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Constructing Proletarian Nation(s): PSOE Internationalism in the Second Republic (1931–1932) 建设无产阶级国家:第二共和国时期的社会党国际主义(1931-1932)
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1017/S0020859023000202
Aurelio Martí Bataller
Abstract This article seeks to enhance our understanding of the nature of socialist internationalism, in particular by considering the place of the nation in its functioning and essence. For this purpose, the concept of inter-nationalism is used to study the particular case of the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) during Spain's Second Republic. In the first section, we focus on the meeting of the executive of the International Federation of Trade Unions (IFTU) in Madrid in 1931, and the subsequent May Day celebrations in the city. In the second, we analyse the use of internationalism by the PSOE in the debates on the decentralization of the Republican state. This article will argue that the PSOE made use of internationalist events to further the internal and external consolidation of the Republic, and its own position in government. Furthermore, internationalism served to uphold the unity and unique qualities of Spanish politics and culture. These considerations enable us to point to both the political and cultural dimensions of the PSOE's identification with Spanish nationalism, and to assert both the nation's importance in socialist internationalism and its role in socialist political culture during the interwar period.
摘要:本文旨在加强我们对社会主义国际主义本质的理解,特别是通过考虑国家在其运作和本质中的地位。为此,国际民族主义的概念被用来研究西班牙第二共和国时期的西班牙社会党Español (PSOE)的特殊案例。在第一部分中,我们重点关注1931年在马德里召开的国际工会联合会(IFTU)执行会议,以及随后在马德里举行的五一节庆祝活动。第二部分,我们分析了社会主义工人党在关于共和制国家分权的辩论中运用的国际主义。本文将论证社会主义工人党利用国际主义事件进一步巩固了共和国的内部和外部,巩固了自己在政府中的地位。此外,国际主义有助于维护西班牙政治和文化的统一和独特品质。这些考虑使我们能够指出社会主义工人党认同西班牙民族主义的政治和文化层面,并断言西班牙在社会主义国际主义中的重要性及其在两次世界大战期间在社会主义政治文化中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
ISH volume 68 issue S31 Cover and Front matter ISH第68卷第S31期封面和封面问题
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-24 DOI: 10.1017/s0020859023000226
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引用次数: 0
ISH volume 68 issue S31 Cover and Back matter ISH第68卷第S31期封面和封底
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-24 DOI: 10.1017/s0020859023000238
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引用次数: 0
Mercenary Punishment: Penal Logics in the Military Labour Market 雇佣军惩罚:军事劳动力市场中的刑事逻辑
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-06 DOI: 10.1017/s0020859022000906
Johan Heinsen

This article examines the entangled logics of corporal and carceral punishments of mercenary soldiers in eighteenth-century Denmark. Beginning with the story of a single man and his unfortunate trajectory through a sequence of punitive measures before his death as a prison workhouse inmate, the article looks at how punishments of soldiers communicated in multiple ways and were used to a variety of ends that were both typical and atypical within eighteenth-century society. It argues that soldiers experienced a breadth of both corporal and carceral punishments that were, in many cases, designed to limit otherness while communicating exemplarity along a fine-tuned spectrum of pain. The clearest example of this was running the gauntlet; a harrowing physical ordeal meted out by the offender's fellow soldiers. Turning to the carceral experiences often initiated by this ritual, it then examines how former mercenaries experienced convict labour differently from other occupational groups based on several factors. Their gender and occupational belonging meant they were funnelled towards specific penal institutions. Yet, their status as migrants and potential military labour meant they would often exit these institutions in specific ways. Whereas civilians often endured dishonouring punishments, ex-military convicts experienced punishments designed to inflict great pain without rendering them unfit for later military labour.

本文考察了18世纪丹麦雇佣兵的体罚和监禁的纠缠逻辑。从一个男人的故事开始,他不幸地经历了一系列的惩罚措施,直到他在监狱济贫院去世,这篇文章探讨了士兵的惩罚是如何以多种方式传达的,是如何被用于各种目的的,这些目的在18世纪的社会中是典型的和非典型的。它认为,士兵们经历了广泛的体罚和监禁惩罚,在许多情况下,这些惩罚旨在限制他人,同时通过微调的痛苦范围传达榜样。最明显的例子就是迎面而来;罪犯的战友们对他肉体上的折磨。然后,本文转向通常由这一仪式引发的囚犯经历,探讨了基于几个因素,前雇佣兵经历的囚犯劳动与其他职业群体的不同之处。他们的性别和职业归属意味着他们被输送到特定的刑罚机构。然而,他们作为移民和潜在的军事劳工的身份意味着他们往往会以特定的方式离开这些机构。平民经常遭受不光彩的惩罚,而退伍军人所遭受的惩罚是为了给他们带来巨大的痛苦,而不是使他们不适合后来的军事劳动。
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引用次数: 1
Punishment, Patronage, and the Revenue Extraction Process in Pharaonic Egypt 法老时代埃及的惩罚、庇护和税收提取过程
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-03 DOI: 10.1017/S0020859023000032
A. S. Fagbore
Abstract The processes of control and collection are prominent themes throughout pharaonic history. However, the extent that the central regime attempted to administer agricultural fields to collect revenues directly from the farmer who actually worked the land is unclear during the pharaonic period (c.2686–1069). Relations between those involved in agricultural cultivation and local headships of extended families and wider kinship groups were deeply embedded within a broad range of interpersonal discourses, behaviours, and practices. Village headmen and officials at all levels of an impersonalized “state” hierarchy were themselves landholders who drew income from the land and were held responsible for collecting revenues from their fields. It is therefore necessary to define, with a focus on the imperatives of a subsistence economy, who was working the land and what the relationship was between them, the headmen, and those from within outside power structures (in the context of direct intervention against specific groups of the population). To address these points, I will focus on revenue extraction as a “state” process, how it was connected to the role of punishment, and its impact on local hierarchies (the targets of revenue extraction).
控制和收集的过程是贯穿法老历史的突出主题。然而,在法老时期(c.2686-1069),中央政权试图管理农田以直接从实际耕种土地的农民那里收取收入的程度是不清楚的。从事农业耕作的人与当地大家庭和更广泛的亲属团体的首领之间的关系深深植根于广泛的人际话语、行为和实践中。在没有人格化的“国家”等级制度中,村长和各级官员本身就是土地所有者,他们从土地中获取收入,并负责从他们的田地中收取收入。因此,有必要以自给经济的必要性为重点,确定谁在耕种土地,以及他们、首领和来自外部权力结构内部的人(在直接干预特定人口群体的情况下)之间的关系。为了解决这些问题,我将把重点放在作为“国家”过程的收入提取上,它是如何与惩罚的角色联系在一起的,以及它对地方等级制度(收入提取的目标)的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Corporal Punishment at Work in the Early Middle Ages: The Frankish Kingdoms (Sixth through Tenth Centuries) 中世纪早期的体罚:法兰克王国(六世纪至十世纪)
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-03 DOI: 10.1017/S0020859023000019
Alice Rio
Abstract This article deals with a paradox. Evidence for the punishment of workers during the early Middle Ages is richer in the earlier period (sixth and seventh centuries), when rural workers are generally thought to have been the least oppressed; by contrast, direct discussion of the subject largely drops out of the record in the Carolingian era (eighth to tenth centuries), despite clear evidence for renewed intensification of economic exploitation by both lay and religious lordships over the same period. Whereas the punishment of slaves had once provided a richly productive metaphor for thinking through issues of moral authority and legitimate leadership, Carolingian moralists and commentators no longer took the punishment of workers as a meaningful model for other, more morally or religiously motivated practices of punishment. Despite interest in punishment in other, non-exploitative contexts, lords’ practices of punishment of their workers were no longer taken as productive of meaning, whether positive or negative. The relationship of lords with their lowest-ranking dependents no longer defined or illustrated their power in the way that it had for the earlier Roman and late antique paterfamilias. One reason for this was the increasing tension perceived between profit-seeking and the correct, justified exercise of punishment: the two were kept at arms’ length by Carolingian writers to a surprising extent.
本文讨论的是一个悖论。中世纪早期(六世纪和七世纪)对工人进行惩罚的证据更为丰富,当时农村工人通常被认为是受压迫最少的;相比之下,在加洛林王朝时代(8至10世纪),尽管有明确的证据表明,在同一时期,世俗和宗教领主的经济剥削再次加剧,但对这一主题的直接讨论基本上没有记录。对奴隶的惩罚曾经为思考道德权威和合法领导提供了丰富的隐喻,但加洛林王朝的道德家和评论家不再把对工人的惩罚作为其他更具道德或宗教动机的惩罚行为的有意义的模型。尽管在其他非剥削背景下对惩罚感兴趣,但领主惩罚工人的做法不再被视为具有生产意义,无论是积极的还是消极的。领主与最低等级的属下的关系不再像罗马早期和古代晚期的家长那样定义或说明他们的权力。造成这种情况的一个原因是,在追求利润和正确合理的惩罚之间,人们越来越感到紧张:加洛林王朝的作家们把这两者保持在一个令人惊讶的程度上。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction: Punitive Perspectives on Labour Management 引言:劳动管理的惩罚性观点
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-02 DOI: 10.1017/S0020859022000840
Christian G. De Vito, A. S. Fagbore
Abstract What is the historical role of punishment in the management of labour? This is the central question of this Special Issue of the International Review of Social History (IRSH), “Punishing Workers, Managing Labour”. Through a close reading of the diverse range of articles included in this Special Issue and by addressing the relatively extensive but highly fragmented scholarship on the subject, this introduction argues that the key to labour management lay in the interplay of differentiated forms of punishment with distinct labour relations, rather than in the imposition of one punitive regime onto an undifferentiated workforce. In other words, the effective management of labour required the systematic differentiation of the workforce; to that end, the imposition of diversified forms of punishment did not merely reflect existing labour distinctions, but also contributed to creating them. This point leads us to address broader methodological and theoretical issues about how we can analyse such complex interactions: how we can compare the role of punishment in the management of labour across space and time, and how our findings can be used to explain short- and long-term historical changes.
刑罚在劳动管理中的历史作用是什么?这是本期《国际社会历史评论》特刊“惩罚工人,管理劳动”的中心问题。通过仔细阅读本期特刊中包含的各种各样的文章,并通过解决有关该主题的相对广泛但高度分散的学术研究,本引言认为,劳动管理的关键在于不同形式的惩罚与不同的劳动关系的相互作用,而不是将一种惩罚制度强加给未分化的劳动力。换句话说,对劳动力的有效管理需要对劳动力进行系统的区分;为此目的,实行多种形式的惩罚不仅反映了现有的劳工差别,而且也有助于创造这种差别。这一点引导我们解决更广泛的方法和理论问题,即我们如何分析这种复杂的相互作用:我们如何跨空间和时间比较惩罚在劳动管理中的作用,以及我们的发现如何用于解释短期和长期的历史变化。
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引用次数: 0
Punishment for the Coercion of Labour during the Ur III Period 对乌尔三世时期强迫劳动的处罚
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-02 DOI: 10.1017/s0020859022000864
J. Nicholas Reid

This article traces corporal and collective punishment in relation to the labour control of slaves and other dependent persons during the Ur III period (c.2100–2000 BCE). Slaves and other dependent persons often worked in related contexts with some overlap in treatment. Persons of different statuses could be detained and forced to work. Persons of various statuses also received rations and other benefits, but the evidence suggests that the most extreme forms of corporal punishment were reserved for slaves. This article, however, contextualizes these threats of mutilation and the death penalty, demonstrating that such punishments should be considered the exception and not the norm.

这篇文章追溯了乌尔三世时期(公元前2100 - 2000年)与奴隶和其他依赖者的劳动控制有关的体罚和集体惩罚。奴隶和其他被依赖的人经常在相关的环境中工作,在待遇上有些重叠。不同身份的人都可能被拘留并被迫工作。各种地位的人也得到口粮和其他福利,但证据表明,最极端的体罚是留给奴隶的。然而,本条将这些残割和死刑的威胁置于背景之下,表明这类惩罚应被视为例外,而不是常态。
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引用次数: 0
Absolute Obedience: Servants and Masters on Danish Estates in the Nineteenth Century 绝对服从:19世纪丹麦庄园的仆人和主人
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-02 DOI: 10.1017/s0020859022000918
Dorte Kook Lyngholm

This article examines legal relations between estate owners and their servants and workers on Danish estates in the nineteenth century. From the end of the eighteenth century onwards, the traditional privileged role of Danish estate owners was changing, and their special legal status as “heads of household” over the entire population on their estates was slowly being undermined. The article investigates the relationship between estate owners and their servants and workers in legislation and court cases during these times of change. It examines the Danish servant acts from 1791 and 1854 and identifies the asymmetric order of subordination and superiority in this legislation. The core of the relationship was still a “contractual submission” that, to some extent, was private and unregulated by law, and estate owners were entitled to impose sanctions and physical punishment on their servants and workers according to their own judgement. When the Servant Law of 1854 abolished estate owners’ right to punish adult servants physically, it was a significant break from the old legal order. However, a central element in the legislation, before and after 1854, was that servants’ and workers’ disobedience towards estate owners was illegal. By analysing court cases, the article examines the borderlands of the legal definition of disobedience. The elasticity in the legal system was substantial – and frequently favoured the owners. In the legal system, the notion of disobedience served to protect the last remnants of the traditional legal order of submission and superiority.

本文考察了19世纪丹麦庄园中庄园所有者与其仆人和工人之间的法律关系。从18世纪末开始,丹麦地产所有人的传统特权角色正在发生变化,他们作为整个地产人口的“户主”的特殊法律地位正在慢慢被削弱。本文考察了在这一变革时期的立法和法院案件中,庄园所有者与他们的仆人和工人之间的关系。本文考察了从1791年到1854年的丹麦仆人法案,并确定了该立法中从属和优越的不对称顺序。这种关系的核心仍然是一种“合同服从”,在某种程度上是私人的,不受法律管制,庄园所有者有权根据自己的判断对仆人和工人施加制裁和体罚。1854年的《仆人法》废除了庄园主人对成年仆人进行体罚的权利,这是对旧法律秩序的重大突破。然而,在1854年前后,立法的一个核心要素是,仆人和工人对庄园主人的不服从是非法的。本文通过对法庭案例的分析,考察了不服从的法律定义的边界。法律体系的弹性很大,而且往往有利于业主。在法律体系中,不服从的概念保护了传统法律秩序的最后残余,即服从和优越。
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引用次数: 1
Moving to Your Place: Labour Coercion and Punitive Violence against Minors under Guardianship (Charcas, Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries) 搬到你的地方:对未成年人的劳动强迫和惩罚性暴力(查卡斯,16至18世纪)
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-02 DOI: 10.1017/S0020859022000888
Paola A. Revilla Orías
Abstract This article examines the experience of minors at the intersection of guardianship, domestic servitude (free and unfree labour), and punitive violence in Charcas (Bolivia) in the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries. The author proposes that the study of the role of punishment in the lives of working children and adolescents allows us to question how practices that occurred under the legal cloak of guardianship – in which many members of colonial society participated – were used as a hidden practice of domination that sought to reproduce servitude based on certain origins from an early age. In this context, punitive violence exercised by masters and lords would have been at the core of prevailing prejudices about ethnic and racial difference.
本文考察了16世纪至18世纪玻利维亚查尔卡斯(Charcas)未成年人在监护、家庭奴役(自由和非自由劳动)和惩罚性暴力的交叉点上的经历。作者提出,对惩罚在劳动儿童和青少年生活中的作用的研究使我们能够质疑,在监护的法律外衣下发生的做法- -殖民地社会的许多成员都参与其中- -是如何被用作一种隐藏的统治做法的,这种做法试图从早期就根据某些起源再现奴役。在这种情况下,主子和领主实施的惩罚性暴力将是关于族裔和种族差异的普遍偏见的核心。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Review of Social History
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