Pub Date : 2021-02-22DOI: 10.1080/2201473X.2021.1884427
Gabrielle Moser
ABSTRACT Wooden crates are a recurring subject in the visual archive of settler colonialism in Canada’s Arctic, appearing on the shores of eastern Baffin Island throughout the first half of the twentieth century. Reading some of the hundreds of photographs that appear in the holdings of Library and Archives Canada in Ottawa, this essay charts the symbolic and political work that crates performed in the settler colonial imaginary. It draws on David L. Eng’s call to examine the ‘colonial object relations’ that have split Indigenous subjects into ‘good and bad objects’ in the liberal imaginary to propose that wooden crates are symptomatic of settler colonialism’s unconscious drive to make and unmake Inuit subjects into citizens in response to the demands of national and transnational political events. Tracing the intersection of crates, photography and ballot boxes in the archive, the essay examines the settler colonial state’s attempts at imposing and consolidating power, but also points to the practices of continuity and resistance enacted by Inuit subjects.
木箱是加拿大北极殖民者殖民主义的视觉档案中反复出现的主题，在整个20世纪上半叶出现在巴芬岛东部的海岸上。阅读渥太华加拿大图书馆和档案馆收藏的数百张照片中的一些，这篇文章描绘了板条箱在定居者殖民想象中所起的象征性和政治性作用。它借鉴了大卫·l·英格(David L. Eng)对“殖民客体关系”的研究，这种关系在自由主义的想象中把土著主体分成了“好客体和坏客体”，并提出木箱是定居者殖民主义无意识地驱使因纽特人臣民成为公民的症状，以回应国家和跨国政治事件的要求。本文追溯了档案中板条箱、摄影和投票箱的交集，考察了移民殖民国家强加和巩固权力的尝试，但也指出了因纽特人制定的连续性和抵抗实践。
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Pub Date : 2021-02-11DOI: 10.1080/2201473X.2021.1882827
S. Toll
ABSTRACT This article intervenes in current scholarship discussing the role of marriage, gender, and law in the writings of Mohawk author and performer E. Pauline Johnson, focusing on her short story ‘My Mother.’ Specifically, it is interested in Johnson’s fictionalized account of her parents’ interracial marriage, paying particular attention to her idealized characterization of her father, George Mansion, in the text. This portrayal of her father as a paragon of a ‘magnificent type of Mohawk manhood’ is filtered through the perception of the ostensible subject of her story, her mother, Lydia Bestman. As this article demonstrates, her mother interprets George Mansion’s individual and familial political power through the lens of settler assumptions, denuding them of their cultural import as expressions of Mohawk sovereignty. George and Lydia’s relationship is posited as a panacea for cultural and political upheaval, offering a romanticized portrayal of the dueling settler-Canadian and Indigenous spatializations of land, law, and bodies that marked the era.’
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Pub Date : 2021-02-11DOI: 10.1080/2201473X.2021.1881343
J. Jensen, Rebecca Weaver-Hightower
ABSTRACT This essay explores the gendered dynamics of settler belonging in Catharine Parr Traill's Backwoods of Canada and Anna Brownell Jameson's Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada. Settlement for women, in order to maintain socially acceptable boundaries, required vastly different performative tasks from male settlers. Therefore, our inquiry considers why these two female settlers include rich descriptions of landscape and flora in their narratives. By looking at their perceptions of the ‘new’ landscape, their interactions in farming and harvesting, and their classification of plants, we assert that botany − though seemingly harmless and temperate work − showcases developing relationships to settlement and so too becomes a tool in the struggle to psychologically establish and legitimize settlement. By setting these texts side by side we invite readers to (re)imagine the image of the female settler, acts of settlement, and the importance of women's participation in the colonial project.
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Pub Date : 2021-02-11DOI: 10.1080/2201473X.2021.1884426
A. Crosby
ABSTRACT Over the past 20 years, critical infrastructure has become a central organizing node of national security policing. At the same time, ongoing Indigenous resistance to settler colonialism in Canada has highlighted the centrality of critical infrastructure as a network of dispossession, a focal point for insecurity governance practices, and a fixation of settler colonial policing efforts. Scrutinizing an internal police report released under Canada’s Access to Information Act, this article examines how Indigenous communities have been framed as a primary threat to the country’s critical infrastructure. This article contributes to recent scholarly work examining the evolution of critical infrastructure protection and resilience in the Canadian context, including the integration of private sector corporations as security peers within a reorganized national security environment. In particular, it emphasizes the racialized ideological formations of settler colonialism that code and surveil Indigenous communities who assert self-determination as a source of menace to the vital systems and networks that sustain the prosperity of settler society on stolen Indigenous land.
近20年来，关键基础设施已成为国家安全警务的中心组织节点。与此同时，加拿大土著居民对移民殖民主义的持续抵制突显了关键基础设施作为剥夺网络的中心地位，是不安全治理实践的焦点，也是移民殖民主义警务工作的固定焦点。本文检视根据加拿大资讯获取法(Access to Information Act)发布的警方内部报告，检视原住民社群如何被视为国家关键基础建设的主要威胁。本文对近期研究加拿大关键基础设施保护和弹性演变的学术工作有所贡献，包括在重组的国家安全环境中整合私营部门公司作为安全同行。它特别强调了移民殖民主义的种族化的意识形态形态，这种意识形态规范和监视土著社区，这些社区主张自决，并将其视为对维持在被盗土著土地上的移民社会繁荣的重要系统和网络的威胁来源。
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Pub Date : 2021-02-11DOI: 10.1080/2201473X.2021.1883843
S. Mackenzie
ABSTRACT Examining representations of gendered violence in Marie Clements’ The Unnatural and Accidental Women as they are used for decolonizing purposes, I aim to elucidate the complexity of the linkage between colonization, violence against Indigenous women, and contemporary Indigenous women's dramatic production. Employing Clements’ play as an example, this paper contends that plays by Indigenous women do not merely memorialize colonial transgressions, but they also provide an avenue for individual and potential cultural healing by deconstructing some of the harmful ideological work performed by colonial and occasionally postcolonial misrepresentations. Dramatic texts by contemporary Indigenous women, I argue, especially those containing revisionist historical components, revive and preserve cultural memory and function in direct opposition to colonialist disparagement of Indigeneity/Métissage. So, too, do these works educate readers/spectators concerning colonial histories of violence, ultimately facilitating a process of relearning, which can lead to reconciliatory understandings thereby creating potential for collective healing.
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Pub Date : 2020-12-13DOI: 10.1080/2201473X.2020.1851939
Peter Baker
ABSTRACT This article seeks to bring into question some of the assumptions that lie behind what constitutes ‘settlement’ in settler colonial theory by focusing on the case of the recent history of Indigenous mobilisations in Bolivia. The first part of the article discusses two of the defining features which have characterised settler colonialism as a specific type of colonialism in the literature: the transformation of the land and the settler-native binary. I show that whilst most of the Latin American and Caribbean region has rightly been disqualified as settler colonial on both accounts, a closer look at the assumptions behind what constitutes settlement for settler colonial theory and the uneasy place of the Latin American and Caribbean region within this framework reveals a need to create a more nuanced, differentiated understanding of settlement which can help to analyse such cases. Focusing on the shift in racial discourses that took place with recent Indigenous mobilisations in Bolivia from the 1960s onwards and the legacy of discourses of racial mixing or mestizaje, the article seeks to show how narratives of race served to underpin and legitimise processes of settlement in this Andean country.
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Pub Date : 2020-11-30DOI: 10.1080/2201473x.2020.1853947
Éléna Choquette
ABSTRACT This article examines the language and strategies of Canadian land expansion through the founding of Manitoba in 1870. It analyses the discourse of key colonial authorities, which reveal that Canada mobilises the ideals of liberalism to promote the colonial policy of appropriating Indigenous lands. Because liberalism endures as the dominant paradigm that both structure contemporary politics and contemporary thinking about politics in the West, it is critical to clarify the connection between liberalism and the wrongs of land appropriation. Examining the role of liberal ideas in the founding of Manitoba also helps defuse the capacity of liberalism to produce dispossession, especially of Indigenous Peoples. In addition to exposing the ideas that supported the production of Canadian sovereignty, this article also analyses the various tactics Canada deployed to secure that sovereignty amidst Indigenous resistance. If Canadian officials first opted to absorb Indigenous lands through the ‘gentle’ means of administration, declaration and negotiation, they resorted to military forces when Indigenous Peoples frustrated Canadian claims to sovereignty. By bringing into focus the shifting tactics that Canadian state officials employed to annex Indigenous lands, the founding of Manitoba enriches our understanding of settler colonial statecraft and of the distinctive means of settler state expansion.
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Pub Date : 2020-11-17DOI: 10.1080/2201473X.2020.1845939
Lucy Taylor
ABSTRACT How might analysis of Argentina, its history and social relations, complicate and enrich our understanding of settler colonialism? This is the key question that drives this article which explores four of the conceptual foundations that underpin settler colonial theory: the labour/land distinction; terra nullius; the black/slavery category; and the settler/native binary. From these, four key insights emerge around the following themes: capitalism; geopolitics; slaveability/elimination; and mestizaje. As such, the article builds on existing critiques of binary thinking in settler colonial theory by considering ‘settling’ from locations and experiences beyond the usual locus of study. By disarranging our ‘definition’ and expectations of settler colonial regimes, it aims to both enhance established theory and to foster a bridge between Latin American Studies and Settler Colonial Studies as intellectual fields.
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Pub Date : 2020-11-11DOI: 10.1080/2201473x.2020.1841505
David B. MacDonald
ABSTRACT A particularly egregious example of settler injustice was the murder of a young nehiyaw man named Colten Boushie in August, 2016, shot in the head by a white farmer named Gerald Stanley. An all-white jury in Saskatchewan acquitted Stanley in February 2018, touching off demonstrations across the country. This article contextualizes the Stanley trial within settler colonial history, and argues that the trial and its aftermath provide a window into the ways settler colonialism tries to silence Indigenous peoples. Divided into four parts, the article first explores the concept of settler silencing, while the second looks at the context of settler colonialism in with a focus on Treaty 6 lands in Saskatchewan, and how the Treaty has been silenced for over a century. I then move to a detailed engagement with the killing of Colten Boushie and the trial which followed. I draw liberally on the trial transcript, demonstrating various techniques used to silence Indigenous peoples while confining speech and the articulation of what constitutes the norm to a handful of non-Indigenous legal professionals. I focus here on multiple examples of how settler silencing works in practice, before in the final part make several conclusions.
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Pub Date : 2020-10-06DOI: 10.1080/2201473X.2020.1823751
F. Young
ABSTRACT Latin America is popularly imagined territorialized by continental Central and South America, extending to the Caribbean Islands; however, from the vantage of the Chilean government, Latin America expands thousands of miles into the Pacific Ocean within an area it legalizes as ‘the Chilean Sea’ (El Mar Chileno) given its control of ‘Easter Island’ (Isla de Pascua). Since 1888, despite persistent resistance by the Indigenous Polynesian Rapa Nui people, Chile has imposed colonial rule on the island through a variety of administrative strategies. This paper illuminates how state construction of a Marine Protected Area (MPA) around Rapa Nui can be understood as a biopolitical strategy of environmentality that strengthens Chilean settler colonialism in Rapa Nui. While settler colonialism has been rightly analyzed in terms of control of land, herein the ‘transit of Empire’ from Indigenous loci of enunciation appears to also articulate through the ocean. Despite the MPA, forces of Rapa Nui biopower mobilizing new Indigenous institutions and practices of self-determination are shown resilient in El Mar Chileno; the boundaries of settler colonial Latin America are unsettled.
拉丁美洲被普遍认为是中南美洲大陆的领土，延伸到加勒比群岛;然而，从智利政府的有利地位来看，拉丁美洲扩展了数千英里进入太平洋，在它控制“复活节岛”(Isla de Pascua)的区域内，它将其合法化为“智利海”(El Mar Chileno)。自1888年以来，尽管波利尼西亚土著拉帕努伊人持续抵抗，智利通过各种行政策略对该岛实施殖民统治。本文阐明了国家在拉帕努伊岛周围建设海洋保护区(MPA)如何被理解为加强拉帕努伊岛智利定居者殖民主义的环境生物政治战略。虽然从土地控制的角度对定居者殖民主义进行了正确的分析，但在这里，“帝国的过境”似乎也通过海洋表达出来。尽管有MPA，动员新的土著机构和自决实践的拉帕努伊生物力量在El Mar Chileno显示出弹性;拉丁美洲殖民地的边界尚未确定。
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