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Perpetual banishment: The transcarceral crimmigration case of Mary Masako Akimoto 永久放逐:秋本玛丽雅子的跨种族犯罪移民案例
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0424.12791
Jessica R. Pliley

The case of Mary Masako Akimoto illuminates how carceral systems based on immigrant criminalisation, known as crimmigration, intersected with gendered notions of decent and indecent work in 1930s America. Mary Akimoto was deported from the USA in compliance with US anti-sex trafficking law for the crime of selling sex in a brothel (indecent work). Yet, as part of her rehabilitation or as a requirement of her release in the months and years that followed her initial arrest, she regularly found herself in coerced labour situations engaging in vocations gendered as decent work.

玛丽-秋本雅子(Mary Masako Akimoto)的案例揭示了在 20 世纪 30 年代的美国,基于移民刑事犯罪(即所谓的犯罪移民)的监禁制度是如何与体面工作和猥亵工作的性别概念相交织的。玛丽-秋元(Mary Akimoto)因在妓院从事性交易(猥亵工作)而被驱逐出境,这符合美国打击性交易的法律。然而,在最初被捕后的数月或数年中,作为康复的一部分或作为获释的要求,她发现自己经常在强迫劳动的情况下从事被性别化为体面工作的职业。
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引用次数: 0
Bad, mad or both: A legal history of battered woman syndrome 坏、疯或两者兼而有之:受虐妇女综合征的法律史
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0424.12792
Anne Gray Fischer

The legal struggle for women's right to self-defence since the feminist mobilisation against violence in the 1970s reveals the startling history of the briefly expanded, and swiftly foreclosed, strategies for battered women's freedom in the late twentieth century. Voluminous legal scholarship focuses on the uses, promises and shortcomings of battered woman syndrome in the courts. But a historical accounting of the development and legal career of battered woman syndrome is essential to contextualising why this defence strategy took such tenacious root in the courtroom after the feminist self-defence cases of the 1970s and what was lost in the lurch toward a psychological theory of women's protective violence.

自 20 世纪 70 年代女权主义动员起来反对暴力以来,为妇女的自卫权而进行的法律斗争揭示了 20 世纪末被殴打妇女的自由战略短暂扩张又迅速终结的惊人历史。大量的法律学术研究集中于受虐妇女综合症在法庭上的使用、承诺和缺陷。但是,对被殴打妇女综合症的发展和法律生涯进行历史性的描述,对于了解这一辩护策略为何在 20 世纪 70 年代女权主义自卫案件之后在法庭上如此顽强地扎根,以及在转向妇女保护性暴力心理理论的过程中失去了什么至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Bobby pins, belts and diets: Survival strategies of women political prisoners within the gendered carceral regime at Alderson Prison, 1944–1960 鲍比别针、腰带和饮食:1944-1960 年奥尔德森监狱女性政治犯在性别化囚禁制度下的生存策略
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0424.12793
Donna T. Haverty-Stacke

This article examines the gendered carceral regime at the Federal Industrial Reformatory for Women at Alderson, West Virginia that was created by its first superintendent, Mary Belle Harris and the experiences of three women political prisoners – Grace Holmes Carlson, Helen Bryan and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn – who served time at Alderson between 1944 and 1960. It offers a critical analysis of Carlson's, Bryan's and Flynn's firsthand accounts of their time in prison to reveal these women's strategies for surviving Alderson's reforming mission that included, paradoxically, both a rejection of the middle-class femininity inherent in that mission and, at times, an accommodation to it.

本文研究了位于西弗吉尼亚州奥尔德森的联邦女子工业感化院(Federal Industrial Reformatory for Women at Alderson, West Virginia)的性别化监禁制度(该制度由第一任院长玛丽-贝尔-哈里斯(Mary Belle Harris)创建),以及 1944 年至 1960 年期间在奥尔德森服刑的三名女政治犯--格蕾丝-霍尔姆斯-卡尔森(Grace Holmes Carlson)、海伦-布莱恩(Helen Bryan)和伊丽莎白-格利-弗林(Elizabeth Gurley Flynn)--的经历。该书对卡尔森、布莱恩和弗林在狱中的亲身经历进行了批判性分析,揭示了这些女性在奥尔德森监狱的改造任务中的生存策略。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to Trans-gender things: Objects and the materiality of trans-femininity in Ming-Qing China 对跨性别物品的更正:中国明清时期的物品与跨性别的物质性
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0424.12790

Huang, A. 2024. “Trans-gender things: Objects and the materiality of trans-femininity in Ming-Qing China.” Gender & History 36: 52–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.12766

In the following three citations, volume has been replaced by page numbers:

Citation 5 has been corrected from ‘Sara Ahmed, Queer Phenomenology: Orientations, Objects, Others (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006), vol. 87, p. 161’ to ‘Sara Ahmed, Queer Phenomenology: Orientations, Objects, Others (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006), pp. 87, 161’.

Citation 6 has been corrected from ‘Judith Butler, Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex (New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2011), vol. xxi–xxiv, pp. 181–5’ to ‘Judith Butler, Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex (New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2011), pp. xxi–xxiv, 181–5’.

Citation 80 has been corrected from ‘Vitiello, The Libertine's Friend, vol. 34, p. 219’ to ‘Vitiello, The Libertine's Friend, pp. 34, 219’.

In citation 101 two incorrect abbreviations have been removed from the titles of:

‘Jessica Hinchy, Governing Gender and Sexuality in Colonial India: The Hijra, c. pp. 1850–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019)’ should have read ‘Jessica Hinchy, Governing Gender and Sexuality in Colonial India: The Hijra, c.1850–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019)’.

‘Jamey Jesperson, ‘Trans Misogyny in the Colonial Archive: Re-Membering Trans Feminine Life and Death in New Spain', pp. 1604–1821, Gender & History 36 (2023)’ should have read ‘Jamey Jesperson, ‘Trans Misogyny in the Colonial Archive: Re-Membering Trans Feminine Life and Death in New Spain, 1604–1821’, Gender & History 36 (2024)’.

We apologize for these errors.

Huang, A. 2024."跨性别之物:明清中国变性女性的物与物性"。Gender & History 36: 52-71。https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.12766In 以下三处引文,卷号已被页码取代:引文 5 已从'Sara Ahmed, Queer Phenomenology:Sara Ahmed, Queer Phenomenology: Orientations, Objects, Others (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006), vol. 87, p. 161 "更正为 "Sara Ahmed, Queer Phenomenology:引文 6 由 "Judith Butler, Bodies That Matter:引文 6 由 "Judith Butler, Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex (New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2011), vol. xxi-xxiv, pp:引文 80 由 "Vitiello, The Libertine's Friend, vol. 34, p. 219 "更正为 "Vitiello, The Libertine's Friend, pp:The Hijra, c. pp. 1850-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019) "应改为 "Jessica Hinchy, Governing Gender and Sexuality in Colonial India:Jamey Jesperson, 'Trans Misogyny in the Colonial Archive:1604-1821, Gender & History 36 (2023)" 应为 "Jamey Jesperson, 'Trans Misogyny in the Colonial Archive: Re-Membering Trans Feminine Life and Death in New Spain', pp:Re-Membering Trans Feminine Life and Death in New Spain, 1604-1821', Gender & History 36 (2024)"。我们对这些错误表示歉意。
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引用次数: 0
How the Clinic Made Gender: The Medical History of a Transformative Idea by Sandra Eder, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2022, p. 334, ISBN-978-0226819938. 诊所如何制造性别:桑德拉-埃德(SandraEder)著,芝加哥,芝加哥大学出版社,2022 年,第 334 页,ISBN-978-0226819938:芝加哥大学出版社,2022 年,第 334 页,ISBN-978-0226819938。
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0424.12782
Casey Olthaus
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引用次数: 0
Telling abortion stories: The life of Florence P. Evans (1913–1935) 讲述堕胎故事:Florence P. Evans(1913-1935 年)的一生
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0424.12781
Hannah M. Stamler

This short article provides a coda to the special forum on ‘Reproductive Rights Beyond Roe’. It merges the history of abortion with what Stéphane Gerson calls ‘personal family history’ to consider how historians should imagine, remember and narrativise histories of abortions within their own families and networks of kin. The article does this by way of exploring the life of Florence P. Evans, the author's great aunt, who died of abortion-related complications in 1935 at the age of twenty-two years.

这篇短文是 "超越罗伊的生殖权利 "特别论坛的尾声。文章将堕胎史与斯特凡-格尔森(Stéphane Gerson)所说的 "个人家庭史 "相结合,探讨历史学家应如何想象、记忆和叙述自己家庭和亲属网络中的堕胎史。这篇文章通过探讨作者的曾姑母弗洛伦斯-埃文斯(Florence P. Evans)的一生来实现这一目的,她于 1935 年死于堕胎并发症,年仅 22 岁。
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引用次数: 0
A National Park for Women's Rights: The Campaign That Made It Happen by Judy Hart, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2023, pp. ix-209, ISBN-978-1501771651. 女权国家公园:朱迪-哈特(JudyHart)著,纽约伊西卡,康奈尔大学出版社,2023 年,第 ix-209 页,ISBN-978-1501771651:康奈尔大学出版社,2023 年,第 ix-209 页,ISBN-978-1501771651。
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0424.12780
Audrey Foster
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引用次数: 0
Historicising trans pasts: An introduction 将变性人的过去历史化:导言
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2024-03-04 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0424.12777
Chris Mowat, Joanna de Groot, Maroula Perisanidi
<p>In Arundhati Roy's novel <i>The Ministry of Utmost Happiness</i>, Ustad Kulsoom Bi frequently takes the new initiates of her hijra household to a Sound and Light show at the historic Red Fort in Old Delhi, India.<sup>2</sup> At one moment in the show, during a section covering the year 1739, the audience can clearly hear the ‘deep, distinct, rasping, coquettish giggle of a court eunuch’.<sup>3</sup> For Kulsoom Bi, this laugh represents a direct line of connection between the court eunuchs of early modern India and today's hijras, and so is incontestable evidence of her place, and the place of her chosen family, in history – and thus in the present, and future, landscape of Delhi. Histories of non-normative genders, bodies and expressions are of course much more plural and diverse than implied by transhistorical lines; however, this does not diminish the power of the eunuch's chuckle: its echo allows past and present identities to touch.<sup>4</sup></p><p>A common refrain in transgender activism beyond the academy is ‘we have always been here’, and indeed it is possible to find evidence of non-normative gender experiences in some of the earliest human societies. This can serve as a way of understanding responses to transness in our own societies, as well as imagining alternative responses to gender variance.<sup>5</sup> Trans history, then, as with so many historical projects, retains one foot firmly in the present, as it faces the future. As Hil Maltino writes in his 2020 book <i>Trans Care</i>, the search for ‘trancestors’ can be a way of escaping the current anti-trans climate and finding ‘a roadmap for another way of being’.<sup>6</sup> Reading trans pasts, in all their diversity, allows us to read trans futures and (re)create trans possibilities. But there is a careful balance to be negotiated here, and we must be careful to see someone's roadmap in their wider context, without assuming each journey can and must be the same. We should ask, instead, how individuals have been recognised by the societies in which they lived, positively and negatively, and how they have resisted the boxes that do not represent them.</p><p>Like Kulsoom Bi, Villada is in her own way engaging in making history. Rather than hearing chuckles, for her it is the scorn that draws a connection between how travestis past and present have responded to the negativity they receive on the grounds of their gender identity and presentation. The stakes of her community's claim in history (and, thus, the present and future landscapes of Argentina) are grounded in the specificity of travesti experience, and to overwrite that with a single essentialised idea of ‘trans’ risks losing the meaningfulness of that community. This is something that we cannot lose sight of and, if a framework of historised trans pasts is to be productive, it cannot and must not erase the vast variety of experiences or lump a range of lives together into a simple, singular narrative.</p><p>A different, t
相反,我们希望扩展希夫-达特-夏尔马(Shiv Datt Sharma)在变性研究非殖民化背景下发出的呼吁:以 "严谨、富有想象力和游戏性 "的方式将 "变性 "一词用于所有历史,这不仅仅是承认和肯定过去的历史 "作为'其他'身份多样性的问题",而是揭示所有变性身份都隐藏着相似性和差异性30。与夏尔马一样,我们也希望过去包含的观点'能够扩展和改变当今西方关于变性身份的讨论'。31 从变性人在过去存在这一假设出发,我们鼓励作者思考在他们所处的时代和社会文化背景下,变性意味着什么,或者更广泛地审视塑造变性人生活的社会力量。结果呈现出多种观点,远离了拉弗勒尔所担心的扁平化历史分析,并对任何一种变性叙述的单一性提出了挑战。在导言的最后,我们展示了本特刊文章之间和文章之间的一些主题。我们的许多撰稿人,无论是前现代历史学家还是现代历史学家,都直接探讨了过去、现在和未来之间的关系,强调了更综合的跨时序理解的各种原因。在凯-默克利(Ky Merkley)和诺亚-卢宾斯基(Noah Lubinsky)看来,深入过去了解变性人和变性人叙事是一种行为,可以让变性人在今天的生活中更加宜居。默克利以古罗马文学为例,强调我们的道德责任是 "撰写历史,为我们的读者、学生和同事提供空间,让他们在过去看到自己",并 "大声抵制和捍卫 "对变性人生活进行单一普遍化叙事的企图。通过将性别视为一个超对象,我们能够窥见变性人是什么的多重观点,在规范性理解被建立、推翻和修复的时刻,不同的人物可以在单一文本中表达出这些观点。通过细读卢西安的《宫女对话录》和斯塔提乌斯的《阿基里德》这两部作品,默克利开辟了超越我们自身对性别的假设的视角,去思考性别是如何笼罩着作品中的人物及其发展的。此外,这种方法还让他们绕过了撰写(跨)性别历史的两个核心问题:本质化叙事与建构主义叙事之间的紧张关系,以及整个性别系统的不可理解性。卢宾斯基提出了一种 "接触 "的方法论,既包括历史上向睾丸激素 "接触 "的跨性别者,也包括希望向这些跨性别者 "接触 "的历史学家。更具体地说,他通过 20 世纪 20 年代至 60 年代出版的各期《南非医学杂志》,以及 Estian Smit 2003 年在南非议会面前的证词,追溯了合成睾酮的发展历程。在此过程中,他考察了睾酮的可及性,因为它随着医学进步、法律程序以及生产睾酮的物质关系而变化。尽管他关注的是那些允许或阻碍变性人身份认定的结构,但变性人本身却从未远离。作为其方法论的最后一部分,卢宾斯基通过批判性的虚构,探讨了如何以人为本,通过对象来书写变性史。杰米-杰斯敏(Jamey Jesperson)和欧尼-古斯特(Onni Gust)也强调了变性人的过去与现在之间的关系,认为这种关系植根于历史学家的道德责任。杰斯敏深入西班牙殖民地档案,恢复了变性女性的生活,而这些生活以前只在同性恋史的背景下进行研究。她对墨西哥殖民时期鸡奸审判(1604-1771 年)的研究揭示了种族化的变性厌女症历史:暴力和死亡主要针对黑人、土著或混血的变性女性。同样,她对上加利福尼亚天主教传教会(1769-1821 年)的研究揭示了伴随着土著人持续存在的宗教道德恐慌。在这种暴力中,杰斯珀恩发现变性女性过着丰富多彩的生活,充满了社区和姐妹情谊的欢乐。通过详述她们的生活和死亡,她提醒我们,她们的故事是漫长的变性女性历史的一部分,这段历史在当下仍在继续。为了说明这一点,杰斯珀恩采用了赛勒什-韦斯利(Saylesh Wesley)的 "重新记忆"(re-membering)方法:即重新拾起并拼凑被殖民主义 "删除 "的变性女性历史,从而将去殖民主义的努力集中于当下。 古斯特探讨了十八和十九世纪英国和帝国关于美人鱼和雌雄同体人的论述,提出了与以 "人 "为中心的论述相悖和超越的变性史。这两种人物都是令人着迷的 "怪物",因其性取向的模糊性而引起窥探者的兴趣。两人都被置于 "自然秩序 "之外,并带来了关于人类含义的种族化和能力主义观念。正如古斯特所展示的,与 "美人鱼 "和 "雌雄同体 "一起思考可以让变性史学家揭露西方知识形成的暴力过程,并通过坚持拒绝和取代 "人类 "的谱系来拒绝它们。伊利亚-莫德(Ilya Maude)和克莱尔-贝克尔(Claire Becker)的文章探讨了当代关于变性以及更广泛意义上的性别越轨的观念对历史书写的影响。莫德以拜占庭史学为研究对象,探讨了三位重要历史学家如何将现代顺式视角带入他们的研究中,从而对变性人的生活造成暴力。莫德研究的其中两位历史学家,林罗斯(Ringrose)和图赫尔(Tougher),并没有使用 "变性 "一词来描述他们的研究对象--太监。然而,莫德在图格尔的作品中发现了变性的痕迹,并将变性和双性混为一谈,这影响了林格罗斯对她所称的 "第三性别 "的研究方法。莫德的另一个案例研究对象贝当古(Betancourt)确实使用了 "变性 "一词,但他也将现代假设,特别是性学家的目光引入了他们对修道院变性男性的理解中。这三位历史学家的不同之处在于,贝当古因其不合时宜而受到的批评要多得多;而对于林罗斯和图格来说,他们的不合时宜的引入则更加隐蔽。他们使用所谓中性的现代词汇,使他们免于对使用现代词汇的人进行高标准的审查。莫德的文章表明,无论我们是否使用变性一词来描述性别变异者,我们都不能将对过去的研究与对现在的研究割裂开来。贝克尔的文章同样表明,那些从 21 世纪或 17 世纪的立场出发,回顾早期叙事的作家,会带来他们自己的视角,而这种视角往往会覆盖和遮蔽变性。贝克尔重点研究了对中世纪幻想家胡安娜-德拉克鲁兹生平的改写。胡安娜的原始《生平》创作于 16 世纪上半叶,其中包含了她在子宫中由男变女的奇迹,而 17 世纪的传记重述则丢失了胡安娜变性的最突出部分,包括提到她的喉结。贝克尔认为,这种文本遗失反映了宗教改革、特伦特会议和西班牙宗教裁判所带来的宗教和政治变化。其中最值得注意的是教士当局权力的增加,他们为了自己的利益而将胡安娜的第一部《生活》所颠覆的变性趋势重新纳入其中。这些文章揭示了现代与前现代、变性与顺性历史学家通常以不同方式处理的混乱局面,不仅提出了关于资料本身的问题,也提出了当我们的期望受到挑战时,我们自己不愿谈论变性的问题。值得注意的是,扎维尔-纳恩(Zavier Nunn)和埃兹吉-萨里塔什(Ezgi Saritaş)发现了身份的滑坡,因为他们的主题将变性、同性恋、戏剧性和对双性人身份的提及交织在一起。纳恩的文章聚焦奥地利并入第三帝国期间和之后的维也纳,讨论了 P.的生活,他将 P.描述为 "变性人和同性恋者,女性化但又狡猾地声称自己是男人"。P. 曾被警察和法院当局视为性变态;她既否认自己是女性,最终又自我宣称是女性;后来被正式诊断为雌雄同体。这些身份在 P.的主体性形成过程中交织在一起,同时也在她人生的不同阶段和不同环境中被战略性地运用、强调或隐藏。纳恩在这篇文章中的目标是在不诉诸悲剧和受害叙事的情况下讲述 P. 的一生。萨里塔什(Saritaş)的文章探讨了土耳其变性人凯南-奇尼利(Kenan Çinili)的生活,20 世纪 30 年代后半期,报纸和一系列照片对他的冒险经历进行了轰动性的报道。 凯南连载的回
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引用次数: 0
The shape of sex: Nonbinary gender from genesis to the renaissance by Leah DeVun, New York: Columbia University Press, 2021, pp. xiv–315, ISBN-978-0231195515. 性别的形状:非二元性别从起源到文艺复兴》,Leah DeVun 著,纽约:哥伦比亚大学出版社,2021 年,第 xiv-315 页,ISBN-978-0231195515:哥伦比亚大学出版社,2021 年,第 xiv-315 页,ISBN-978-0231195515。
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0424.12771
Gabrielle Bychowski
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引用次数: 0
Of mermaids and monsters: Transgender history and the boundaries of the human in eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century Britain 美人鱼和怪物:十八世纪和十九世纪初英国的变性历史与人类的界限
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2024-01-26 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0424.12769
Onni Gust

The figure of the monster has long been used by trans and intersex scholars, artists and activists to articulate their sense of being in a world dominated by binary, cisgender norms. Yet what does it mean to embrace ‘the monstrous’ and how might that embrace inform the construction of transgender history? This article examines the specificities of ‘the monstrous’ in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain and empire by focusing on two figures at the boundary of the human: ‘the mermaid’ and ‘the hermaphrodite’. In doing so, it asks what the histories of these two marginal figures might tell us about the construction of ‘the human’ and argues that an alignment with the monster might enable trans historians to ally themselves with a vision of the future that goes beyond anthropocentrism.

长期以来,变性和双性人学者、艺术家和活动家一直使用 "怪物 "这一形象来表达他们在一个由二元对立、顺性别规范主导的世界中的存在感。然而,拥抱 "怪物 "意味着什么?本文通过聚焦两个处于人类边界的人物:"美人鱼 "和 "雌雄同体者",研究了十八和十九世纪英国和帝国中 "畸形 "的特殊性。在这样做的过程中,它询问这两个边缘人物的历史可能会告诉我们关于 "人类 "建构的什么信息,并论证了与怪物保持一致可能会使跨性别历史学家与超越人类中心主义的未来愿景结盟。
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引用次数: 0
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Gender and History
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