Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2020.1863183
Randi Abrahamsen, Peter Naish
Many medical conditions are claimed to benefit when hypnosis is incorporated into their treatment. For some conditions, the claims are largely anecdotal, but the treatment of pain stands out in two ways. First, there is a strong body of evidence that hypnosis can produce clinically useful analgesic effects. Second, since innocuous pain can be induced in the laboratory, the process can be explored rigorously. This idea assumes that experimentally induced pain and clinical pain behave identically. We describe using experimentally induced pain in patients already suffering from temporomandibular disorders. Scanning results indicate that the pain and its amelioration are the same in the two circumstances. Moreover, the absence of any impact upon a nociceptive trigemino-facial reflex implies that the impact of hypnosis is purely cortical. Finally, we address the observation that clinical success correlates poorly with hypnotic susceptibility scores. It is proposed that a painful experimental situation induces anxiety. This, like hypnosis, has been associated with an emphasis on right hemisphere activity. Thus, clinical anxiety may render a person more responsive to hypnosis than would be indicated by a susceptibility test delivered in stress-free circumstances.
{"title":"Studies in patients with temporomandibular disorders pain: Can scales of hypnotic susceptibility predict the outcome on pain relief?","authors":"Randi Abrahamsen, Peter Naish","doi":"10.1080/00029157.2020.1863183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00029157.2020.1863183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many medical conditions are claimed to benefit when hypnosis is incorporated into their treatment. For some conditions, the claims are largely anecdotal, but the treatment of pain stands out in two ways. First, there is a strong body of evidence that hypnosis can produce clinically useful analgesic effects. Second, since innocuous pain can be induced in the laboratory, the process can be explored rigorously. This idea assumes that experimentally induced pain and clinical pain behave identically. We describe using experimentally induced pain in patients already suffering from temporomandibular disorders. Scanning results indicate that the pain and its amelioration are the same in the two circumstances. Moreover, the absence of any impact upon a nociceptive trigemino-facial reflex implies that the impact of hypnosis is purely cortical. Finally, we address the observation that clinical success correlates poorly with hypnotic susceptibility scores. It is proposed that a painful experimental situation induces anxiety. This, like hypnosis, has been associated with an emphasis on right hemisphere activity. Thus, clinical anxiety may render a person more responsive to hypnosis than would be indicated by a susceptibility test delivered in stress-free circumstances.</p>","PeriodicalId":46304,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis","volume":"64 1","pages":"12-19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39600707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2022.2068302
Daniel P. Brown
Dr. Dan Brown, one of the leading authorities, mentors and authors in the field of clinical hypnosis and meditation, passed away on April 4, 2022. Dan had been suffering with Parkinson’s Disease, and then in his weakened state he succumbed to colon cancer. He is survived by his wife Gretchen and two sons. He was the author or coauthor of 24 books. Dan received his undergraduate degree at the University of Massachusetts in molecular biology and his Ph.D. in Religion & Psychological Studies at the University of Chicago. He was awarded a Danforth Fellowship given for promise in teaching excellence, and as part of that fellowship received specialized training in how to teach. In graduate school, the famed hypnoanalyst Erika Fromm, Ph.D., served as his primary clinical mentor, a relationship that lasted for 35 years. Dr. Brown has taught hypnotherapy for close to 40 years. His books on hypnosis included the Hypnotherapy and Hypnoanalysis and Hypnosis and Behavioral Medicine, both coauthored with Erika Fromm and Creative Mastery in Hypnosis and Hypnoanalysis. While in graduate school in Chicago, he commuted to the University of Wisconsin, Madison, for parttime studies in the Buddhist studies program, where he learned Tibetan, Buddhist Sanskrit, and Pali. In his first clinical placement as a psychological clerk at Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, he studied thought disorder in schizophrenics with Martin Harrow and selfpsychology with Heinz Kohut. He also commuted part time to The Menninger Foundation in Topeka, Kansas, where he did work with the staff of the children and adolescent units on the treatment of substance abuse. There, Karl Menninger, M. D. served as an important mentor. In the late 1970s, he moved back to his home state of Massachusetts where he did an internship at McLean Hospital and a Post-Doctoral Fellowship in Clinical Research at Harvard Medical School at The Cambridge Hospital. His research focused on the long-term effects of mindfulness meditation. In the 1980s Dr. Brown was the Director of Training and then Chief Psychologist at The Cambridge Hospital. There, he helped develop and gain accreditation for an APA-approved clinical psychology internship and post-doctoral training program. His vision was to provide the best young talent in psychology the opportunity to work with a disenfranchised inner city chronic mental health population, which included intensive developmentally informed psychotherapy for patients with major mental illness and complex trauma disorders. His program included intensive multicultural and bilingual mental health training. At the Cambridge Hospital, he developed and directed the Behavioral Medicine Program, a joint venture between psychiatry and primary care medicine. His book Hypnosis and Behavioral Medicine represents the clinical approaches developed in that program. He developed a special interest in psychoneuroimmunology and the psychosocial treatment of immune disorders. As a result he developed a j
{"title":"Memorial to Daniel P. Brown, Ph.D., ABPH","authors":"Daniel P. Brown","doi":"10.1080/00029157.2022.2068302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00029157.2022.2068302","url":null,"abstract":"Dr. Dan Brown, one of the leading authorities, mentors and authors in the field of clinical hypnosis and meditation, passed away on April 4, 2022. Dan had been suffering with Parkinson’s Disease, and then in his weakened state he succumbed to colon cancer. He is survived by his wife Gretchen and two sons. He was the author or coauthor of 24 books. Dan received his undergraduate degree at the University of Massachusetts in molecular biology and his Ph.D. in Religion & Psychological Studies at the University of Chicago. He was awarded a Danforth Fellowship given for promise in teaching excellence, and as part of that fellowship received specialized training in how to teach. In graduate school, the famed hypnoanalyst Erika Fromm, Ph.D., served as his primary clinical mentor, a relationship that lasted for 35 years. Dr. Brown has taught hypnotherapy for close to 40 years. His books on hypnosis included the Hypnotherapy and Hypnoanalysis and Hypnosis and Behavioral Medicine, both coauthored with Erika Fromm and Creative Mastery in Hypnosis and Hypnoanalysis. While in graduate school in Chicago, he commuted to the University of Wisconsin, Madison, for parttime studies in the Buddhist studies program, where he learned Tibetan, Buddhist Sanskrit, and Pali. In his first clinical placement as a psychological clerk at Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, he studied thought disorder in schizophrenics with Martin Harrow and selfpsychology with Heinz Kohut. He also commuted part time to The Menninger Foundation in Topeka, Kansas, where he did work with the staff of the children and adolescent units on the treatment of substance abuse. There, Karl Menninger, M. D. served as an important mentor. In the late 1970s, he moved back to his home state of Massachusetts where he did an internship at McLean Hospital and a Post-Doctoral Fellowship in Clinical Research at Harvard Medical School at The Cambridge Hospital. His research focused on the long-term effects of mindfulness meditation. In the 1980s Dr. Brown was the Director of Training and then Chief Psychologist at The Cambridge Hospital. There, he helped develop and gain accreditation for an APA-approved clinical psychology internship and post-doctoral training program. His vision was to provide the best young talent in psychology the opportunity to work with a disenfranchised inner city chronic mental health population, which included intensive developmentally informed psychotherapy for patients with major mental illness and complex trauma disorders. His program included intensive multicultural and bilingual mental health training. At the Cambridge Hospital, he developed and directed the Behavioral Medicine Program, a joint venture between psychiatry and primary care medicine. His book Hypnosis and Behavioral Medicine represents the clinical approaches developed in that program. He developed a special interest in psychoneuroimmunology and the psychosocial treatment of immune disorders. As a result he developed a j","PeriodicalId":46304,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis","volume":"65 1","pages":"79 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44199268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-20DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2022.2061900
M. Torem
ABSTRACT Suicide is a very distressing but preventable phenomenon; it is also the most profound and serious outcome for patients and healthcare professionals. Suicidal ideations and hopelessness are a high-risk predictor for suicide attempts and death by suicide. The proper therapeutic management of suicidal patients continues to be an important challenge to all practicing clinicians. This article provides a review of age progression and specific information on the value and use of hypnotically mediated age progression as a therapeutic tool in the effective clinical management of patients with suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Case examples are provided to illustrate the use of age progression in clinical practice. The literature that explores a future-oriented strategy in the treatment of suicidal patients is reviewed. Moreover, information on a method of enhancing a future oriented strategy with hypnotically mediated age progression interventions is provided. The goal is to improve therapeutic results and reducing the risk of suicide attempts and death by suicide.
{"title":"Age Progression in the Treatment of Suicidal Patients","authors":"M. Torem","doi":"10.1080/00029157.2022.2061900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00029157.2022.2061900","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Suicide is a very distressing but preventable phenomenon; it is also the most profound and serious outcome for patients and healthcare professionals. Suicidal ideations and hopelessness are a high-risk predictor for suicide attempts and death by suicide. The proper therapeutic management of suicidal patients continues to be an important challenge to all practicing clinicians. This article provides a review of age progression and specific information on the value and use of hypnotically mediated age progression as a therapeutic tool in the effective clinical management of patients with suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Case examples are provided to illustrate the use of age progression in clinical practice. The literature that explores a future-oriented strategy in the treatment of suicidal patients is reviewed. Moreover, information on a method of enhancing a future oriented strategy with hypnotically mediated age progression interventions is provided. The goal is to improve therapeutic results and reducing the risk of suicide attempts and death by suicide.","PeriodicalId":46304,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis","volume":"65 1","pages":"30 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49623688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-28DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2022.2057838
Shahyad Somehsaraei Sabet, M. Rahmani, Susan Emami Pour, Hasti Atashi Shirazi
ABSTRACT The aim of this study is the assessment of reliability and factor structure of “Hypnotic Induction Profile” (HIP) scale in an Iranian psychiatric patient sample. The tool of measurement is HIP that calculated based on two methods of scoring (profile score and induction score). Results showed that the HIP scale is reliable. Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency was .90 and calculated test-retest reliability of Induction Scores and also the Profile Scores were .74 and .80. Agreement coefficient between the two examiners for both scoring methods (Profile Score and Induction Score) was calculated .79 and coefficient correlation for the two scoring methods was .85. Furthermore, factor analysis validity of the HIP scale showed that this scale is constructed by two factors, and derived factors explain 74.94% of the total variance. In general, results in this study present enough reliability for the HIP scale. Concepts of these findings for future studies are discussed.
{"title":"Assessment of reliability and factor structure of the hypnotic induction profile (HIP) scale","authors":"Shahyad Somehsaraei Sabet, M. Rahmani, Susan Emami Pour, Hasti Atashi Shirazi","doi":"10.1080/00029157.2022.2057838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00029157.2022.2057838","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of this study is the assessment of reliability and factor structure of “Hypnotic Induction Profile” (HIP) scale in an Iranian psychiatric patient sample. The tool of measurement is HIP that calculated based on two methods of scoring (profile score and induction score). Results showed that the HIP scale is reliable. Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency was .90 and calculated test-retest reliability of Induction Scores and also the Profile Scores were .74 and .80. Agreement coefficient between the two examiners for both scoring methods (Profile Score and Induction Score) was calculated .79 and coefficient correlation for the two scoring methods was .85. Furthermore, factor analysis validity of the HIP scale showed that this scale is constructed by two factors, and derived factors explain 74.94% of the total variance. In general, results in this study present enough reliability for the HIP scale. Concepts of these findings for future studies are discussed.","PeriodicalId":46304,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis","volume":"65 1","pages":"136 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49420541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-18DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2022.2060063
M. E. Mendoza, P. Sakulsriprasert, M. Jensen
ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to describe in detail a specific age progression approach that we use in our clinical practice and clinical trials in interventions including hypnosis for chronic pain and fatigue in individuals with disabilities. Moreover, we present preliminary evidence regarding the effects of the hypnosis sessions that use age progression suggestions compared to hypnosis sessions that provide different suggestions, as well as to sessions that did not include hypnotic procedures. Findings indicate that age progression suggestions for pain management with individuals participating in hypnosis treatment resulted in substantial immediate reductions in pain intensity, which were greater than pain reductions associated with treatments sessions providing pain education or cognitive therapy. In addition, age progression sessions provided to individuals receiving online hypnosis treatment for fatigue resulted in immediate large reductions in fatigue severity. Although the design of these two studies does not allow to report specific or long-term effects of the age progression techniques, findings indicate that including age progression suggestions to hypnosis protocols for pain and fatigue management is effective for reducing the immediate level of both symptoms. The development and continued evaluation of hypnotic interventions that increase or restore hope in, and optimism, for the future has the potential for enhancing the psychosocial well-being and quality of life of individuals with pain and fatigue.
{"title":"Age progression in hypnosis for pain and fatigue in individuals with disabilities","authors":"M. E. Mendoza, P. Sakulsriprasert, M. Jensen","doi":"10.1080/00029157.2022.2060063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00029157.2022.2060063","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to describe in detail a specific age progression approach that we use in our clinical practice and clinical trials in interventions including hypnosis for chronic pain and fatigue in individuals with disabilities. Moreover, we present preliminary evidence regarding the effects of the hypnosis sessions that use age progression suggestions compared to hypnosis sessions that provide different suggestions, as well as to sessions that did not include hypnotic procedures. Findings indicate that age progression suggestions for pain management with individuals participating in hypnosis treatment resulted in substantial immediate reductions in pain intensity, which were greater than pain reductions associated with treatments sessions providing pain education or cognitive therapy. In addition, age progression sessions provided to individuals receiving online hypnosis treatment for fatigue resulted in immediate large reductions in fatigue severity. Although the design of these two studies does not allow to report specific or long-term effects of the age progression techniques, findings indicate that including age progression suggestions to hypnosis protocols for pain and fatigue management is effective for reducing the immediate level of both symptoms. The development and continued evaluation of hypnotic interventions that increase or restore hope in, and optimism, for the future has the potential for enhancing the psychosocial well-being and quality of life of individuals with pain and fatigue.","PeriodicalId":46304,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis","volume":"65 1","pages":"45 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43048755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-18DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2022.2063590
David B. Reid
{"title":"The Heart and Mind of Hypnotherapy: Inviting Connection, Inventing Change","authors":"David B. Reid","doi":"10.1080/00029157.2022.2063590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00029157.2022.2063590","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46304,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis","volume":"65 1","pages":"74 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46910370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-12DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2022.2051424
Yuen-Ping Wan, S. Ng
ABSTRACT The current study sought to (1) compare the efficacies of Ericksonian hypnotherapy, traditional hypnotherapy, and educational talk in treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and to (2) evaluate the impacts of hypnotic susceptibility on participants’ responses to hypnotherapy. The study adopted a three-arm randomized controlled trial design and achieved an effective sample size of 144. Self-reported psychological questionnaires were used to assess participants’ IBS symptom severity, health-related quality of life, and coping patterns at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and 3 months after intervention. The evaluation focused primarily on IBS symptom severity and health-related quality of life, as well as on the illness coping patterns of symptom catastrophizing and symptoms-related social hypervigilance. The findings showed that significant improvements in IBS symptom severity occurred in all three types of study groups immediately after completion of the intervention (p < .05, ηρ 2 = .20). However, only the traditional hypnotherapy groups and the Ericksonian hypnotherapy groups still had a notably significant decrease in symptoms 3 months after the intervention, whereas the educational talk groups had dropped back to pre-treatment symptom levels at the 3-month follow-up. The amplitude of change of symptom catastrophizing in the traditional hypnotherapy groups was stronger than that in the Ericksonian hypnotherapy groups after completion of the intervention, and the two types of hypnotherapy groups were significantly lower in symptom catastrophizing both immediately after the intervention and also 3 months post-intervention (p < .001, ηρ 2 = .17). The other coping mechanism studied, symptoms-related social hypervigilance, showed a significant decline only in the Ericksonian hypnotherapy groups (ps < .001, ηρ 2 = .45). Interestingly, in the traditional hypnotherapy groups, persons with higher hypnotic susceptibility showed significant improvement in symptom severity, health-related quality of life, and coping patterns following treatment. Notably, the effects from Ericksonian hypnotherapy for IBS diverged from the effects from traditional hypnotherapy. Finally, both Ericksonian hypnotherapy and traditional hypnotherapy appeared to have greater positive effects than educational talk did, but at different levels.
{"title":"Hypnotherapy for persons with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A three-arm randomized controlled trial","authors":"Yuen-Ping Wan, S. Ng","doi":"10.1080/00029157.2022.2051424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00029157.2022.2051424","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The current study sought to (1) compare the efficacies of Ericksonian hypnotherapy, traditional hypnotherapy, and educational talk in treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and to (2) evaluate the impacts of hypnotic susceptibility on participants’ responses to hypnotherapy. The study adopted a three-arm randomized controlled trial design and achieved an effective sample size of 144. Self-reported psychological questionnaires were used to assess participants’ IBS symptom severity, health-related quality of life, and coping patterns at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and 3 months after intervention. The evaluation focused primarily on IBS symptom severity and health-related quality of life, as well as on the illness coping patterns of symptom catastrophizing and symptoms-related social hypervigilance. The findings showed that significant improvements in IBS symptom severity occurred in all three types of study groups immediately after completion of the intervention (p < .05, ηρ 2 = .20). However, only the traditional hypnotherapy groups and the Ericksonian hypnotherapy groups still had a notably significant decrease in symptoms 3 months after the intervention, whereas the educational talk groups had dropped back to pre-treatment symptom levels at the 3-month follow-up. The amplitude of change of symptom catastrophizing in the traditional hypnotherapy groups was stronger than that in the Ericksonian hypnotherapy groups after completion of the intervention, and the two types of hypnotherapy groups were significantly lower in symptom catastrophizing both immediately after the intervention and also 3 months post-intervention (p < .001, ηρ 2 = .17). The other coping mechanism studied, symptoms-related social hypervigilance, showed a significant decline only in the Ericksonian hypnotherapy groups (ps < .001, ηρ 2 = .45). Interestingly, in the traditional hypnotherapy groups, persons with higher hypnotic susceptibility showed significant improvement in symptom severity, health-related quality of life, and coping patterns following treatment. Notably, the effects from Ericksonian hypnotherapy for IBS diverged from the effects from traditional hypnotherapy. Finally, both Ericksonian hypnotherapy and traditional hypnotherapy appeared to have greater positive effects than educational talk did, but at different levels.","PeriodicalId":46304,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis","volume":"65 1","pages":"110 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46693054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-11DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2022.2039625
Shelagh Freedman, Ian Wickramasekera II
(2022). Review of the international hypnosis literature. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis: Vol. 64, Working with Intelligence that is Unconscious: Activating Critical Autonomous Processes Outside of Conscious Awareness, pp. 387-389.
{"title":"Review of the international hypnosis literature","authors":"Shelagh Freedman, Ian Wickramasekera II","doi":"10.1080/00029157.2022.2039625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00029157.2022.2039625","url":null,"abstract":"(2022). Review of the international hypnosis literature. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis: Vol. 64, Working with Intelligence that is Unconscious: Activating Critical Autonomous Processes Outside of Conscious Awareness, pp. 387-389.","PeriodicalId":46304,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138543298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2022.2039637
Dan Short
The turn of the century brought with it a mini-revolution in the cognitive sciences. Equipped with impressive new technology and methodology, researchers are now able to systematically observe and measure unconscious processes, resulting in what Hassin, Uleman, and Bargh (2004) call the New Unconscious. While some scholars, such as Rodolfa and Schaffer (2021), argue against the underlying assumption of “the existence of the unconscious as a specific and modifiable entity” (p. 293), the well-established use of hypnosis to mediate goal-oriented processes, without conscious oversight (e.g., post-hypnotic suggestion), implicates the involvement of higher cognition (i.e., evaluating circumstances and implementing goal-oriented behavior). Though we could attribute these automatic behaviors (that are novel, purposeful, and contextually relevant) to the conscious intelligence of an external operator (absolute compliance), it is doubtful that enough instructions from a therapist could be offered to cover every possible contingency associated with a complex life problem. If experts define intelligence as the creative use of knowledge to overcome problems (Kaufman, 2013), then might the creative use of suggestion to solve problems (without conscious involvement) be recognized as unconscious intelligence? This brings us to Milton Erickson who was one of the first to argue that the therapeutic agency of hypnosis cannot rest entirely on compliance with suggestion. Instead, Erickson emphasized the importance of achieving an inner re-synthesis of the patient’s behavior (self-organizing change) as achieved by the patient him or herself (see Lankton, 2020; Short, 2021a). Another important innovator in hypnosis, Theodore Sarbin, similarly argued that the future of hypnosis depends on redefining hypnosis as a dialogue in which patients participate as agents of their actions, rather than as objects of suggestion (Sarbin, 1999). In other words, intelligence and a sense of internal agency are more crucial to individual thriving than is compliance. If the use of suggestion is to be redefined as an ancillary element in clinical hypnosis, then we need to recognize and develop strategies for use as primary therapeutic devices. More specifically, can hypnosis activate intelligent mental operations that are not dependent on conscious intention? And if so, what are the limits of this special intelligence? To address questions about the relevance of hypnosis within the rapidly evolving fields of cognitive neuroscience and clinical psychology, I enlisted the help of leading researchers and clinicians who have shared their perspectives, research, and recommendations for applied practice. In this special issue, we include five articles addressing the potentials of unconscious intelligence. This discussion begins with a cross-disciplinary review of literature on unconscious intelligence and the implications for hypnosis.
{"title":"The aim of clinical hypnosis—intelligence or compliance?","authors":"Dan Short","doi":"10.1080/00029157.2022.2039637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00029157.2022.2039637","url":null,"abstract":"The turn of the century brought with it a mini-revolution in the cognitive sciences. Equipped with impressive new technology and methodology, researchers are now able to systematically observe and measure unconscious processes, resulting in what Hassin, Uleman, and Bargh (2004) call the New Unconscious. While some scholars, such as Rodolfa and Schaffer (2021), argue against the underlying assumption of “the existence of the unconscious as a specific and modifiable entity” (p. 293), the well-established use of hypnosis to mediate goal-oriented processes, without conscious oversight (e.g., post-hypnotic suggestion), implicates the involvement of higher cognition (i.e., evaluating circumstances and implementing goal-oriented behavior). Though we could attribute these automatic behaviors (that are novel, purposeful, and contextually relevant) to the conscious intelligence of an external operator (absolute compliance), it is doubtful that enough instructions from a therapist could be offered to cover every possible contingency associated with a complex life problem. If experts define intelligence as the creative use of knowledge to overcome problems (Kaufman, 2013), then might the creative use of suggestion to solve problems (without conscious involvement) be recognized as unconscious intelligence? This brings us to Milton Erickson who was one of the first to argue that the therapeutic agency of hypnosis cannot rest entirely on compliance with suggestion. Instead, Erickson emphasized the importance of achieving an inner re-synthesis of the patient’s behavior (self-organizing change) as achieved by the patient him or herself (see Lankton, 2020; Short, 2021a). Another important innovator in hypnosis, Theodore Sarbin, similarly argued that the future of hypnosis depends on redefining hypnosis as a dialogue in which patients participate as agents of their actions, rather than as objects of suggestion (Sarbin, 1999). In other words, intelligence and a sense of internal agency are more crucial to individual thriving than is compliance. If the use of suggestion is to be redefined as an ancillary element in clinical hypnosis, then we need to recognize and develop strategies for use as primary therapeutic devices. More specifically, can hypnosis activate intelligent mental operations that are not dependent on conscious intention? And if so, what are the limits of this special intelligence? To address questions about the relevance of hypnosis within the rapidly evolving fields of cognitive neuroscience and clinical psychology, I enlisted the help of leading researchers and clinicians who have shared their perspectives, research, and recommendations for applied practice. In this special issue, we include five articles addressing the potentials of unconscious intelligence. This discussion begins with a cross-disciplinary review of literature on unconscious intelligence and the implications for hypnosis.","PeriodicalId":46304,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis","volume":"64 1","pages":"283 - 289"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48106549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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