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Islands in a sea of sand: The role of Tarim Basin polities in global trade during late antiquity 沙海中的岛屿:塔里木盆地政治在古代晚期全球贸易中的作用
1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-10-09 DOI: 10.1017/s1740022823000189
Tomas Larsen Høisæter
Abstract Much of the literature on the Ancient Silk Road has examined its operation through the prism of empires and East-West connections. Yet in the last few decades several scholars have sought to re-examine this framework, with a number suggesting that the roots of the Silk Road exchange network should be sought instead in the many polities which lay along its routes. This article similarly seeks to challenge the traditional ‘Silk Road of Empires’ concept by applying approaches from global history and examining both archaeological and written sources from the third- and fourth-century kingdom of Kroraina in the south-eastern Tarim Basin in Xinjiang, Western China. The first goal of this article is to consider Kroraina’s inclusion in the wider Silk Roads network and how this network influenced local elite consumption. The second is to examine Kroraina’s role in the Silk Road network. It is argued that polities like Kroraina played a crucial role in facilitating and maintaining trans-Eurasian trade in Late Antiquity.
许多关于古丝绸之路的文献都是通过帝国和东西方联系的棱镜来考察其运作的。然而,在过去的几十年里,一些学者试图重新审视这一框架,许多人认为,丝绸之路交流网络的根源应该从沿线的许多政治中寻找。这篇文章同样试图挑战传统的“帝国丝绸之路”概念,通过应用全球历史的方法,并检查来自中国西部新疆塔里木盆地东南部的三世纪和四世纪Kroraina王国的考古和书面资料。本文的第一个目标是考虑Kroraina被纳入更广泛的丝绸之路网络,以及这个网络如何影响当地精英的消费。二是考察乌克兰在丝绸之路网络中的作用。有人认为,像Kroraina这样的政治在促进和维持古代晚期的跨欧亚贸易方面发挥了至关重要的作用。
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引用次数: 0
From cakravartin to bodhisattva: Buddhist models for globalization 从喀拉梵到菩萨:全球化的佛教典范
1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-10-09 DOI: 10.1017/s1740022823000141
Signe Cohen
Abstract This article examines globalization in an Asian context through the lens of two Buddhist concepts: the cakravartin and the bodhisattva. A cakravartin is a ruler who fuses spiritual and political power in his global reign. This article argues that the cakravartin represents one model of Buddhist globalization where the spread of the religion coincides with the growing military dominion of a BuddhGist king. A bodhisattva, on the other hand, is an enlightened being who has chosen to be reborn out of compassion with the entire suffering world. A bodhisattva watches over a ‘Buddha field’, or spiritual realm. Each Buddha field has its own laws, culture, language, or even separate forms of time and space. The bodhisattva provides a new model for understanding cultural diversity in the absence of a unified political power: the Buddhist world is a transnational network where new identities are negotiated.
本文通过两个佛教概念:金刚和菩萨来审视亚洲背景下的全球化。卡克拉瓦廷是在他的全球统治中融合精神和政治力量的统治者。本文认为,喀拉梵寺代表了佛教全球化的一种模式,在这种模式下,佛教的传播与佛教国王日益增长的军事统治相吻合。另一方面,菩萨是一个开悟的人,他出于对整个苦难世界的同情而选择重生。菩萨守护着“佛田”,或精神领域。每个佛场都有自己的规律、文化、语言,甚至是不同的时空形式。在缺乏统一政治权力的情况下,菩萨为理解文化多样性提供了一种新的模式:佛教世界是一个跨国网络,在那里新的身份被协商。
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引用次数: 0
The Sino-Malaysian Rubber Trade, 1950-80: A Global History 1950-80年中马橡胶贸易:全球史
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-09-06 DOI: 10.1017/s1740022823000220
Yu Yao, Youxin Guo
This article examines the evolution of the Sino-Malaysian rubber trade between 1950 and 1980 from a global perspective. In the 1950s, this trade was one part of a triangular rubber trade extending from Southeast Asia through China to the European socialist countries who were the real buyers of much of the Malayan rubber exported to China. While China stopped its rubber re-exports to the Soviet Union in 1961, the Sino-Malaysian rubber trade continued to evolve under the shadow of global events, especially Malaysia’s economic tensions with industrialized Western countries and China’s military confrontations with its enemies. The engagement of so many global players in this trade brought more pressures, challenges, and opportunities for Malaysia and China as they bargained with each other, consequently contributing to the sharp fluctuation of trade during this period.
本文从全球视角考察了1950年至1980年间中马橡胶贸易的演变。在20世纪50年代,这种贸易是三角橡胶贸易的一部分,从东南亚经中国延伸到欧洲社会主义国家,这些国家是马来亚出口到中国的橡胶的真正买家。虽然中国在1961年停止了对苏联的橡胶再出口,但在全球事件的阴影下,特别是马来西亚与西方工业化国家的经济紧张局势和中国与敌人的军事对抗,中马橡胶贸易继续发展。如此多的全球参与者参与这一贸易,给马来西亚和中国在相互讨价还价时带来了更多的压力、挑战和机遇,从而导致这一时期的贸易急剧波动。
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引用次数: 0
Rethinking colonialism through early modern global diplomacy: A tale of Pampangan mobility 通过早期现代全球外交重新思考殖民主义:邦板牙移动的故事
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-08-25 DOI: 10.1017/s1740022823000219
Birgit Tremml-Werner
This study is an intervention in early modern global diplomacy. Integrating an indigenous community of the Philippines into foreign relations and maritime connections, the article reevaluates the complex story of the Pampangans of Luzon, allegedly long-term allies of the Spanish conquerors, and the narrative of indigenous collaboration. Foregrounding the Pampangans’ involvement in military campaigns, as well as territorial and maritime expansion in the early decades of the 1600s, the article introduces three scenarios of Pampangan power bargaining with global consequences. The focus on Pampangan foreign relations opens new analytical perspectives on the role of language and knowledge for internal coloniality on the one hand, foreign and diplomatic negotiations on the other. Methodologically, it proposes a deep (re-)reading of the polyvocal archive of the colonial-indigenous encounter and integrates insights with the largely separated scholarship of diplomatic and indigenous history as a new avenue in global history.
这项研究是对早期现代全球外交的干预。文章将菲律宾的土著社区融入外交关系和海上联系,重新评估了据称是西班牙征服者长期盟友的吕宋邦潘人的复杂故事,以及土著合作的叙事。文章以17世纪初潘潘加人参与军事行动以及领土和海洋扩张为背景,介绍了潘潘加权力谈判的三种情景,并产生了全球影响。对潘潘甘外交关系的关注为语言和知识在内部殖民主义、外交和外交谈判中的作用开辟了新的分析视角。在方法论上,它提出了对殖民地土著遭遇的多焦点档案的深入(重新)阅读,并将见解与外交和土著历史的基本分离的学术相结合,作为全球历史的一条新途径。
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引用次数: 0
Working for the Wireless World: Radio Uganda Technicians and the Wo/manpower of 1970s Cosmopolitanism 为无线世界工作:无线电乌干达技术人员和20世纪70年代世界主义的Wo/人力
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.1017/s1740022823000207
Ismay Milford
This article argues that technicians’ working lives and workplaces are crucial to conceptualizing the inequalities that characterized the ‘wireless world’ of radio broadcasting during a period of demands for a new information order. Taking Uganda’s national broadcaster and the files it has preserved as a focus, I follow calls to move beyond the exceptionalism of 1970s Uganda to locate it in global histories of technology and work. Like many broadcasters in decolonizing countries, Radio Uganda struggled to secure space on the electromagnetic spectrum, challenge neo-colonial information monopolies, balance its internationalist ambitions with its reliance on foreign equipment and training agreements, and fill vacancies. In the same years, its technicians responded to hundreds of reception reports sent by amateur distant listeners – most from Western Europe. The labour of responding to these reports and their cosmopolitan pronouncements represents a hitherto unexplored window onto the exchanges that underscored the globalization of radio technology and its limits in the 1970s.
本文认为,在对新信息秩序的需求时期,技术人员的工作生活和工作场所对于概念化无线电广播的“无线世界”特征的不平等至关重要。以乌干达的国家广播公司及其保存下来的文件为重点,我响应呼吁,超越20世纪70年代乌干达的例外主义,将其置于全球技术和工作的历史中。像许多非殖民化国家的广播公司一样,乌干达广播电台努力争取电磁频谱的空间,挑战新殖民主义的信息垄断,平衡其国际主义野心与对外国设备和培训协议的依赖,并填补空缺。在同一年,它的技术人员回应了数百份来自业余远程听众的接收报告——大多数来自西欧。回应这些报告及其世界性声明的努力,代表了一个迄今为止未被探索的窗口,揭示了20世纪70年代强调无线电技术全球化及其局限性的交流。
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引用次数: 0
Three meanings of colonialism: Nehru, Sukarno, and Kotelawala debate the future of the Third World Movement (1954-61) 殖民主义的三种含义:尼赫鲁、苏加诺和科特拉瓦拉讨论第三世界运动的未来(1954-61)
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.1017/s1740022823000190
S. Bhardwaj
As the post-colonial Global South was weaving together the Third World Movement in the 1950s, it was also struggling to arrive at a common definition of colonialism. Since the movement was primarily premised on anti-colonial sentiments, redefining the term ‘colonialism’ could change its parameters. This article examines debates between three Asian leaders – Jawaharlal Nehru, Sukarno, and Sir John Kotelawala – who proposed three different meanings of colonialism. These definitions were informed by distinct ways that the colonial experience was remembered in their respective countries. Each definition was meant to redirect the energies of the Third World Movement towards a different vision of a post-colonial global order. The three leaders debated this question in major Afro-Asian conferences of the mid-twentieth century. Their disagreements represented a foundational fissure in the movement. Relying on primary sources from multiple countries, this article recovers a political dialogue within the Global South unmediated by the West, which is often ignored by the scholarship.
上世纪50年代,当后殖民时代的全球南方国家将第三世界运动(Third World Movement)编织在一起时,它们也在努力为殖民主义制定一个共同的定义。由于该运动主要以反殖民主义情绪为前提,重新定义“殖民主义”一词可能会改变其参数。本文考察了三位亚洲领导人——贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁、苏加诺和约翰·科特拉瓦拉爵士之间的争论,他们提出了殖民主义的三种不同含义。这些定义以不同的方式体现在各自国家对殖民经历的记忆中。每一个定义都是为了将第三世界运动的精力转向后殖民时代全球秩序的不同愿景。这三位领导人在20世纪中期的主要亚非会议上讨论了这个问题。他们的分歧代表了这场运动的根本分歧。本文依靠来自多个国家的第一手资料,恢复了全球南方内部不受西方斡旋的政治对话,这是学术界经常忽视的。
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引用次数: 0
The company-microstate: The Auckland Islands and corporate colonialism in global history, 1849-52 公司微观状态:奥克兰群岛和全球历史上的企业殖民主义,1849-52
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1017/s1740022823000128
Rohan Howitt
The Auckland Islands, a subantarctic archipelago 465 kilometres south of New Zealand, were the setting for one of the stranger episodes in the global history of colonial expansion. From 1849–52, these remote, inhospitable islands were governed and settled by a chartered company. The project was driven by lofty ambitions to simultaneously create a flourishing settler colony and unlock vast new whaling grounds in the Southern Ocean; the reality was a commercial disaster plagued by bitter internal disputes and a speedy abandonment. Drawing on the methods of global microhistory, I argue that the colonization of the Auckland Islands was a pivotal moment in the integration of the Southern Ocean world into global processes of governance, mobility, and trade. This anomalous case contributes to recent scholarship on ‘company-states’ and the central role of such hybrid polities in processes of cross-regional interaction and globalization.
奥克兰群岛是新西兰以南465公里的一个亚南极群岛,是全球殖民扩张史上一个奇怪事件的发生地。从1849-52年,这些偏远、荒凉的岛屿由一家特许公司管理和定居。该项目的动机是雄心勃勃,要同时在南大洋建立一个繁荣的定居者殖民地和开辟广阔的新捕鲸场;事实上,这是一场商业灾难,充满了激烈的内部纠纷和迅速的放弃。根据全球微观历史的方法,我认为奥克兰群岛的殖民化是南大洋世界融入全球治理、流动和贸易进程的关键时刻。这种反常的情况有助于最近关于“公司国家”的学术研究,以及这种混合政治在跨区域互动和全球化过程中的核心作用。
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引用次数: 0
JGH volume 18 issue 2 Cover and Front matter JGH第18卷第2期封面和封面
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.1017/s1740022823000104
H. isory, Heidi J. S. Tworek
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引用次数: 0
India, the United Nations Human Rights Commission, and the 1979 Virginity Testing Scandal 印度、联合国人权委员会和1979年的处女检验丑闻
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.1017/s1740022823000098
Jinal Parekh, A. Datta
This article looks at India’s complaint at the United Nations Human Rights Commission in 1979 about the ‘virginity test’ performed on a migrant Indian woman at Heathrow. It examines the use of arguments about race and racial discrimination by India to compel Britain to discuss immigration on a bilateral basis. The article argues that the pivot to a race-based argument was deliberately patriarchal and India’s main concern in these negotiations was the impending British Nationality Act of 1981, which would prevent men from moving to Britain in search of an overseas wife. Using the virginity testing scandal, the article re-examines the changing role of discourses about race in postcolonial institutions of global governance.
这篇文章关注的是印度在1979年向联合国人权委员会投诉希思罗机场对一名印度移民妇女进行“处女测试”。它考察了印度利用关于种族和种族歧视的争论迫使英国在双边基础上讨论移民问题。这篇文章认为,以种族为基础的论点的核心是故意的父权制,而印度在这些谈判中主要担心的是即将出台的1981年《英国国籍法案》,该法案将阻止男性移居英国寻找海外妻子。本文以童贞测试丑闻为例,重新审视了种族话语在后殖民时期全球治理机构中不断变化的角色。
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引用次数: 0
JGH volume 18 issue 2 Cover and Back matter JGH第18卷第2期封面和封底
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.1017/s1740022823000116
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Global History
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