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Humanitarian and Youth Activism across Time and Space 跨越时空的人道主义和青年行动主义
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.1017/s0020859024000105
Georgina Brewis

This essay engages with Daniel Laqua's book Activism across Borders since 1870: Causes, Campaigns and Conflicts in and beyond Europe (London, 2023) from the perspective of a historian of both humanitarianism and youth. This short reflection therefore focuses primarily on the book's engagement with the topic of humanitarianism, before discussing an understated, albeit important, cross-cutting theme of the book: the significance of youth in transnational activism. It highlights a number of features of Laqua's book, for instance the merits of adopting a broad chronological approach. At the same time, the essay also uses the space to present a number of reflections on activism, from questions about the generational appeal of particular causes to the way in which particular figures might spark activism. It ends with some thoughts about the source base used to write such histories of activism.

这篇文章从人道主义和青年历史学家的角度,对丹尼尔-拉夸的著作《1870 年以来的跨界行动主义》(Activism across Borders since 1870:一书(伦敦,2023 年)。因此,这篇简短的思考主要侧重于该书对人道主义主题的探讨,然后再讨论该书中一个被低估但却重要的横向主题:青年在跨国激进主义中的意义。文章强调了拉夸这本书的一些特点,例如采用宽泛的时间顺序方法的优点。同时,文章还利用篇幅提出了一些对激进主义的思考,从特定事业的代际吸引力问题到特定人物可能引发激进主义的方式。文章最后对编写这类激进主义历史所使用的资料来源基础进行了一些思考。
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引用次数: 0
Reflections on Activism across Borders: A Response 对跨国界激进主义的思考:回应
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.1017/s0020859024000117
Daniel Laqua

This essay discusses different approaches to studying transnational activism in historical perspective. In doing so, it concludes a review dossier in which several historians have commented on aspects of Daniel Laqua's book Activism across Borders since 1870: Causes, Campaigns and Conflicts in and beyond Europe (London, 2023). The author responds to the preceding pieces by addressing the contributors’ questions and arguments, while also noting how their pieces have applied his book's framework to different causes (e.g. anarchism, feminism, human rights, humanitarianism, labour). Moreover, this essay raises several wider points regarding the subject under consideration. For example, it stresses that activists’ notions regarding the interconnectedness of different causes could generate fresh ruptures. The discussion highlights the amorphous nature of transnational activism, including its potential use by vastly different movements, and it situates the book within a broader, and developing, research agenda.

本文讨论了从历史角度研究跨国激进主义的不同方法。在这篇文章中,几位历史学家对丹尼尔-拉夸(Daniel Laqua)的著作《1870 年以来的跨国激进主义》(Activism across Borders since 1870:原因、运动和冲突》(伦敦,2023 年)一书的一些方面发表了评论。作者回应了前几篇文章,讨论了撰稿人的问题和论点,同时也指出了他们的文章是如何将本书的框架应用于不同的事业(如无政府主义、女权主义、人权、人道主义、劳工)的。此外,这篇文章还就所讨论的主题提出了几个更广泛的观点。例如,文章强调,活动家关于不同事业之间相互联系的观念可能会产生新的裂痕。讨论强调了跨国激进主义的无定形性质,包括其可能被各种不同的运动所利用,并将本书置于一个更广泛且不断发展的研究议程中。
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引用次数: 0
“Side by Side with Fighting Nations”: Making the New Culture of Pro-African Solidarity in the Campaigns of the Czechoslovak Committee for Solidarity with African and Asian Peoples "与战斗民族并肩作战":在捷克斯洛伐克声援非洲和亚洲人民委员会的运动中创造声援非洲的新文化
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.1017/s0020859023000688
Barbora Buzássyová

The article analyses the solidarity campaigns organized by the Czechoslovak Committee for Solidarity with African and Asian Peoples between the 1960s and 1980s. It situates the Czechoslovak solidarity towards African countries in the wider framework of the solidarity politics of the Eastern bloc and points out differences as well as similarities. Although the Czechoslovak Solidarity Committee was one of the first such committees to be founded in Eastern Europe, in the 1960s its official as well as public commitment to internationalist principles was modest compared with those of solidarity movements elsewhere in the bloc. However, the solidarity campaigns with African liberation movements intensified in the early 1970s. The campaigns in this period were marked by strong national symbolism, which drew on historical parallels between the African and Czechoslovak struggles for independence. The everyday internationalism in this case filled the public space with images of shared suffering, inferiority, and occupation, through which Czechoslovak citizens made sense of their historical role in the world. The article argues that this “nationalization” of official solidarity campaigns helped to embed the victimization narratives that survived the Velvet Revolution and that, in the 1990s, became a basis for new Czech and Slovak political identification.

文章分析了捷克斯洛伐克声援非洲和亚洲人民委员会在 20 世纪 60 年代至 80 年代期间组织的声援运动。文章将捷克斯洛伐克对非洲国家的声援置于更广泛的东方集团声援政治框架中,并指出了其中的异同。虽然捷克斯洛伐克团结委员会是东欧最早成立的此类委员会之一,但在 20 世纪 60 年代,与集团内其他地方的团结运动相比,捷克斯洛伐克对国际主义原则的官方和公开承诺都很有限。然而,声援非洲解放运动的运动在 20 世纪 70 年代初得到了加强。这一时期的运动以强烈的民族象征主义为特点,利用非洲和捷克斯洛伐克争取独立的历史相似之处。在这种情况下,日常国际主义使公共空间充满了共同的苦难、自卑和被占领的形象,捷克斯洛伐克公民通过这些形象认识到自己在世界上的历史角色。文章认为,官方声援活动的这种 "民族化 "有助于嵌入受害叙事,这些叙事在天鹅绒革命中幸存下来,并在 20 世纪 90 年代成为捷克和斯洛伐克新的政治认同的基础。
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引用次数: 0
Africans and the Soviet Rights Archipelago 非洲人与苏维埃权利群岛
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.1017/s0020859023000640
Thom Loyd

The history of Soviet “rights defenders” is seemingly well known. Emerging in the 1960s in response to fears of a creeping re-Stalinization, the rights movement was part of the broader dissident milieu that coalesced in the Khrushchev and Brezhnev eras. Drawing on new documents from the Ukrainian KGB, this article broadens the canon of what we consider “Soviet rights talk” by focusing on a group completely ignored in the existing history of Soviet rights defenders: African students. As the article demonstrates, Soviet citizens were not the only people to draw on a discursive repertoire of civil and universal rights to articulate their demands against the Soviet state. By closely examining the letters and petitions activists produced, it becomes clear that African students’ language of rights grew alongside and, in many respects, pre-empted the Soviet rights movement. The article concludes by considering why, despite sharing the same discursive and physical spaces, neither African nor Soviet rights defenders succeeded in building bridges between their respective islands of protest. Examining this failure to build meaningful solidarities demonstrates the value of pursuing the social history of internationalism; it is only in the banality of the everyday that the capacity for Soviet internationalism to create unanticipated frictions and conflicts reveals itself.

苏联 "维权人士 "的历史似乎众所周知。维权运动兴起于 20 世纪 60 年代,以应对人们对悄然发生的再斯大林化的担忧,是赫鲁晓夫和勃列日涅夫时代凝聚起来的更广泛的持不同政见者群体的一部分。本文利用乌克兰克格勃的新文件,通过关注一个在现有苏联维权人士历史中完全被忽视的群体,拓宽了我们所认为的 "苏联维权谈话 "的范围:非洲学生。正如文章所展示的,苏联公民并不是唯一利用公民权利和普遍权利的话语体系来表达他们对苏联国家的诉求的人。通过仔细研究积极分子所写的信件和请愿书,我们可以清楚地看到,非洲学生的权利语言是与苏联的权利运动同时发展起来的,而且在许多方面先于苏联的权利运动。文章最后指出,尽管非洲和苏联的维权人士拥有相同的话语空间和物理空间,但他们都未能在各自的抗议岛屿之间架起桥梁。研究这种未能建立有意义的团结关系的情况,表明了研究国际主义社会历史的价值;只有在平淡无奇的日常生活中,苏维埃国际主义制造意想不到的摩擦和冲突的能力才会显露出来。
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引用次数: 0
Solidarity and the Aesthetics of Pain: Soviet Documentary Film and the Vietnam War 团结与痛苦美学:苏联纪录片与越南战争
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.1017/s0020859024000051
Kristin Roth-Ey

The Soviet campaign in support of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the Vietnam War saturated Soviet public culture in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It was the longest solidarity action in Soviet history and the first to reach mass television audiences. This article examines the production and reception of a televised documentary film about the Vietnam War made by Konstantin Simonov – a celebrity writer who played a crucial role in Soviet culture during World War II, and then, in the post-war period, in the struggle to come to terms with terrible truths about Stalinism and the chaos and trauma that war had rendered. Simonov's film presented the Vietnam War in lyrical rather than analytical terms, calling upon viewers to draw connections between the suffering of the Vietnamese and the Soviet wartime experience and to enact their solidarity with the Vietnamese in terms of feeling. The film proposes a solidarity of pain and an understanding of war and wartime suffering as elemental and overwhelming. In dozens of letters to Simonov, we find an understanding and appreciation of this vision, which decentres Vietnam and instead sends viewers on a journey back to Soviet history and trauma.

20 世纪 60 年代末和 70 年代初,苏联在越南战争中支持越南民主共和国的运动充斥着苏联的公共文化。这是苏联历史上持续时间最长的声援行动,也是首次向大众电视观众传播的声援行动。康斯坦丁-西蒙诺夫(Konstantin Simonov)是一位名作家,二战期间在苏联文化中发挥了至关重要的作用,战后又在努力接受斯大林主义的可怕真相以及战争造成的混乱和创伤的过程中发挥了重要作用。西蒙诺夫的影片以抒情而非分析的方式展现了越南战争,呼吁观众将越南人的苦难与苏联的战时经历联系起来,并在情感上与越南人休戚与共。影片提出了对痛苦的声援,以及对战争和战时苦难的理解,认为战争和战时苦难是不可抗拒的。在写给西蒙诺夫的几十封信件中,我们发现了对这一观点的理解和赞赏,它使越南不再是一个国家,而是将观众送回了苏联历史和创伤的旅程。
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引用次数: 0
Transnational Echoes of Spenceanism: A Text-Mining Exploration in English-Language Newspapers (1790–1850) 斯宾塞主义的跨国回声:英语报纸中的文本挖掘探索(1790-1850 年)
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.1017/s0020859024000014
Matilde Cazzola, Anselm Küsters
By tracing mentions of the English radical thinker Thomas Spence (1750–1814), his revolutionary “Plan”, and his disciples (the “Spencean Philanthropists”) in digitized collections of English-language Irish, Caribbean, Indian, Australian, Canadian, and US-American newspapers in the 1790s–1840s, this article explores the dissemination of the ideas and militancy inspired by Spence (“Spenceanism”) across the British Empire and the United States. By applying Digital Humanities methods to investigate British radical history from a transnational perspective, the global reception of Spenceanism is reconstructed by examining and comparing a corpus of 275 newspaper articles through text-mining methods such as keyword analysis, co-occurrences, and sentiment analysis. These methods enable the identification of key themes in references to Spenceanism and advance hypotheses concerning both their geographical and chronological distribution: not only when and where Spence and the Spenceans were alluded to and commented upon, but also how a newspaper's geographical location may have impacted its rhetoric in a specific year and historical context. By combining quantitative and qualitative analysis, this article contributes new insights regarding the global circulation of radical ideas across the nineteenth-century English-reading world.
本文通过追踪 17 世纪 90 年代至 18 世纪 40 年代爱尔兰、加勒比海、印度、澳大利亚、加拿大和美国英语报纸数字化资料集中提及英国激进思想家托马斯-斯彭斯(Thomas Spence,1750-1814 年)、他的革命 "计划 "及其弟子("斯彭斯慈善家")的内容,探讨了斯彭斯("斯彭斯主义")所激发的思想和激进主义在大英帝国和美国的传播情况。通过运用数字人文方法从跨国视角研究英国激进主义历史,并通过关键词分析、共现和情感分析等文本挖掘方法对 275 篇报纸文章进行研究和比较,重建了斯本斯主义在全球的接受情况。通过这些方法,我们可以确定提及斯宾塞主义的关键主题,并对其地理分布和时间分布提出假设:不仅可以确定斯宾塞和斯宾塞家族在何时何地被提及和评论,还可以确定报纸的地理位置如何影响其在特定年份和历史背景下的言论。通过结合定量和定性分析,这篇文章为激进思想在十九世纪英语阅读世界的全球传播提供了新的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Winter-Quartering Tribes: Nomad–Peasant Relations in the Northeastern Frontiers of the Ottoman Empire (1800s–1850s) 冬季驻扎的部落:奥斯曼帝国东北边境的游牧与农民关系(1800 - 1850年代)
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1017/s0020859023000639
Yener Koç

Focusing on the winter quartering of Kurdish nomadic tribes among peasant villages, this article discusses the patterns of Kurdish nomadism and nomad–peasant relations in the Ottoman sanjaks of Muş, Bayezid, and Van during the first half of the nineteenth century. It argues that the political structure of these regions and the requirements of animal husbandry among the nomads not only created a distinct pattern of nomadism among the Kurdish tribes, but also led to the polarization of relations between nomads and peasants. Moreover, the article observes how nomad–settled, tribe–peasant relations in these regions evolved as a result of the gradual sedentarization of the pastoral nomads and related changes in their subsistence economies starting from the mid-nineteenth century. Finally, this article provides a background for a better understanding of the intercommunal tensions and conflicts over land in the Ottoman Empire of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

本文以库尔德游牧部落在农民村庄中的冬季宿营为重点,讨论了19世纪上半叶奥斯曼帝国穆乌伊、巴耶济德和凡的桑贾克的库尔德游牧模式和游牧-农民关系。认为这些地区的政治结构和游牧民对畜牧业的要求,不仅在库尔德部落中形成了鲜明的游牧模式,而且导致了游牧民与农民关系的两极分化。此外,本文还观察了从19世纪中期开始,随着游牧民族的逐渐定居化及其自给经济的相关变化,这些地区的游牧定居、部落-农民关系是如何演变的。最后,本文为更好地理解19世纪末和20世纪初奥斯曼帝国的种族间紧张局势和土地冲突提供了背景。
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引用次数: 0
Lorenzo Costaguta. Workers of All Colors Unite. Race and the Origins of American Socialism. [The Working Class in American History.] University of Illinois Press, Urbana (IL) 2023. 254 pp. Ill. $110.00. (Paper: $28.00; E-book $19.95.) 洛伦佐-科斯塔古塔各色工人团结起来。种族与美国社会主义的起源。[伊利诺伊大学出版社,厄巴纳(伊利诺伊州)2023 年版。254 pp.纸质版:28.00 美元;电子书 19.95 美元)。
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0020859023000536
Chad Pearson
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引用次数: 0
ISH volume 68 issue 3 Cover and Front matter ISH 第 68 卷第 3 期封面和封底
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0020859023000615
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引用次数: 0
Jorell A. Meléndez Badillo The Lettered Barriada. Workers, Archival Power, and the Politics of Knowledge in Puerto Rico. Duke University Press, Durham (NC) [etc.] 2021. xiii, 261 pp. Ill. $102.95. (Paper: $27.95.) Jorell A. Meléndez Badillo The Lettered Barriada.波多黎各工人、档案权力和知识政治》。杜克大学出版社,达勒姆(北卡罗来纳州)[等] 2021 年。xiii, 261 pp.插图。(纸质版:27.95 美元)。
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0020859023000548
Juan A. Giusti-Cordero
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Review of Social History
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