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Foreword 前言
IF 0.6 4区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-s1
J. R. Abella
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引用次数: 0
A milestone in Canadian legal history 加拿大法律史上的里程碑
IF 0.6 4区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-0027
Bradley Miller, Heidi Bohaker, Lori Chambers, Michel Morin
Abstract:This review essay critically examines the first volume, covering the period from pre-contact until 1866, of a three-volume history of law in Canada. The essay assesses, in particular, how the book deals with Indigenous law and Indigenous-settler legal relations as well as the histories of private law and criminal justice in the French and British colonies that now constitute Canada. The book is an extraordinary achievement. It surveys a vast number of legal issues across the three foundational legal traditions in Canada (Indigenous, French, and English), draws together a huge array of scholarly works and primary sources, and presents an impressive number of new arguments and interpretations. The review essay also examines how the book highlights issues where more research is needed because crucial questions remain unanswered as well as areas where the book could be revised for a future second edition. Overall, the essay concludes that this is a must-read work for anyone interested in Canadian legal history and the histories of Indigenous-settler relations and colonization. This book is a milestone in the discipline of Canadian legal history and will be a standard work for generations of scholars.
摘要:这篇评论文章对三卷本的《加拿大法律史》的第一卷进行了批判性的研究,该卷涵盖了从人类接触前到 1866 年这段时期。文章特别评估了该书如何处理土著法律和土著与定居者的法律关系,以及现在构成加拿大的法属和英属殖民地的私法和刑事司法史。该书是一项非凡的成就。它调查了加拿大三大基础法律传统(土著法、法语和英语)中的大量法律问题,汇集了大量学术著作和原始资料,提出了大量新论点和新解释,令人印象深刻。这篇评论文章还探讨了该书如何突出了因关键问题仍未得到解答而需要进行更多研究的问题,以及该书在未来第二版中可进行修订的领域。总之,评论文章认为,对于任何对加拿大法律史以及土著与定居者关系史和殖民史感兴趣的人来说,这是一本必读之作。本书是加拿大法律史学科的一个里程碑,将成为几代学者的标准著作。
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引用次数: 0
The Reconciliation Project of Labour Law 劳动法的和解工程
IF 0.6 4区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-0071
Supriya Routh
Abstract:Historically, in Canada, labour law has not only failed to protect Indigenous working people from the exclusionary logic of (colonization-induced) market capitalism but also marginalized (peripheral and vulnerable) working people among the settlers. In spite of the Canadian judiciary's attempt to articulate a broader vision of labour law through the values of justice, liberty, equity, and participatory democracy, the foundational private contractual rationale of labour law acts as a constraint on the judiciary's ability to develop a broader– and more inclusive–regulatory justification. In this article, I suggest that this tension between expansive normative values and narrow (exclusionary) regulatory justification of labour law could be usefully addressed by employing the idea of reconciliation, originally conceived to fashion the relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Canada. I argue that an appropriately formulated idea of reconciliation should be able to promote a more inclusive conceptual foundation of labour law, one that is receptive of non-Eurocentric world-views in its foundational narrative and democratic in its continued execution. In so aiding labour law, the reconciliation perspective can close the gap between normative values and regulatory justification of the discipline.
摘要:从历史上看,在加拿大,劳动法不仅未能保护土著劳动人民免受(殖民化引发的)市场资本主义的排斥逻辑的影响,而且还将定居者中的(边缘和弱势)劳动人民边缘化。尽管加拿大司法机构试图通过正义、自由、公平和参与式民主的价值观来阐明对劳动法的更广泛愿景,但劳动法的基本私人合同理由制约了司法机构制定更广泛、更具包容性的监管理由的能力。在这篇文章中,我建议,通过采用和解的理念,可以有效地解决劳动法的广泛规范价值观和狭隘(排他性)监管理由之间的紧张关系,和解最初是为了塑造加拿大土著和非土著人民之间的关系。我认为,一个适当制定的和解理念应该能够促进劳动法的一个更具包容性的概念基础,一个在其基本叙事中接受非欧洲中心世界观并在其持续执行中民主的概念基础。在帮助劳动法的过程中,和解视角可以缩小规范价值观和纪律的监管正当性之间的差距。
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引用次数: 0
Opening remarks at the University of Toronto Conference, September 2022: Justice Beyond Borders 2022年9月,多伦多大学会议开幕词:超越国界的正义
IF 0.6 4区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-0061
John Dyson
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引用次数: 0
Equality, Equity, and Algorithms: Learning from Justice Rosalie Abella 平等、公平和算法:向罗莎莉·阿贝拉法官学习
IF 0.6 4区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-0064
M. Minow
Abstract:In the United States, employers, schools, and governments can face two competing legal requirements regarding racial classifications: on the one hand, there are legal restrictions against conscious uses of racial classifications, and on the other hand, there are rules forbidding racially disparate impacts. Growing use of machine learning and other predictive algorithmic tools heightens this tension as employers and other actors use tools that make choices about contrasting definitions of equality and anti-discrimination; design algorithmic practices against explicit or implicit uses of certain personal characteristics associated with historic discrimination; and address inaccuracies and biases in the data and algorithmic practices. Justice Rosalie Abella's approach to equality issues, highly influential in Canadian law, offers guidance by directing decision makers to (a) acknowledge and accommodate differences in people's circumstances and identities; (b) resist attributing to personal choice the patterns and practices of society, including different starting points and opportunities; and (c) resist consideration of race or other group identities as justification when used to harm historically disadvantaged groups, but permit such consideration when intended to remedy historic exclusions or economic disadvantages.
摘要:在美国,雇主、学校和政府在种族分类方面可能面临两个相互竞争的法律要求:一方面,对有意识地使用种族分类有法律限制,另一方面,有禁止种族差异影响的规则。机器学习和其他预测算法工具的日益使用加剧了这种紧张关系,因为雇主和其他行为者使用的工具可以选择平等和反歧视的对比定义;针对与历史歧视相关的某些个人特征的显性或隐性使用,设计算法实践;并解决数据和算法实践中的不准确和偏见。Rosalie Abella大法官处理平等问题的方法在加拿大法律中具有很大影响力,它通过指导决策者(a)承认和适应人们的环境和身份差异来提供指导;(b) 抵制将社会模式和实践归因于个人选择,包括不同的起点和机会;和(c)在用来伤害历史上处于不利地位的群体时,拒绝将种族或其他群体身份作为正当理由,但在旨在补救历史上的排斥或经济劣势时,允许这种考虑。
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引用次数: 0
Lessons From the American Innocence Projects 美国清白项目的经验教训
IF 0.6 4区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-0057
Kent Roach
This review essay examines recent trends in American wrongful conviction scholarship. Despite calls for a ‘criminology’ of wrongful conviction, narrative about actual cases remains important. The two books reviewed explore the ambiguities and challenges of innocence work by examining cases where the authors represented wrongfully convicted persons without DNA evidence. The books both critique restrictions on post-conviction relief in the American Federal Courts. These restrictions are assessed as examples of American ‘extra-legalism’ where a very complex legal system frequently produces unjust results and fails to provide redress and accountability for injustice. The role of equality and non-discrimination norms in wrongful convictions discourse are also assessed. Valena Beety’s call for a substantive and social justice approach focused on ‘manifest justice’ and fundamental reforms to the American criminal justice system is compared to Daniel Medwed’s more narrow focus on factual innocence. It is argued that Beety’s more ambitious approach is normatively superior and more easily applied outside the distinct context of American mass imprisonment and extra-legalism.
这篇评论文章探讨了美国错误定罪学术研究的最新趋势。尽管人们呼吁对错误定罪进行 "犯罪学 "研究,但对实际案例的叙述仍然非常重要。所评述的两本书通过研究作者在没有DNA证据的情况下代理被错误定罪者的案件,探讨了无罪工作的模糊性和挑战性。这两本书都批评了美国联邦法院对定罪后救济的限制。这些限制被视为美国 "法外之法 "的典范,在这种情况下,一个非常复杂的法律体系经常会产生不公正的结果,并且无法为不公正提供补救和问责。此外,还对平等和非歧视准则在错误定罪论述中的作用进行了评估。与丹尼尔-梅德韦德(Daniel Medwed)更狭隘地关注事实无罪的观点相比,瓦莱娜-贝蒂(Valena Beety)呼吁采用注重 "显性正义 "的实质性社会正义方法,并对美国刑事司法系统进行根本性改革。文章认为,Beety 更为雄心勃勃的方法在规范上更胜一筹,并且更容易在美国大规模监禁和法外主义的独特背景之外加以应用。
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引用次数: 0
Lessons learned from principal investigators on recruitment for community-based health behavior studies during the COVID-19 pandemic. 主要研究人员在 COVID-19 大流行期间为基于社区的健康行为研究招募人员的经验教训。
4区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2023-07-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-26 DOI: 10.18203/2349-3259.ijct20232199
Rebecca A Seguin-Fowler, Margaret Demment, Sara C Folta, Meredith Graham, Jay E Maddock, Megan S Patterson

Little is known about pandemic-related impacts on participant recruitment into community-based health studies during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this report was to summarize lessons learned from principal investigators (PIs) of NIH-funded community-based health behavior studies that were scheduled to recruit during the COVID-19 pandemic. We report on findings from three open-ended questions that were part of a 50-question online survey conducted from December 2022 - January 2023, completed by 52 PIs. Four categories of lessons emerged to optimize recruitment into studies: formalize relationships with community partnerships; focus on study operations; recruitment is a science and an art; and reduce participant burden and increase participant benefit. Taken together, these recommendations will require longer and more complex recruitment plans. To implement these plans, researchers and funders will need to allocate more time, thoughtful attention, and financial resources to support formal community partnerships, additional staff time and training, real-time monitoring and refinement of multiple strategies throughout recruitment, and increased attention to participant benefit.

人们对 COVID-19 大流行期间大流行对社区健康研究参与者招募的影响知之甚少。本报告旨在总结由美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)资助、计划在 COVID-19 大流行期间进行招募的社区健康行为研究的主要研究者(PIs)的经验教训。我们报告的是 2022 年 12 月至 2023 年 1 月期间进行的 50 题在线调查中三个开放式问题的结果,该调查由 52 位首席研究员完成。我们总结了四类优化研究招募的经验:与社区合作伙伴建立正式关系;关注研究运作;招募是一门科学,也是一门艺术;减轻参与者负担,增加参与者收益。综合来看,这些建议需要更长、更复杂的招募计划。为了实施这些计划,研究人员和资助者需要分配更多的时间、周到的关注和财政资源,以支持正式的社区合作关系、额外的员工时间和培训、实时监控和完善整个招募过程中的多种策略,并更加关注参与者的收益。
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引用次数: 0
Contractual Howlers: A Russian Bond Case Study 契约咆哮者:俄罗斯债券案例研究
IF 0.6 4区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2023-06-16 DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-0004
Robert E. Scott, Stephen J. Choi, Mitu G. Gulati
Both theorists and courts commonly assume that high-dollar financial contracts between sophisticated parties are free of linguistic errors: sophisticated parties, the thinking goes, will carefully express their shared intentions and eliminate any troublesome gaps and glitches. Consistent with this assumption, most courts interpret the language of commercial contracts literally according to the plain or ordinary meaning of the words in the agreement. An examination of contracts governing Russian bonds outstanding in 2022, however, reveals a large number of potentially troublesome contractual gaps and glitches. We refer to these linguistic irregularities as ‘howlers’ in order to highlight the significant litigation risks they create. In this article, we use interviews with market participants to assess the causes of the contractual howlers we observe in the Russian bonds. The presence of howlers undermines the core assumption that justifies the literal interpretive approach used by courts for contracts between sophisticated parties.
理论家和法院都普遍认为,经验丰富的各方之间的高美元金融合同不存在语言错误:他们认为,经验丰富的各方会仔细表达他们的共同意图,并消除任何麻烦的差距和小差错。与这一假设相一致,大多数法院根据协议中文字的普通含义逐字解释商业合同的语言。然而,对2022年俄罗斯未偿债券合同的审查显示,存在大量潜在的棘手合同漏洞和故障。我们将这些语言上的违规行为称为“咆哮者”,以突出它们带来的重大诉讼风险。在本文中,我们使用与市场参与者的访谈来评估我们在俄罗斯债券中观察到的合同咆哮的原因。嚎叫者的存在破坏了一个核心假设,即法院对经验丰富的当事人之间的合同使用的字面解释方法是合理的。
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引用次数: 0
Explainability and the Epistemic Division of Labour in Adjudication 裁判中的可解释性与认知分工
IF 0.6 4区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2023-06-16 DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-0003
Vincent Chiao, Martin Heslop
The ‘black box’ quality of contemporary algorithmic tools raises concerns related to their use in court because of the law’s emphasis on explanations, transparency, and public reasons. We argue that the problems of explainability associated with contemporary algorithmic tools are, from a legal perspective, neither sui generis nor irreconcilable with existing norms. We distinguish between the types of explanations required by fact-finders and those required from judges. We conclude that apparent tensions can be reconciled by attending to the epistemic division of labour between the legal and scientific communities, contextualizing expert evidence appropriately, and distinguishing between explanation as reconstruction and as justification.
由于法律强调解释、透明度和公共原因,当代算法工具的“黑箱”性质引起了人们对其在法庭上使用的担忧。我们认为,从法律的角度来看,与当代算法工具相关的可解释性问题既不是自生的,也不是与现有规范不可调和的。我们区分事实发现者要求的解释类型和法官要求的解释类型。我们的结论是,明显的紧张关系可以通过关注法律界和科学界之间的知识分工、适当地将专家证据置于背景中、区分作为重建和证明的解释来调和。
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引用次数: 0
Courts as Data Guardians for the Public Good 法院是公共利益的数据守护者
IF 0.6 4区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2023-06-16 DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-0005
Emily S. Taylor Poppe
In an increasingly digital world, where data-driven decision making and technology-enhanced workflows are the norm, civil courts lag behind. Despite the rise in electronic filing, many civil court records remain inaccessible and unused by court administrators and other government actors. Meanwhile, for-profit companies increasingly compile court records into massive datasets that facilitate sophisticated legal analytics. This discrepancy between public and private approaches results in unfulfilled potential for court records to inform court operations, procedural rule making, and substantive policy. This article argues for a future in which courts address these failures and take on the role of data guardians for the public good.
在一个日益数字化的世界里,数据驱动的决策和技术增强的工作流程成为常态,民事法院落后了。尽管电子备案有所增加,但法院管理人员和其他政府行为者仍然无法访问和使用许多民事法庭记录。与此同时,营利性公司越来越多地将法庭记录汇编成庞大的数据集,以便于进行复杂的法律分析。公共和私人方法之间的这种差异导致法庭记录为法庭运作、程序规则制定和实质性政策提供信息的潜力未得到实现。这篇文章为法院解决这些失败并为公共利益扮演数据守护者的角色的未来辩护。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
University of Toronto Law Journal
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