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The reporter's responsibility: Journalists and anthropologists 记者的责任记者和人类学家
IF 1.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12869
Eric Laursen

This guest editorial explores the parallel ethical responsibilities and institutional challenges faced by anthropologists and journalists, highlighting their shared commitment to reporting faithfully on the complexities of global conflicts, cultural transformations and sensitive social issues. It examines the pressures both professions encounter from institutional review boards and media sponsors, which can impede their ability to conduct in-depth, culturally sensitive research and reporting. The text underscores the importance of honesty, expertise, open-mindedness and courage in navigating the intricate cultural situations and conflicts within contemporary global issues. By examining the institutional pressures that demand conformity to specific ethical models or journalistic practices, the article calls for re-evaluating these constraints to support reporters’ investigative integrity and ethical obligations better in both fields.

这篇特约社论探讨了人类学家和记者所面临的并行的伦理责任和制度挑战,强调了他们忠实报道全球冲突、文化变革和敏感社会问题的共同承诺。文章探讨了这两个行业所面临的来自机构审查委员会和媒体赞助商的压力,这些压力可能会阻碍他们进行深入的、对文化敏感的研究和报道。该书强调了在驾驭当代全球问题中错综复杂的文化状况和冲突时,诚实、专业知识、开放的心态和勇气的重要性。通过研究要求遵守特定道德模式或新闻实践的制度压力,文章呼吁重新评估这些限制,以更好地支持记者在这两个领域的调查诚信和道德义务。
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引用次数: 0
Fieldwork? Better not: Ethics bureaucracy in Eastern Europe 实地考察?最好不要:东欧的道德官僚主义
IF 1.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12873
Lenka J. Budilová, Marek Jakoubek

This article discusses the methodological and ethical challenges posed by the bureaucratization of research ethics in Eastern Europe, particularly as this impacts the practice of anthropology and fieldwork. It reflects on the authors’ extensive fieldwork among Czech-speaking Protestants in Bulgaria and the Czech Republic, highlighting the discrepancy between Western and Eastern European academic norms regarding ethnography. The authors argue that increased formalization and ethical regulation favour more easily bureaucratically managed methodologies, to the detriment of traditional anthropological fieldwork, which is critical for deep cultural understanding.

本文讨论了东欧研究伦理官僚化带来的方法论和伦理挑战,尤其是这对人类学实践和田野工作的影响。文章反思了作者在保加利亚和捷克共和国对讲捷克语的新教徒进行的广泛田野调查,强调了西欧和东欧关于民族志的学术规范之间的差异。作者认为,越来越多的正规化和道德规范有利于更容易官僚化管理的方法,而不利于传统人类学田野调查,而田野调查对于深入了解文化至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Classified 分类
IF 1.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12882
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引用次数: 0
Experiences of GDPR in Norway: Politics of autonomy and control 挪威的 GDPR 经验:自主与控制政治
IF 1.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12875
Jan Ketil Simonsen, Elisabeth L'orange Fürst

This article explores the challenges Norwegian anthropologists face owing to the implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The authors’ analysis reveals a tension between the need to comply with data protection regulations and preserve research autonomy and methodological integrity. The authors document how GDPR's bureaucratic control mechanisms have influenced researchers’ conceptualization of ethics, leading to a split between legalistic adherence and critical responses within the anthropological community. This situation has necessitated negotiations with various stakeholders and re-evaluating participatory observational methods, particularly in health research, where access has become increasingly difficult. The article highlights the anthropological community's efforts to navigate these regulations through national debates, establishing forums for ethics in ethnographic research and developing strategies to maintain methodological standards while ensuring GDPR compliance. The authors advocate vigilance against the colonization of bureaucratic logic and seek to secure anthropological representation in regulatory bodies to safeguard the discipline's interests.

本文探讨了挪威人类学家因《一般数据保护条例》(GDPR)的实施而面临的挑战。作者的分析揭示了遵守数据保护条例与维护研究自主性和方法完整性之间的矛盾。作者记录了 GDPR 的官僚控制机制如何影响了研究人员对伦理的概念化,导致人类学界在遵守法律与批判性回应之间出现分裂。在这种情况下,有必要与各利益相关方进行谈判,并重新评估参与式观察方法,尤其是在获取信息变得越来越困难的健康研究领域。文章重点介绍了人类学界通过全国性辩论、建立人种学研究伦理论坛和制定战略,在确保遵守 GDPR 的同时保持方法论标准,为驾驭这些法规所做的努力。作者主张警惕官僚逻辑的殖民化,并寻求确保人类学在监管机构中的代表性,以维护本学科的利益。
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引用次数: 0
Guns, gangs and metal: The double-edged sword of protection inside Beirut's scrap economies 枪支、帮派和金属:贝鲁特废料经济中保护的双刃剑
IF 1.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12863
Elizabeth Saleh

In Beirut, the role of ‘local strong men’, known as the masoul, has significantly transformed, particularly in Lebanon's financial crisis and since the devastating Beirut port explosion in August 2020. Traditionally, these armed henchmen, affiliated with mainstream political parties, have exerted control over the scrap metal industry, from collection to transportation. However, the increasing profitability of scrap metal, notably copper and iron – long-standing leading exports – has led to new forms of ‘local strong men’, termed ‘asabet (gangs). These groups have escalated violence, breaking from what was previously considered normative behaviour. This article examines these evolving protection practices and their implications for Lebanon's sociopolitical landscape.

在贝鲁特,被称为 "masoul "的 "地方强人 "的角色发生了重大转变,尤其是在黎巴嫩金融危机期间和 2020 年 8 月贝鲁特港口发生毁灭性爆炸以来。传统上,这些隶属于主流政党的武装喽啰控制着废金属行业从收集到运输的全过程。然而,废金属,尤其是铜和铁--长期以来的主要出口产品--的利润越来越高,导致出现了新形式的 "地方强人",即 "asabet(帮派)"。这些团伙的暴力不断升级,打破了以前被认为是规范的行为。本文探讨了这些不断演变的保护做法及其对黎巴嫩社会政治格局的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Front and Back Covers, Volume 40, Number 1. February 2024 封面和封底,第 40 卷第 1 号。2024 年 2 月
IF 1.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12804

Front and back cover caption, volume 40 issue 1

EYE IN THE SKY: ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE DRONE ERA

A civilian contractor launches a V-BAT surveillance and reconnaissance drone from the USS Rushmore in the Philippine Sea. Manufactured by the California-based startup Shield AI, the V-BAT takes off vertically and operates autonomously without operator guidance or GPS (global positioning system). Its ‘swarming’ capability allows for potential combat use.

Drones have had a profound impact in theatres of war for decades, causing lethal outcomes for combatants and non-combatants alike. The US-led ‘war on terror’ in regions like Afghanistan, Pakistan and Yemen has seen drone strikes causing tens of thousands of deaths, including many civilians. Beyond the direct, destructive impact, American drone pilots report significant mental health issues like anxiety, depression and PTSD due to the nature of remote-controlled warfare.

Recent conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza have seen an expansion in the types of drones used, ranging from inexpensive commercial drones with explosives to advanced armed drones. While traditionally operated remotely, there is an increasing shift towards autonomous functioning.

This escalation in drone warfare technology, particularly the development of lethal autonomous weapon systems, has led to warnings of a global AI arms race involving powers like the US, China and Russia. The concept of ‘sensor-to-shooter’ machine learning infrastructures by military planners underscores the ethical, moral and sociopolitical dilemmas in a world increasingly leaning towards algorithmic warfare.

In this issue, Roberto González argues that anthropologists need to illuminate how drone warfare impacts societies, the effects on both operators and targeted populations and the broader sociopolitical implications of autonomous weapons. This critical, publicly oriented anthropological perspective is essential to navigating the complex interplay of technology, ethics and human values in modern warfare, offering a deeper understanding of the societal impacts of these rapidly evolving military technologies.

UNRAVELLING ‘REAL’ KINSHIP

This thought-provoking Illustration shows the contrast between the idealized concept of unilineal descent and the intricate realities of kinship in everyday life. The left side of the image displays a simplified, stylized, unilineal family tree. With its clear, vertical lines, this depiction symbolizes kinship as a straightforward, linear progression. It embodies an idealized perspective on lineage, where relationships are traced through a single ancestral line, mirroring classical kinship theory.

Conversely, the right side of the image presents a more complex and interwoven family tree. This part challenges the simplistic notions of unilineal descent, revealing kinship's rich, multifaceted nature. Here, the interconnected lines represent a spectrum of relationships ex

封面和封底标题,第 40 卷第 1 期EYE IN THE SKY: ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE DRONE ERA一家民用承包商从菲律宾海的拉什莫尔号驱逐舰上发射了一架 V-BAT 监视和侦察无人机。V-BAT 无人机由总部位于加利福尼亚州的初创公司 Shield AI 制造,可垂直起飞,在没有操作员引导或 GPS(全球定位系统)的情况下自主运行。几十年来,无人机在战场上产生了深远的影响,对战斗人员和非战斗人员都造成了致命的后果。在美国领导的阿富汗、巴基斯坦和也门等地区的 "反恐战争 "中,无人机袭击造成数万人死亡,其中包括许多平民。除了直接的破坏性影响外,美国无人机飞行员还报告说,由于遥控战争的性质,他们存在焦虑、抑郁和创伤后应激障碍等严重的心理健康问题。最近在乌克兰和加沙的冲突中,使用的无人机类型不断扩大,从携带爆炸物的廉价商用无人机到先进的武装无人机,不一而足。无人机战争技术的升级,尤其是致命的自主武器系统的开发,已导致美国、中国和俄罗斯等大国发出了全球人工智能军备竞赛的警告。军事规划者提出的 "从传感器到射手 "机器学习基础设施的概念,凸显了这个日益倾向于算法战争的世界所面临的伦理、道德和社会政治困境。在本期杂志中,罗伯托-冈萨雷斯(Roberto González)认为,人类学家需要阐明无人机战争如何影响社会,对操作者和目标人群的影响,以及自主武器更广泛的社会政治影响。这种批判性的、以公众为导向的人类学视角对于驾驭现代战争中技术、伦理和人类价值观之间复杂的相互作用至关重要,可以让我们更深入地了解这些快速发展的军事技术对社会的影响。画面左侧展示了一棵简化的、风格化的单系家谱。通过清晰的垂直线条,这幅画将亲缘关系象征为一种直截了当的线性发展。相反,图片右侧的家谱则更为复杂,交织在一起。这一部分挑战了单系血统的简单观念,揭示了亲缘关系的丰富性和多面性。在这里,相互连接的线条代表了超越单纯血统的各种关系,包括婚姻、收养、社区联系和其他社会纽带。这些方面在传统的亲属关系模式中经常被边缘化,但人类学家都知道,它们对于理解人类关系的全部范围至关重要。萨宾娜-切韦切克(Sabina Cveček)在本期杂志中进行的富有洞察力的分析表明,考古学家对单线亲属关系系统的解释往往是不完整的。她的作品强调了理论模型与细微的亲属关系现实之间的差距,从而呼吁将亲属关系作为一个社会构建和不断发展的网络进行更动态的解释。Cveček 认为,理想化模式与实际亲属关系动态之间的对立是人类学文献中反复出现的主题。Cveček 认为,理想化模式与实际亲属关系动态之间的对立是人类学文献中反复出现的主题。即使在当今科学进步(如古代 DNA 分析)的时代,人类学对于理解亲属关系系统的深度和广度仍然至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Precision Medicine, Future Risk and the Present Self 精准医学、未来风险与现在的自我
IF 1.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12864
Lisa M. Hoffman

In May 2015, my mother was diagnosed with stage IV pancreatic cancer and passed away three months later at the age of 78. Two years later, my older brother, only 53 at the time, was also diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. He passed away 15 months later. With this news, we engaged in the genetic retelling of family histories and connections, drawing genealogical maps on pieces of paper that reminded me of teaching Anthro 101 and starkly reimagined which relatives ‘mattered’ in our lives. As an anthropologist interested in subject formation and spatiality informed by a Foucauldian analytic, I have been propelled into exploring what it means to become ‘high risk’ (as a biologically related daughter and sister), subject to new regimes of surveillance and self-management espoused by the field of precision medicine. This paper addresses this experience and thus contributes to questions of subject formation within the already-existing truth-making practices of genetic probability and personalized risk management.

2015 年 5 月,我母亲被诊断出胰腺癌 IV 期,三个月后去世,享年 78 岁。两年后,我当时年仅 53 岁的哥哥也被诊断出患有胰腺癌。他在 15 个月后去世。得知这一消息后,我们开始从基因上重述家族历史和联系,在纸片上绘制家谱图,这让我想起了人类学 101 课程的教学,也让我重新认识了哪些亲戚在我们的生活中 "重要"。作为一名对主体形成和空间性感兴趣的人类学家,在福柯尔德分析法的指导下,我开始探索成为 "高风险"(作为有血缘关系的女儿和妹妹)的意义,以及精准医学领域所倡导的新的监控和自我管理制度。本文论述了这一经历,因此有助于探讨在已经存在的基因概率和个性化风险管理的真相制造实践中主体形成的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Classified 分类
IF 1.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12868
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引用次数: 0
Diaspora, war, Gaza 散居地、战争、加沙
IF 1.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12860
Hugh Gusterson

This guest editorial examines how diasporic communities influence modern wars amidst globalization and rising ethnonationalism. It discusses historical tensions between states and diasporas during conflicts, referencing world wars and recent issues involving Chinese Americans in the US. The editorial highlights the roles played by diasporas in various conflicts, including the internment of Japanese Americans in World War II, scrutiny of Chinese Americans during Trump's presidency, and Irish expatriates’ involvement with the IRA. It focuses particularly on the Israel-Gaza conflict, noting the active participation of Israeli and Palestinian diasporas in North America, often marked by internal disagreements. The piece argues that these diasporas, though physically distant from the conflicts, significantly influence global perspectives and the nature of warfare through public opinion and social media, thereby reshaping the contemporary understanding of war.

这篇特约社论探讨了散居社区如何在全球化和民族主义抬头的背景下影响现代战争。社论以世界大战和最近涉及美国华裔的问题为参照,讨论了冲突期间国家与侨民之间的历史紧张关系。社论强调了侨民在各种冲突中所扮演的角色,包括二战中对日裔美国人的拘禁、特朗普担任总统期间对美籍华人的审查以及爱尔兰侨民对爱尔兰共和军的参与。文章尤其关注以色列-加沙冲突,注意到以色列和巴勒斯坦侨民在北美的积极参与,而这往往以内部分歧为标志。文章认为,这些侨民虽然远离冲突,但通过舆论和社交媒体极大地影响了全球视角和战争性质,从而重塑了当代人对战争的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Death by remote control: Drone warfare in Afghanistan, Ukraine and beyond 死于遥控:阿富汗、乌克兰及其他地区的无人机战争
IF 1.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12862
Roberto J. González

This article examines the use of military drones over the past 20 years. It includes the following: (1) a critical review of how drone warfare in the US-led ‘war on terror’ affected drone crews and those ‘living under drones’; (2) an analysis of how drone warfare in Ukraine and Russia differs from previous deployments of the technology; and (3) a careful assessment of what lies ahead, as national governments and technology firms race to develop AI-enabled drones and autonomous weapons systems on a broad scale.

本文探讨了过去 20 年来军用无人机的使用情况。文章包括以下内容:(1)批判性地回顾了美国领导的 "反恐战争 "中的无人机战争如何影响无人机机组人员和那些 "生活在无人机下 "的人;(2)分析了乌克兰和俄罗斯的无人机战争与以往的技术部署有何不同;(3)仔细评估了随着各国政府和技术公司竞相大规模开发人工智能无人机和自主武器系统,未来会发生什么。
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引用次数: 0
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Anthropology Today
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