Far from being a natural, prelapsarian state, cisness is a hegemonic ideal of gender performance demanded of all people. This article explores the construction of cisness in the field of Byzantine studies, and the historiographical tropes through which it is maintained, naturalised and made invisible. It uses analysis of hegemonic cisness in Byzantine studies to suggest new avenues of investigation for Byzantine gender history. It proposes ‘cisness’ as method; a focal point for historical and historiographical investigation. It asks, was there cisness in Byzantium? If so, did it resemble ours?
{"title":"‘Selective historians’: The construction of cisness in Byzantine and Byzantinist texts","authors":"Ilya Maude","doi":"10.1111/1468-0424.12754","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1468-0424.12754","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Far from being a natural, prelapsarian state, cisness is a hegemonic ideal of gender performance demanded of all people. This article explores the construction of cisness in the field of Byzantine studies, and the historiographical tropes through which it is maintained, naturalised and made invisible. It uses analysis of hegemonic cisness in Byzantine studies to suggest new avenues of investigation for Byzantine gender history. It proposes ‘cisness’ as method; a focal point for historical and historiographical investigation. It asks, was there cisness in Byzantium? If so, did it resemble ours?</p>","PeriodicalId":46382,"journal":{"name":"Gender and History","volume":"36 1","pages":"32-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1468-0424.12754","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135038513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract During 1925–26 and 1928, debates about birth control took place in the readers' column of North Star ( Gwiazda Polarna ), a US Polish language weekly. These discussions provide a rare insight into how ideas spread by the US birth control movement were received by an immigrant and ethnic working‐class Catholic community. The readers’ letters showed the prevalence of socialist rationales for birth control, expectation from men to play an active role in family limitation, the lack of references to women's sexual pleasure and an ambivalence towards the teachings of the Catholic Church. In the wake of the discussion, one North Star editor established a birth control association to inform the ‘broad masses’. This role was also played by the North Star letters, which spread family planning information and dispelled the misconceptions regarding birth control possessed by many Polish‐Americans at that time.
{"title":"Informing the ‘Broad Masses’: Early‐Twentieth‐Century Birth Control Debates and Activism in the Polish‐American Community","authors":"Sylwia Kuźma‐Markowska","doi":"10.1111/1468-0424.12750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.12750","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract During 1925–26 and 1928, debates about birth control took place in the readers' column of North Star ( Gwiazda Polarna ), a US Polish language weekly. These discussions provide a rare insight into how ideas spread by the US birth control movement were received by an immigrant and ethnic working‐class Catholic community. The readers’ letters showed the prevalence of socialist rationales for birth control, expectation from men to play an active role in family limitation, the lack of references to women's sexual pleasure and an ambivalence towards the teachings of the Catholic Church. In the wake of the discussion, one North Star editor established a birth control association to inform the ‘broad masses’. This role was also played by the North Star letters, which spread family planning information and dispelled the misconceptions regarding birth control possessed by many Polish‐Americans at that time.","PeriodicalId":46382,"journal":{"name":"Gender and History","volume":"24 29","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135391446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article traces the ways in which the newly inaugurated Turkish Republic dealt with such institutional and legal ‘relics’ as the imperial harem, slavery and polygamy, that it inherited from its immediate, largely undesirable imperial past, condemned retrospectively as ‘backward’, but nevertheless continued to exist for years to come. Focusing on the immediate aftermath of the abolition of the Caliphate and the exile of the Ottoman dynasty, it examines a set of legal, governmental and discursive weapons that the new regime deployed – from expropriation and disposal of dynastic property to exoticisation and sexualisation of court practices – to severe the imperial harem and its erstwhile powerful actors from the political, social and cultural contexts they had long been closely linked with. It argues that while such measures affected a relatively small number of individuals, particularly women, they had significant implications for the republican government's reconceptualisation of citizenship and state belonging for the wider public.
{"title":"Relics of an Unwanted Past: Slavery, Polygamy and the Harem at the End of the Ottoman Empire","authors":"Ceyda Karamursel","doi":"10.1111/1468-0424.12755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.12755","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article traces the ways in which the newly inaugurated Turkish Republic dealt with such institutional and legal ‘relics’ as the imperial harem, slavery and polygamy, that it inherited from its immediate, largely undesirable imperial past, condemned retrospectively as ‘backward’, but nevertheless continued to exist for years to come. Focusing on the immediate aftermath of the abolition of the Caliphate and the exile of the Ottoman dynasty, it examines a set of legal, governmental and discursive weapons that the new regime deployed – from expropriation and disposal of dynastic property to exoticisation and sexualisation of court practices – to severe the imperial harem and its erstwhile powerful actors from the political, social and cultural contexts they had long been closely linked with. It argues that while such measures affected a relatively small number of individuals, particularly women, they had significant implications for the republican government's reconceptualisation of citizenship and state belonging for the wider public.","PeriodicalId":46382,"journal":{"name":"Gender and History","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135539453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Queer Art of History: Queer Kinship after Fascism by Jennifer V. Evans, Durham: Duke University Press, 2023, p. 312, ISBN-978-1-4780-1979-4.","authors":"William R. Jones","doi":"10.1111/1468-0424.12752","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1468-0424.12752","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46382,"journal":{"name":"Gender and History","volume":"36 2","pages":"796-797"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135808228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Emancipatory Narratives and Enslaved Motherhood, Bahia, Brazil, 1830–1888 by Jane-Marie Collins, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2023, p. 416, ISBN-978-1-800856929.","authors":"Maria Helena Pereira Toledo Machado","doi":"10.1111/1468-0424.12753","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1468-0424.12753","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46382,"journal":{"name":"Gender and History","volume":"36 2","pages":"792-793"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135871444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract ‘Provincializing Europe’, derived from Dipesh Chakrabarty's work of that name, argued that an imagined ‘Europe’ was a founding myth for modernity. While not mentioning feminism, this analysis is a valuable starting point for tracing the path of the term ‘ féminism ’ from France to Britain to the Ottoman Empire and from the USA to the Arab world – in the contexts of each venue. This article provides a firm basis for comparing the advancement of women in the West and the Middle East. Some factors were similar, such as the influence of religious gender values, others differed, such as industrialisation.
{"title":"Provincialising Early Feminism: A View from the Middle East","authors":"Ruth Roded","doi":"10.1111/1468-0424.12740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.12740","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract ‘Provincializing Europe’, derived from Dipesh Chakrabarty's work of that name, argued that an imagined ‘Europe’ was a founding myth for modernity. While not mentioning feminism, this analysis is a valuable starting point for tracing the path of the term ‘ féminism ’ from France to Britain to the Ottoman Empire and from the USA to the Arab world – in the contexts of each venue. This article provides a firm basis for comparing the advancement of women in the West and the Middle East. Some factors were similar, such as the influence of religious gender values, others differed, such as industrialisation.","PeriodicalId":46382,"journal":{"name":"Gender and History","volume":"863 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136069998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article explores male popular culture in Australia in the mid‐1940s, particularly men's magazines of the period, to illuminate aspects of the psycho‐sexual dimensions of Australian veterans returning to civil society. The sexual landscape of Australian society had undergone considerable transformation, especially through an increasing sexualisation of popular culture in the 1920s and 1930s. This provided a context for considerable sexual anxiety and tension, especially in the context of numerous stories of Australian women consorting with American servicemen during the war. Men's popular culture, especially short fiction, where more lurid fantasies could play out, often depicted women as sexually voracious and duplicitous. Many of the short stories involved love triangles where the men were betrayed by women. But the resolution of these rivalries often pathologised women while preserving the male bonds of war. Homosocial bonds were a bulwark in the troubled transition from war to peace.
{"title":"Return Fantasies: Martial Masculinity, Misogyny and Homosocial Bonding in the Aftermath of Second World War","authors":"Stephen Garton","doi":"10.1111/1468-0424.12742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.12742","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article explores male popular culture in Australia in the mid‐1940s, particularly men's magazines of the period, to illuminate aspects of the psycho‐sexual dimensions of Australian veterans returning to civil society. The sexual landscape of Australian society had undergone considerable transformation, especially through an increasing sexualisation of popular culture in the 1920s and 1930s. This provided a context for considerable sexual anxiety and tension, especially in the context of numerous stories of Australian women consorting with American servicemen during the war. Men's popular culture, especially short fiction, where more lurid fantasies could play out, often depicted women as sexually voracious and duplicitous. Many of the short stories involved love triangles where the men were betrayed by women. But the resolution of these rivalries often pathologised women while preserving the male bonds of war. Homosocial bonds were a bulwark in the troubled transition from war to peace.","PeriodicalId":46382,"journal":{"name":"Gender and History","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136142534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract As a historian of sex work, I analyse the power dynamics in the archiving practices and interpretation of sex worker lives, deconstructing the historic and current discourses shaping the possibilities for sex workers. In this article, I explore the legends of nineteenth‐century Madams Annie Cook and Annie Chambers. According to the remaining historical record, Cook and Chambers transformed from sinners to angels prior to death – using sacrifice to eschew their lives of alleged immorality – and in the process, became worthy of historical remembrance and archiving. In recognising the politics of archiving certain documents but not others, I deconstruct the histories of Cook and Chambers to show how discourse and historical memory function to simplify sex worker lives. These tropes serve a larger purpose of constructing white sex worker lives as redeemable and valuable and Black sex workers as unworthy of historical memory, shaping not only the history of sex work but also current debates about sex worker lives, sex trafficking, legal rights and belonging.
{"title":"A Tale of Two Annies: Historical Memory, Archives and the Perpetuation of the Sinners to Angels Trope in American Sex Worker History","authors":"Ashley Barnes‐Gilbert","doi":"10.1111/1468-0424.12746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.12746","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As a historian of sex work, I analyse the power dynamics in the archiving practices and interpretation of sex worker lives, deconstructing the historic and current discourses shaping the possibilities for sex workers. In this article, I explore the legends of nineteenth‐century Madams Annie Cook and Annie Chambers. According to the remaining historical record, Cook and Chambers transformed from sinners to angels prior to death – using sacrifice to eschew their lives of alleged immorality – and in the process, became worthy of historical remembrance and archiving. In recognising the politics of archiving certain documents but not others, I deconstruct the histories of Cook and Chambers to show how discourse and historical memory function to simplify sex worker lives. These tropes serve a larger purpose of constructing white sex worker lives as redeemable and valuable and Black sex workers as unworthy of historical memory, shaping not only the history of sex work but also current debates about sex worker lives, sex trafficking, legal rights and belonging.","PeriodicalId":46382,"journal":{"name":"Gender and History","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136112472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The memoir of Kenan Çinili, a transgender person who was widely covered by newspapers in Turkey in the second half of the 1930s, sheds light on the historically and geographically unique workings of cisheteronormativity. Through a self-reflexive reading of the memoir and newspaper accounts from this period, this article explores how a narrative transgender subjectivity emerges from the appropriation and negotiation of tropes, figures and discourses that make this subjectivity intelligible. Through the use of the medium of photography, which exposed and spectacularised gender nonconformity, Kenan was able to performatively embody and visually present a masculine gender identity. However, the space Kenan created for narrative and visual self-constitution was conditioned by their privileges based on class, urban–rural hierarchy, ethnicity and normative sexual dimorphism.
{"title":"Creating a space for trans self-narrative in 1930s Turkey: Kenan Çinili's memoir","authors":"Ezgi Sarıtaş","doi":"10.1111/1468-0424.12747","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1468-0424.12747","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The memoir of Kenan Çinili, a transgender person who was widely covered by newspapers in Turkey in the second half of the 1930s, sheds light on the historically and geographically unique workings of cisheteronormativity. Through a self-reflexive reading of the memoir and newspaper accounts from this period, this article explores how a narrative transgender subjectivity emerges from the appropriation and negotiation of tropes, figures and discourses that make this subjectivity intelligible. Through the use of the medium of photography, which exposed and spectacularised gender nonconformity, Kenan was able to performatively embody and visually present a masculine gender identity. However, the space Kenan created for narrative and visual self-constitution was conditioned by their privileges based on class, urban–rural hierarchy, ethnicity and normative sexual dimorphism.</p>","PeriodicalId":46382,"journal":{"name":"Gender and History","volume":"36 1","pages":"167-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1468-0424.12747","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136114352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, I contextualise and explain the restriction of what I term ‘trans potential’ in later hagiography on the Spanish visionary abbess Mother Juana de la Cruz (1481–1534). The first written work on Juana included a functionally transmasculine narrative (Juana passed briefly as a man) and a functionally transfeminine narrative (God miraculously feminised the previously male Juana prior to her birth, leaving her with an Adam's apple). In later works, the transmasculine narrative appears significantly modified, and the transfeminine narrative does not appear at all. These textual reformulations, I conclude, are most legible within the framework of transmisogyny.
{"title":"Transmisogyny in later (1588–1623) hagiography on Mother Juana de la Cruz (1481–1534)","authors":"Claire Becker","doi":"10.1111/1468-0424.12744","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1468-0424.12744","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this article, I contextualise and explain the restriction of what I term ‘trans potential’ in later hagiography on the Spanish visionary abbess Mother Juana de la Cruz (1481–1534). The first written work on Juana included a functionally transmasculine narrative (Juana passed briefly as a man) and a functionally transfeminine narrative (God miraculously feminised the previously male Juana prior to her birth, leaving her with an Adam's apple). In later works, the transmasculine narrative appears significantly modified, and the transfeminine narrative does not appear at all. These textual reformulations, I conclude, are most legible within the framework of transmisogyny.</p>","PeriodicalId":46382,"journal":{"name":"Gender and History","volume":"36 1","pages":"72-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135853428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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