ABSTRACT Spatial language interaction is critical for human-robot interactions. However, previous findings are inconsistent in people’s perspective choices for robots and humans. In two experiments, participants viewed complex spatial layouts and verbally instructed an imagined human or robot addressee to find the target location or route. In both tasks, participants only tended to describe from humans‘ but not robots’ perspective, at the cost of taking more time to generate instructions for humans than robots. The results showed that spatial language interaction is not only a spatial but also a social task, and people do not regard robots as human-like social partners.
{"title":"Treat robots as humans? Perspective choice in human-human and human-robot spatial language interaction","authors":"Chengli Xiao, Weishuang Wu, Junyi Zhang, Liufei Xu","doi":"10.1080/13875868.2023.2227995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13875868.2023.2227995","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Spatial language interaction is critical for human-robot interactions. However, previous findings are inconsistent in people’s perspective choices for robots and humans. In two experiments, participants viewed complex spatial layouts and verbally instructed an imagined human or robot addressee to find the target location or route. In both tasks, participants only tended to describe from humans‘ but not robots’ perspective, at the cost of taking more time to generate instructions for humans than robots. The results showed that spatial language interaction is not only a spatial but also a social task, and people do not regard robots as human-like social partners.","PeriodicalId":46199,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Cognition and Computation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89065824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-21DOI: 10.1080/13875868.2023.2204394
Darin Galyer, S. Dopkins
ABSTRACT Our results suggest that direction information is more influential than distance information in memory for the locations of objects relative to landmarks. Participants viewed target objects in conjunction with pairs of landmarks and then attempted to place the targets in the correct locations relative to the landmarks. The locations of the landmarks at test were slightly different from their locations at study. This dissociated the locations in which the targets would be placed if they were remembered solely on the basis of distance and direction, respectively. Participants placed the targets closer to the “direction-predicted” locations than to the “distance-predicted” locations.
{"title":"Direction information is more influential than distance information in memory for location relative to landmarks","authors":"Darin Galyer, S. Dopkins","doi":"10.1080/13875868.2023.2204394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13875868.2023.2204394","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Our results suggest that direction information is more influential than distance information in memory for the locations of objects relative to landmarks. Participants viewed target objects in conjunction with pairs of landmarks and then attempted to place the targets in the correct locations relative to the landmarks. The locations of the landmarks at test were slightly different from their locations at study. This dissociated the locations in which the targets would be placed if they were remembered solely on the basis of distance and direction, respectively. Participants placed the targets closer to the “direction-predicted” locations than to the “distance-predicted” locations.","PeriodicalId":46199,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Cognition and Computation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81740826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-09DOI: 10.1080/13875868.2023.2170802
J. Krukar, Antonia van Eek, A. Schwering
ABSTRACT Sketch maps are considered a reliable method for assessing spatial knowledge. However, it is unknown whether all information types in sketch maps are reconstructed with similar accuracy under differing task instructions. Here, we show that the dominant information type and metric accuracy of sketches of a single environment drawn by the same person change across drawing tasks. Results are in line with the situated nature of spatial cognition: participants produce different types of maps, and different recall errors, depending on the task at hand. Understanding variation in measures of sketch maps is critical for designing standardized and automated methods of sketch map analysis.
{"title":"Task-dependent sketch maps","authors":"J. Krukar, Antonia van Eek, A. Schwering","doi":"10.1080/13875868.2023.2170802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13875868.2023.2170802","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Sketch maps are considered a reliable method for assessing spatial knowledge. However, it is unknown whether all information types in sketch maps are reconstructed with similar accuracy under differing task instructions. Here, we show that the dominant information type and metric accuracy of sketches of a single environment drawn by the same person change across drawing tasks. Results are in line with the situated nature of spatial cognition: participants produce different types of maps, and different recall errors, depending on the task at hand. Understanding variation in measures of sketch maps is critical for designing standardized and automated methods of sketch map analysis.","PeriodicalId":46199,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Cognition and Computation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79714008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.1080/13875868.2022.2158090
Stephanie Doner, Jingyi Zheng, Andrew S. McAvan, Michael J. Starrett, R. Campbell, Delaney Sanders, Arne D. Ekstrom
ABSTRACT In a classic study in 1946, Tolman et al. found that rodents chose the optimal path to a hidden goal location when given the option to take a shortcut. Subsequent studies, though, found mixed results, including a previous study in humans showing non-optimal response strategies. Here, we tested human participants in a virtual sunburst maze identical to that employed by Tolman. Across three different experiments, we found that participants consistently employed non-optimal response strategies involving either following the encoded route or using the light as a beacon cue. Adding distal boundary cues (Experiment 2) or enhancing idiothetic cues (Experiment 3) led to the same overall results. Our findings suggest participants’ search strategies are often suboptimal when given the opportunity to spontaneously take a short cut.
{"title":"Evidence for flexible navigation strategies during spatial learning involving path choices","authors":"Stephanie Doner, Jingyi Zheng, Andrew S. McAvan, Michael J. Starrett, R. Campbell, Delaney Sanders, Arne D. Ekstrom","doi":"10.1080/13875868.2022.2158090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13875868.2022.2158090","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In a classic study in 1946, Tolman et al. found that rodents chose the optimal path to a hidden goal location when given the option to take a shortcut. Subsequent studies, though, found mixed results, including a previous study in humans showing non-optimal response strategies. Here, we tested human participants in a virtual sunburst maze identical to that employed by Tolman. Across three different experiments, we found that participants consistently employed non-optimal response strategies involving either following the encoded route or using the light as a beacon cue. Adding distal boundary cues (Experiment 2) or enhancing idiothetic cues (Experiment 3) led to the same overall results. Our findings suggest participants’ search strategies are often suboptimal when given the opportunity to spontaneously take a short cut.","PeriodicalId":46199,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Cognition and Computation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83791361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-05DOI: 10.1080/13875868.2022.2130330
Eva Nuhn, S. Timpf
ABSTRACT Although numerous studies have shown that landmarks are important for navigation, almost all navigation systems implement a shortest-route algorithm without considering landmarks. Which options do we have to integrate landmarks into a route calculation? How would the resulting routes differ from shortest routes? We propose a weighting method for Dijkstra’s shortest route algorithm to generate “landmark routes” and compare them to their corresponding shortest routes. We show that the extra distance and time needed to walk the landmark routes is acceptable in most of the routes. The main contribution is a thorough discussion of the differences between the two types of routes. Since the results are promising, we discuss variations in computing the weights as well as recommend human subject tests.
{"title":"Landmark weights - an alternative to spatial distances in shortest route algorithms","authors":"Eva Nuhn, S. Timpf","doi":"10.1080/13875868.2022.2130330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13875868.2022.2130330","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Although numerous studies have shown that landmarks are important for navigation, almost all navigation systems implement a shortest-route algorithm without considering landmarks. Which options do we have to integrate landmarks into a route calculation? How would the resulting routes differ from shortest routes? We propose a weighting method for Dijkstra’s shortest route algorithm to generate “landmark routes” and compare them to their corresponding shortest routes. We show that the extra distance and time needed to walk the landmark routes is acceptable in most of the routes. The main contribution is a thorough discussion of the differences between the two types of routes. Since the results are promising, we discuss variations in computing the weights as well as recommend human subject tests.","PeriodicalId":46199,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Cognition and Computation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77401726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.1080/13875868.2022.2117045
X. Lou, K. Deng, Yidi Li, Changhai Peng
ABSTRACT This paper studies the sufficient, necessary, and optimal conditions of the phenomenal transparency of architectural space (PTAS) by the eigenvector and eigenvalue of the gradient function of Scalar Field Function (SFF). Then, the SFF’s method is used to analyze the PTAS of significant contemporary or canonical architectural works. The conclusions are: the eigenvalue of the SFF and its integral can be used to describe PTAS; the sufficient and necessary conditions of PTAS are the eigenvalue cannot be zero, and the area integral of the eigenvalue should be greater than a certain value; the optimal condition of PTAS is that the eigenvalue is the largest; the corresponding design methods include spatial stratification, graphic overlay, and grid rotation.
摘要本文利用标量场函数(Scalar Field function, SFF)的梯度函数的特征向量和特征值，研究了建筑空间(PTAS)现象透明的充要条件、必要条件和最优条件。然后，使用SFF的方法分析重要的当代或规范建筑作品的PTAS。结论是:SFF的特征值及其积分可以用来描述PTAS;PTAS的充要条件是特征值不能为零，且特征值的面积积分大于某一值;PTAS的最优条件是特征值最大;相应的设计方法包括空间分层、图形叠加、网格旋转等。
{"title":"Transparency study of architectural space based on a scalar field function","authors":"X. Lou, K. Deng, Yidi Li, Changhai Peng","doi":"10.1080/13875868.2022.2117045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13875868.2022.2117045","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper studies the sufficient, necessary, and optimal conditions of the phenomenal transparency of architectural space (PTAS) by the eigenvector and eigenvalue of the gradient function of Scalar Field Function (SFF). Then, the SFF’s method is used to analyze the PTAS of significant contemporary or canonical architectural works. The conclusions are: the eigenvalue of the SFF and its integral can be used to describe PTAS; the sufficient and necessary conditions of PTAS are the eigenvalue cannot be zero, and the area integral of the eigenvalue should be greater than a certain value; the optimal condition of PTAS is that the eigenvalue is the largest; the corresponding design methods include spatial stratification, graphic overlay, and grid rotation.","PeriodicalId":46199,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Cognition and Computation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73347549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-19DOI: 10.1080/13875868.2022.2111683
Niloofar Aflaki, Kristin Stock, C. B. Jones, H. Guesgen, J. Morley
ABSTRACT Spatial prepositions have been studied in some detail from multiple disciplinary perspectives. However, neither the semantic similarity of these prepositions, nor the relationships between the multiple senses of different spatial prepositions, are well understood. In an empirical study of 24 spatial prepositions, we identify the degree and nature of semantic similarity and extract senses for three semantically similar groups of prepositions using t-SNE, DBSCAN clustering, and Venn diagrams. We validate the work by manual annotation with another data set. We find nuances in meaning among proximity and adjacency prepositions, such as the use of close to instead of near for pairs of lines, and the importance of proximity over contact for the next to preposition, in contrast to other adjacency prepositions.
{"title":"An empirical study of the semantic similarity of geospatial prepositions and their senses","authors":"Niloofar Aflaki, Kristin Stock, C. B. Jones, H. Guesgen, J. Morley","doi":"10.1080/13875868.2022.2111683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13875868.2022.2111683","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Spatial prepositions have been studied in some detail from multiple disciplinary perspectives. However, neither the semantic similarity of these prepositions, nor the relationships between the multiple senses of different spatial prepositions, are well understood. In an empirical study of 24 spatial prepositions, we identify the degree and nature of semantic similarity and extract senses for three semantically similar groups of prepositions using t-SNE, DBSCAN clustering, and Venn diagrams. We validate the work by manual annotation with another data set. We find nuances in meaning among proximity and adjacency prepositions, such as the use of close to instead of near for pairs of lines, and the importance of proximity over contact for the next to preposition, in contrast to other adjacency prepositions.","PeriodicalId":46199,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Cognition and Computation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87038999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-19DOI: 10.1080/13875868.2022.2095275
Kristin Stock, C. B. Jones, T. Tenbrink
ABSTRACT Spatial language incorporates descriptions of locations, routes, and landscapes, and is used by humans daily. Research has addressed a wide range of aspects of spatial language, including its form; the ways in which it is selected and applied; and cognitive, geometric, and functional factors affecting its use. Furthermore, much work has been done on the automation of spatial language extraction, analysis, interpretation, and generation. To introduce the Special Issue on this broad topic, this paper reviews spatial language research framed by an extension to the well-known semantic triangle, the “spatial semantic pyramid,” which represents both human spatial language and relevant computational research. By introducing it, we hope to stimulate discussion about gaps and future directions in this important research field.
{"title":"Speaking of location: a review of spatial language research","authors":"Kristin Stock, C. B. Jones, T. Tenbrink","doi":"10.1080/13875868.2022.2095275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13875868.2022.2095275","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Spatial language incorporates descriptions of locations, routes, and landscapes, and is used by humans daily. Research has addressed a wide range of aspects of spatial language, including its form; the ways in which it is selected and applied; and cognitive, geometric, and functional factors affecting its use. Furthermore, much work has been done on the automation of spatial language extraction, analysis, interpretation, and generation. To introduce the Special Issue on this broad topic, this paper reviews spatial language research framed by an extension to the well-known semantic triangle, the “spatial semantic pyramid,” which represents both human spatial language and relevant computational research. By introducing it, we hope to stimulate discussion about gaps and future directions in this important research field.","PeriodicalId":46199,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Cognition and Computation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86417505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-10DOI: 10.1080/13875868.2022.2095276
Salome Pedrett, Alain Chavaillaz, Andrea Frick
ABSTRACT Mental representations of rotation were investigated in 3.5- to 5.5-year-olds (N = 74) using a multi-method approach. In a novel mental-rotation task, children were asked to choose one of two rotated shapes that would fit onto a counterpart. The developmental trajectory of mental rotation was compared to eye-tracking results on how the same children observed and anticipated circular object motion. On the mental-rotation task, children below age 4 performed above chance up to angles of 150°, and performance improved with age. Eye-tracking results indicated that mental representations of circular motion were largely developed by the age of 3.5 years. In contrast, perception of rotational motion and mental rotation of asymmetrical shapes continued to develop between 3.5 and 5.5 years of age.
{"title":"Age-related changes in how 3.5- to 5.5-year-olds observe and imagine rotational object motion","authors":"Salome Pedrett, Alain Chavaillaz, Andrea Frick","doi":"10.1080/13875868.2022.2095276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13875868.2022.2095276","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Mental representations of rotation were investigated in 3.5- to 5.5-year-olds (N = 74) using a multi-method approach. In a novel mental-rotation task, children were asked to choose one of two rotated shapes that would fit onto a counterpart. The developmental trajectory of mental rotation was compared to eye-tracking results on how the same children observed and anticipated circular object motion. On the mental-rotation task, children below age 4 performed above chance up to angles of 150°, and performance improved with age. Eye-tracking results indicated that mental representations of circular motion were largely developed by the age of 3.5 years. In contrast, perception of rotational motion and mental rotation of asymmetrical shapes continued to develop between 3.5 and 5.5 years of age.","PeriodicalId":46199,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Cognition and Computation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88037234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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