Giorgio Potì
Abstract This article addresses the Anglo-Egyptian dispute over Sudan following the Ottoman defeat in World War One and Cairo’s nominal independence in 1922. Drawing from Foreign Office documents, League of Nations archives, Egyptian parliamentary records and contemporary academic jurisprudence, it traces the failed Egyptian attempt to activate the settlement mechanisms of the Covenant after the assassination of the British governor of Sudan. In parallel, the article investigates the British preparations to face international arbitration, including the hypothetical request for a League mandate over Sudan. Through Cairo’s and London’s perceptions, we can grasp the global reach of the Geneva organization beyond its limited membership and agency. Although the League undertook no measures, the possibility of its intervention triggered competing legal arguments, as well as rival discourses of Egyptian and Sudanese self-determination. Thus, this essay sheds light on a recolonization process pre-dating World War Two. The clash of British and Egyptian imperial projects in the Nile Valley warns historians against forcing a teleology of the end of empire on the interwar roots of decolonization.
摘要本文论述了奥斯曼帝国在第一次世界大战中战败和1922年开罗名义上独立后,英埃两国在苏丹问题上的争端。根据外交部文件、国际联盟档案、埃及议会记录和当代学术判例,它追溯了英国苏丹总督遇刺后,埃及启动《公约》解决机制的失败尝试。与此同时,这篇文章调查了英国面临国际仲裁的准备情况,包括对联盟在苏丹问题上授权的假设请求。通过开罗和伦敦的看法,我们可以了解日内瓦组织在其有限的成员和机构之外的全球影响力。尽管联盟没有采取任何措施,但其干预的可能性引发了相互竞争的法律争论,以及埃及和苏丹自决的对立言论。因此,本文揭示了第二次世界大战前的重新殖民过程。英国和埃及帝国在尼罗河流域的项目冲突警告历史学家,不要把帝国终结的目的论强加在两次世界大战之间非殖民化的根源上。
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引用次数: 0
‘They must either be informed or they will be cominformed’: Covert propaganda, political literacy, and cold war knowledge production in the Loyal African Brothers series “他们要么被告知,要么就会被告知”:《忠诚的非洲兄弟》系列中的秘密宣传、政治素养和冷战知识制作
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1017/S1740022822000109
Adam LoBue
Abstract This article analyzes and narrates the history of a clandestine propaganda project known as the Loyal African Brothers series. At the height of the Cold War, African leaders of public opinion received unsolicited leaflets from a group styled the Freedom for Africa Movement (FFAM). Addressed to ‘our Loyal African Brothers,’ the leaflets decried Communist penetration of Africa by connecting topical regional and global events with local histories meant to resonate with an African readership. Unknown to the recipients was that the leaflets were in reality a fabrication of the British Foreign Office’s clandestine propaganda arm, the Information Research Department. Examining the content and distribution of the series, this article uses newly declassified documents to situate Loyal African Brothers within a global ecosystem of Cold War propaganda, decolonization, and print culture. In doing so, it positions Africa as a key battleground in the cultural front of the Global Cold War.
本文分析和叙述了一个秘密宣传项目的历史,被称为“忠诚的非洲兄弟”系列。在冷战最激烈的时候,非洲的舆论领袖收到了一个名为“非洲自由运动”(FFAM)的团体送来的未经请求的传单。这些传单写给“我们忠诚的非洲兄弟”,谴责共产党对非洲的渗透,将地区性和全球性时事与当地历史联系起来,意在引起非洲读者的共鸣。收信人不知道的是,这些传单实际上是英国外交部的秘密宣传部门——信息研究部(Information Research Department)编造的。本文检视该丛书的内容和发行,并使用最新解密的文件,将《忠诚的非洲兄弟》置于冷战宣传、非殖民化和印刷文化的全球生态系统中。在这样做的过程中,它将非洲定位为全球冷战文化前线的一个关键战场。
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引用次数: 0
The Hands Off Ethiopia campaign, racial solidarities and intercolonial antifascism in South Asia (1935–36) 不干涉埃塞俄比亚运动、种族团结和南亚殖民地间反法西斯主义(1935-36)
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-02-21 DOI: 10.1017/S1740022822000092
Arlena Buelli
Abstract The transnational campaign against the Italian invasion of the Ethiopian Empire (1936–36) has been widely acknowledged as a turning point for antiracist and anticolonial political organizing in the African continent and diaspora. This article seeks to reconstruct the South Asian participation in the Hands Off Ethiopia protests, to expand historical knowledge of the early-twentieth-century development of Afro-Asian solidarity ties as well as the intersection of anti-Fascist and anticolonial struggles. It examines the institutional responses to the invasion on the part of the Indian Legislative Assembly, and a series of demonstrations, local meetings and boycotts whose implications reverberated in the local and international press as well as in the concerns of British colonial authorities. As will be argued, this mobilization was fueled by feelings of racial solidarity, anti-imperialist analyses, anti-caste critiques, scriptural interpretations and religious universalisms.
反对意大利入侵埃塞俄比亚帝国的跨国运动(1936-36)被广泛认为是非洲大陆和散居海外的反种族主义和反殖民主义政治组织的转折点。本文试图重建南亚参与“放手”埃塞俄比亚抗议活动,以扩大对20世纪早期亚非团结关系发展的历史认识,以及反法西斯和反殖民斗争的交集。它审查了印度立法议会对入侵的体制反应,以及一系列示威、地方会议和抵制活动,这些活动的影响在当地和国际新闻界以及英国殖民当局的关切中引起反响。正如我们将要讨论的那样,这种动员是由种族团结、反帝国主义分析、反种姓批评、圣经解释和宗教普遍主义的情感推动的。
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引用次数: 0
Asia’s oceanic Anthropocene: How political elites and global offshore oil development moved Asian marine spaces into the new epoch 亚洲海洋人类世:政治精英和全球近海石油开发如何将亚洲海洋空间带入新时代
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-02-14 DOI: 10.1017/S1740022821000413
S. Huebner
Abstract The Anthropocene epoch, characterized by human-caused planetary-scale transformations like climate change and ocean acidification, today is usually associated with the period beginning in the mid-twentieth century. Taking an oceanic perspective on the Anthropocene in Asia, the article argues that oceanic and terrestrial energy regimes synchronized since the 1950s when, for the first time in history, oceanic ghost acres turned marine spaces into a major fuel source. Despite global connections between offshore oil regions located in North America, Asia, and other places going back to the late nineteenth century, Asia’s contingent offshore oil field locations and their physical geographies, combined with political factors, inhibited large-scale offshore drilling before the 1950s. These characteristics of marine spaces meant that Asian political elites and their developmentalist agendas became the guiding force in exploring offshore fields, a process that was hardly dominated by corporate capitalism or structural choice limitations due to the legacies of colonialism.
人类世的特征是人类引起的行星尺度变化,如气候变化和海洋酸化,今天通常与20世纪中期开始的时期联系在一起。这篇文章从海洋的角度来看待亚洲的人类世,认为海洋和陆地的能源制度自20世纪50年代以来是同步的,这是历史上第一次,海洋的幽灵英亩把海洋空间变成了一个主要的燃料来源。尽管北美、亚洲和其他地区的海上油区之间的全球联系可以追溯到19世纪后期,但在20世纪50年代之前,亚洲海上油田的位置和地理位置,再加上政治因素,抑制了大规模的海上钻探。海洋空间的这些特征意味着亚洲的政治精英和他们的发展主义议程成为探索海上油田的指导力量,这一过程几乎不受公司资本主义或殖民主义遗留的结构性选择限制的支配。
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引用次数: 0
JGH volume 17 issue 1 Cover and Front matter JGH第17卷第1期封面和封面问题
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-02-11 DOI: 10.1017/s1740022822000018
H. isory, G. Sood
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引用次数: 0
JGH volume 17 issue 1 Cover and Back matter JGH第17卷第1期封面和封底
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-02-11 DOI: 10.1017/s174002282200002x
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引用次数: 0
Local advantage in a global context. Competition, adaptation and resilience in textile manufacturing in the ‘periphery’, 1860–1960 全球背景下的本地优势。1860-1960年“外围”纺织制造业的竞争、适应和弹性
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-02-10 DOI: 10.1017/S1740022821000425
K. Frederick, Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk
Abstract This article analyses the resilience of domestic textile production in Java and sub-Saharan Africa to uncover how local industries coped with the effects of broader global and colonial forces in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. We demonstrate that many domestic handicraft manufacturers managed to survive due to specific competitive advantages. Strategies of product differentiation, responsiveness to shifting consumer needs, and flexibility in manufacturing methods enabled local producers to remain competitive in confrontation with mounting imports from early factories, typically constituting cheap, but lower quality and less unique products. Some local manufacturers could even compete based on price given the very low labour costs associated with seasonally-oriented handicraft production, which raises questions about the extent of the comparative advantage enjoyed by early-industrializing nations in the Global North. The capacity of domestic textile producers to remain competitive amid colonial policies aimed at capturing local markets – and raw cotton sources – highlights not only the importance of product differentiation and the specificity of local demand, but also the agency exercised by both producers and consumers under colonial rule.
本文分析了爪哇和撒哈拉以南非洲地区国内纺织品生产的弹性,以揭示19世纪末和20世纪初当地工业如何应对更广泛的全球和殖民力量的影响。我们证明了许多国内工艺品制造商由于特定的竞争优势而得以生存。产品差异化战略、对不断变化的消费者需求的反应以及制造方法的灵活性使当地生产商能够在与早期工厂日益增加的进口产品对抗时保持竞争力,这些产品通常是廉价但质量较低和不那么独特的产品。考虑到季节性手工业生产的劳动力成本非常低,一些当地制造商甚至可以基于价格进行竞争,这引发了对全球北方早期工业化国家所享有的比较优势程度的质疑。在旨在占领当地市场和原棉来源的殖民政策中,国内纺织品生产商保持竞争力的能力不仅突出了产品差异化和当地需求的特殊性的重要性,而且也突出了殖民统治下生产者和消费者双方所发挥的作用。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Global History
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