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Substituting Coffee and Tea in the Eighteenth Century: A Rural and Material History with Global Implications 18世纪咖啡和茶的替代:一部具有全球意义的乡村和物质史
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.1017/S1740022823000086
Hanna Hodacs
Abstract This article discusses the material history of coffee and tea by drawing on mid-eighteenth-century substitute recipes collected by physicians in different provinces of Sweden, applying perspectives from economic history, the history of science, medicine, and globalization. The starting point for the analysis is that a substitute can be said to reflect what are perceived as the most important properties, in terms of look, feel, taste, and scent, of the thing being copied. The products of a predominantly self-sustained agrarian world, the tea and coffee substitutes offered a distinctive rural alternative to the new exotic beverages. In terms of ecology and economy, this context encompassed large parts of central and north-eastern Europe; it also involved areas with a history of consumption that differed considerably from those of the cosmopolitan elites which have hitherto dominated the scholarship on eighteenth-century coffee and tea. The article finally suggests that the ways in which early modern substitutes were consumed and processed helped pave the way for the mass consumption of imported goods in rural areas of Europe in the following centuries.
本文从经济史、科学史、医学史和全球化的角度,借鉴瑞典不同省份的医生收集的18世纪中期替代配方,探讨了咖啡和茶的物质历史。分析的出发点是,可以说替代品反映了被复制物品在外观、感觉、味道和气味方面最重要的特性。茶和咖啡的替代品主要是自给自足的农业世界的产品,为新的异国情调饮料提供了独特的农村选择。在生态和经济方面,这一背景包括中欧和东北欧洲的大部分地区;它还涉及到有消费历史的地区,这些地区与那些迄今为止主导着18世纪咖啡和茶学术的世界性精英有很大的不同。文章最后指出,早期现代代用品的消费和加工方式为随后几个世纪欧洲农村地区大量消费进口商品铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 0
The poor woman’s energy: Low-modernist solar technologies and international development, 1878–1966 贫穷妇女的能源:低现代主义太阳能技术和国际发展,1878-1966
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-04-04 DOI: 10.1017/S1740022823000062
Elizabeth Chatterjee
Abstract Solar energy often appears a resource without a history, perpetually novel and promising futuristic abundance. This overlooks a long episode of ‘low-modernist’ solar research in and for the global South. Focusing especially on India and detouring through Mexico, two important arenas for early solar experimentation, this article traces an alternative history of solar technologies as austere everyday fixes for developing countries. In parallel with the well-known postcolonial focus on high-modernist energy mega-projects, the narrow transnational community of solar experts retained a competing tendency to think small. At its heart lay a dualistic conception of the modern energy economy: flexible and resource-intensive grid electricity for urban centres, inferior off-grid devices to meet the minimal and static needs of the rural poor. This impoverished, feminized Third World projected user base resulted in persistent underinvestment and failed commercialization, helping to explain why solar technologies did not take off earlier. While solar experts emphasized the regional exceptionalism of the arid tropics, the teleological linkage between modernity and ever-rising energy abundance was rejuvenated from below as rural communities began to imagine the high-energy good life as a universal aspiration.
摘要太阳能往往是一种没有历史的资源,永远是新奇的,充满希望的未来资源。这忽略了全球南方长期以来的“低现代主义”太阳能研究。本文特别关注印度和墨西哥这两个早期太阳能实验的重要场所,追溯了太阳能技术作为发展中国家日常解决方案的替代历史。与众所周知的后殖民时代对高度现代主义能源大型项目的关注同时,太阳能专家的狭隘跨国群体保留了一种狭隘的竞争倾向。其核心是现代能源经济的二元概念:城市中心的灵活和资源密集型电网电力,满足农村穷人最低和静态需求的劣质离网设备。这种贫穷、女性化的第三世界预测用户群导致了持续的投资不足和商业化失败,这有助于解释为什么太阳能技术没有更早发展起来。虽然太阳能专家强调了干旱热带地区的区域例外论,但随着农村社区开始将高能量的美好生活想象为一种普遍的愿望,现代性与不断增加的能源丰度之间的目的论联系从下面重新焕发了活力。
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引用次数: 0
The extreme southern origins of globality: Circumnavigation, habitability, and geopolitics – ADDENDUM 全球化的极端南方起源:环球航行、可居住性和地缘政治-附录
1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1017/s1740022823000049
Mauricio Onetto Pavez
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
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引用次数: 0
White Internationalism and the League of Nations Movement in Interwar Australia 白人国际主义与澳大利亚国际联盟运动
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-03-14 DOI: 10.1017/s1740022823000074
Aden Knaap
Popular support for the League of Nations spread around the world in the interwar period but it did not spread evenly. Instead, it was concentrated in white-majority countries: both in Europe and beyond in the form of settler societies around the world. This article explores the relationship between the League movement and white supremacy in one such community: Australia. Citizens in that country combined their allegiance to the League with their beliefs in white supremacy: about the need to restrict immigration through the ‘White Australia’ policy; about the rationale of them ruling over non-white peoples in the territories they held under League ‘mandate’; and about their treatment of Indigenous Australians. In short, they were ‘white internationalists’. Australia’s white internationalists were relatively few. But they reveal a global history of popular white internationalism. Interwar Australians might have been some of the most blatant white internationalists but they were far from the only ones.
在两次世界大战期间,民众对国际联盟的支持在世界各地蔓延,但并不均匀。相反,它集中在白人占多数的国家:欧洲和世界各地的定居者社会。本文探讨了联盟运动与澳大利亚白人至上主义之间的关系。该国公民将他们对联盟的忠诚与他们对白人至上主义的信仰结合在一起:关于通过“白人澳大利亚”政策限制移民的必要性;关于他们在联盟“授权”下控制的领土上统治非白人的理由;以及他们对待澳大利亚土著人的方式。简而言之,他们是“白人国际主义者”。澳大利亚的白人国际主义者相对较少。但它们揭示了流行的白人国际主义的全球历史。战争期间的澳大利亚人可能是一些最明目张胆的白人国际主义者,但他们远不是唯一的。
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引用次数: 0
Mapping Byzantine Sericulture in the Global Transfer of Technology 测绘全球技术转移中的拜占庭蚕桑
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-03-02 DOI: 10.1017/s1740022823000050
Gang Wu
The transfer of sericulture into Byzantium is a critical episode in the global dissemination of silk production technology. However, it is now widely accepted that the explanatory model portraying the transfer as a one-off event is at odds with the historical facts. This article seeks to reassess the transfer of this technology through the lens of appropriation, interpreted as a process. Based on a detailed analysis of the limited evidence available, it attempts to reconstruct the process from transregional and diachronic perspectives, embracing, on the one hand, the transmission of sericulture from China to Byzantium and, on the other, its development in Byzantium over time. This reconstruction offers an explanation for unresolved historical problems. It also constitutes a template for modelling the global transfer of technology in the premodern world, potentially of great value for an in-depth understanding of the transfer.
蚕业向拜占庭的转移是丝绸生产技术在全球传播的一个关键事件。然而,现在人们普遍认为,将转会描述为一次性事件的解释模型与历史事实不符。本文试图通过挪用的视角重新评估这项技术的转让,将其解释为一个过程。在详细分析现有有限证据的基础上,试图从跨区域和历时的角度重建这一过程,一方面包括蚕业从中国到拜占庭的传播,另一方面包括其在拜占庭的发展。这种重建为尚未解决的历史问题提供了一种解释。它还构成了模拟前现代世界全球技术转让的模板,对深入了解技术转让可能具有重要价值。
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引用次数: 0
‘Only One Earth’: Environmental Perceptions and Policies before the Stockholm Conference, 1968–1972 “只有一个地球”:斯德哥尔摩会议之前的环境观念和政策,1968–1972
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-03-02 DOI: 10.1017/S1740022823000013
Lena Joos
Abstract This article examines the emergence of global environmental perceptions and policies in the preparatory phase of the UN Conference on the Human Environment 1968–1972, based on an internationally comparative study of sixty-three preparatory country reports. Located at the intersection of global, knowledge, environmental and political history, the article raises two theses. First, that ‘the environment’ emerged as a field of knowledge in not only capitalist industrial societies but globally, thus in socialist and non-industrial societies too. Second, the article demonstrates a large overlap of environmental policies taken across geographical and ideological lines. Thus, the article sheds light on the understanding of environmental problems as well as national and international environmental policy measures around 1970 and thereby contributes to the question of how environmental governance emerged as a global field.
本文通过对63个筹备国家报告的国际比较研究,考察了1968-1972年联合国人类环境会议筹备阶段全球环境观念和政策的出现。本文位于全球、知识、环境和政治史的交叉点,提出了两个论点。首先,“环境”作为一个知识领域不仅出现在资本主义工业社会,而且出现在全球,因此也出现在社会主义和非工业社会。其次,这篇文章展示了跨越地理和意识形态界限所采取的环境政策的大量重叠。因此,本文阐明了对1970年前后环境问题以及国家和国际环境政策措施的理解,从而有助于解决环境治理如何成为一个全球性领域的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Doing Utopia: Radical utopian communities, mobility, and the body in the early twentieth century 做乌托邦:激进的乌托邦社区,流动性和身体在20世纪初
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-02-28 DOI: 10.1017/s1740022823000037
R. Kramm
This article analyses communal projects in the first half of the twentieth century. It investigates communes in various places of the non-Western world, including the Tolstoy Farm in South Africa, the Nōson Seinen Sha’s anarchist commune in imperial Japan, and the Rastafarian Pinnacle Commune on Jamaica. At first glance these communes seem completely unrelated as they emerged in distinct cultural and historical contexts. However, bringing them into conversation demonstrates that these communes equally showcase a high degree of integration into global structural transformations of the early twentieth century. Mobility and the body are applied as analytical perspectives to underscore, firstly, the similarity and connectivity of these otherwise very different and distinctive communal projects. Secondly, mobility and the body also illustrate the importance of doing utopia, acknowledging historical experience and practice beyond established analysis of utopia that are too often concerned with mapping utopia’s discursive formation. And finally, this article complements transnational comparative and global connected history by accentuating similarity and the interplay of integration and marginality as analytical tools to narrate a decentred global history.
本文分析了20世纪上半叶的公共项目。它调查了非西方世界各个地方的公社,包括南非的托尔斯泰农场,日本帝国时期Nōson塞宁沙的无政府主义公社,以及牙买加的拉斯塔法里派Pinnacle公社。乍一看,这些公社似乎完全不相关,因为它们出现在不同的文化和历史背景下。然而,将它们纳入对话表明,这些公社同样显示出与二十世纪初全球结构变革的高度融合。流动性和身体作为分析的角度来强调,首先,这些非常不同和独特的公共项目的相似性和连通性。其次,流动性和身体也说明了做乌托邦的重要性,承认历史经验和实践超越了对乌托邦的既定分析,这些分析往往涉及描绘乌托邦的话语形成。最后,本文通过强调相似性以及一体化和边缘性的相互作用作为分析工具来叙述非中心化的全球历史,从而补充了跨国比较史和全球联系史。
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引用次数: 0
On the rationale and implications of China’s RMB internationalization: A global historical perspective 中国人民币国际化的理论基础与启示:一个全球历史的视角
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1017/S1740022823000025
Kean Fan Lim
Abstract This article addresses two interrelated questions pertaining to the Communist Party of China’s (CPC) attempt to internationalize the Chinese currency – the renminbi (RMB). First, what is the historical rationale of RMB internationalization, and what are its implications? Second, how does the rationale for, and implications of, RMB internationalization distinguish this process from the emergence of the US dollar as the global reserve currency? The article proceeds by framing the RMB internationalization process as a historical palimpsest that emerges from three critical moments following the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. It then assesses their collective global historical significance through a comparison with the rationale and effects of dollar internationalization. Through foregrounding the domestic and global path-dependence of the RMB’s historical evolution, the article argues that RMB internationalization does not constitute a rupture in global historical terms by challenging the dollar’s global reserve currency status; rather, it paradoxically consolidates a dollar-centric global monetary system because the CPC is committed to sustaining the Mao-era (1949-76) legacy of absolute macroeconomic control.
摘要本文论述了中国共产党(CPC)试图使人民币国际化的两个相互关联的问题。首先,人民币国际化的历史依据是什么?其含义是什么?第二,人民币国际化的基本原理和影响如何将这一过程与美元成为全球储备货币的过程区分开来?本文将人民币国际化进程描述为1949年中华人民共和国成立后三个关键时刻出现的历史重写。然后,通过与美元国际化的基本原理和影响的比较,评估它们的总体全球历史意义。本文通过对人民币历史演变的国内路径依赖性和全球路径依赖性的展望,认为人民币国际化挑战美元的全球储备货币地位,并不构成全球历史意义上的断裂;相反,它自相矛盾地巩固了以美元为中心的全球货币体系,因为中国共产党致力于维持毛时代(1949-76)对绝对宏观经济控制的遗产。
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引用次数: 3
JGH volume 18 issue 1 Cover and Back matter JGH第18卷第1期封面和封底
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-02-10 DOI: 10.1017/s1740022822000304
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引用次数: 0
JGH volume 18 issue 1 Cover and Front matter JGH第18卷第1期封面和封面
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-02-10 DOI: 10.1017/s1740022822000298
H. isory, Heidi J. S. Tworek
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Global History
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