Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100581
Laura Valencia-Nieto , María J. González García , Alberto López-Miguel
The exact mechanisms underlying contact lens discomfort (CLD) remain unknown. CLD results from reduced compatibility between the lens and the ocular environment, and multiple factors can trigger discomfort when wearing the lens. Consequently, this narrative review aims to elucidate the symptoms, clinical signs (singly and in combination) and ocular surface inflammatory mediators associated with CLD. This information could be useful for improving CLD management strategies in the future. A literature search of the PubMed database revealed widespread use of dry eye questionnaires in contact lens (CL) wearers, however, the emerging use of specific questionnaires for CLD is considered more appropriate. Besides, several inflammatory mediators might play a role in the development of CLD. Therefore, further studies are needed to investigate the role of ocular surface inflammatory mediators involved in CLD to better understand this condition.
{"title":"A review of contact lens discomfort: from the clinic to the laboratory","authors":"Laura Valencia-Nieto , María J. González García , Alberto López-Miguel","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The exact mechanisms underlying contact lens discomfort (CLD) remain unknown. CLD results from reduced compatibility between the lens and the ocular environment, and multiple factors can trigger discomfort when wearing the lens. Consequently, this narrative review aims to elucidate the symptoms, clinical signs (singly and in combination) and ocular surface inflammatory mediators associated with CLD. This information could be useful for improving CLD management strategies in the future. A literature search of the PubMed database revealed widespread use of dry eye questionnaires in contact lens (CL) wearers, however, the emerging use of specific questionnaires for CLD is considered more appropriate. Besides, several inflammatory mediators might play a role in the development of CLD. Therefore, further studies are needed to investigate the role of ocular surface inflammatory mediators involved in CLD to better understand this condition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"19 1","pages":"Article 100581"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145201810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100588
Mengdi Li , Kailang Zhang , Bi Hua , Kevin T. Willeford , Xiaoqin Chen , Bin Zhang , Lihua Li , Xiaoyan Yang
Purpose
To evaluate the efficacy of multifocal soft contact lenses (MFSCLs) and defocus incorporated multiple segments lenses (DIMS) to limit myopic progression in children with high myopia.
Methods
This retrospective study included 249 children (aged 8-16 years) with high myopia (non-cycloplegic spherical equivalent [SE] −6.00 to −10.00 D, astigmatism < 2.00 D). Selected participants were those treated with DIMS (N=81), MFSCLs (DISC, N=60), or single-vision spectacles (SVLs, N=108, control group). Myopic progression was assessed based on the 1-year SE change from baseline, categorized as slow (<−0.25 D), moderate (−0.25 to −0.75 D), or rapid (> −0.75 D). The multiple linear regression evaluated the association between myopic progression and characters.
Results
No significant differences in age, SE, or sex were found among the groups at baseline. At one year, the magnitude of myopic progression was significantly smaller in the DIMS (−0.47 ± 0.39 D, 33.8 %) groups and MFSCLs (−0.39 ± 0.47 D, 45.1 %) compared to the SVL group (−0.71 ± 0.54 D; P < 0.001). The proportion of slow progressors was 28.40 % (SVLs), 39.81 % (DIMS), and 51.67 % (MFSCLs). Age was associated with the myopic progression in the DIMS (β=0.108, P < 0.001) and SVLs (β=0.120, P < 0.001) group, but not in the MFSCLs (P=0.776) group. MFSCLs were preferred for children under 12 years, while DIMS and MFSCLs showed comparable efficacy for those over 12 with high myopia.
Conclusions
Both MFSCLs and DIMS have demonstrated efficacy in delaying myopic progression in children with high myopia. The MFSCLs will give children better control up to the age of 12; after that, they remain a good option.
目的：评价多焦软性隐形眼镜（MFSCLs）和离焦合并多段隐形眼镜（DIMS）对高度近视儿童近视进展的限制作用。方法：回顾性研究249例（8-16岁）高度近视（非睫状体麻痹性球面等效[SE] -6.00 ~ -10.00 D，散光< 2.00 D）儿童。选择的参与者是使用DIMS （N=81）、mfscl （DISC， N=60）或单视力眼镜（svl， N=108，对照组）治疗的患者。根据1年的SE变化来评估近视进展，归类为缓慢（-0.75 D）。多元线性回归评估近视进展与特征之间的关系。结果：基线时各组在年龄、SE或性别方面无显著差异。一年后，与SVL组（-0.71±0.54 D, P < 0.001）相比，DIMS组（-0.47±0.39 D, 33.8%）和mfscl组（-0.39±0.47 D, 45.1%）的近视进展幅度明显较小。进展缓慢者的比例分别为28.40% （svl）、39.81% （DIMS）和51.67% （mfscl）。年龄与DIMS组（β=0.108, P < 0.001）和svl组（β=0.120, P < 0.001）的近视进展相关，但与mfscl组（P=0.776）无关。12岁以下儿童首选mfscl，而DIMS和mfscl对12岁以上高度近视的疗效相当。结论：mfscl和DIMS均有延缓高度近视儿童近视进展的作用。mfscl会让孩子们在12岁之前更好地控制自己；在那之后，它们仍然是一个不错的选择。
{"title":"Multifocal contact lenses and defocus incorporated multiple segments lenses slow myopic progression in Chinese children with high myopia","authors":"Mengdi Li , Kailang Zhang , Bi Hua , Kevin T. Willeford , Xiaoqin Chen , Bin Zhang , Lihua Li , Xiaoyan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To evaluate the efficacy of multifocal soft contact lenses (MFSCLs) and defocus incorporated multiple segments lenses (DIMS) to limit myopic progression in children with high myopia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This retrospective study included 249 children (aged 8-16 years) with high myopia (non-cycloplegic spherical equivalent [SE] −6.00 to −10.00 D, astigmatism < 2.00 D). Selected participants were those treated with DIMS (N=81), MFSCLs (DISC, N=60), or single-vision spectacles (SVLs, N=108, control group). Myopic progression was assessed based on the 1-year SE change from baseline, categorized as slow (<−0.25 D), moderate (−0.25 to −0.75 D), or rapid (> −0.75 D). The multiple linear regression evaluated the association between myopic progression and characters.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>No significant differences in age, SE, or sex were found among the groups at baseline. At one year, the magnitude of myopic progression was significantly smaller in the DIMS (−0.47 ± 0.39 D, 33.8 %) groups and MFSCLs (−0.39 ± 0.47 D, 45.1 %) compared to the SVL group (−0.71 ± 0.54 D; P < 0.001). The proportion of slow progressors was 28.40 % (SVLs), 39.81 % (DIMS), and 51.67 % (MFSCLs). Age was associated with the myopic progression in the DIMS (β=0.108, P < 0.001) and SVLs (β=0.120, P < 0.001) group, but not in the MFSCLs (P=0.776) group. MFSCLs were preferred for children under 12 years, while DIMS and MFSCLs showed comparable efficacy for those over 12 with high myopia.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Both MFSCLs and DIMS have demonstrated efficacy in delaying myopic progression in children with high myopia. The MFSCLs will give children better control up to the age of 12; after that, they remain a good option.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"19 1","pages":"Article 100588"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145530845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100586
Mohammed Aljarousha , Ithar Beshtawi , Waleed M. Alghamdi , Noor Ezailina Badarudin , Mohd Zulfaezal Che Azemin , Muhammad Afzam Shah Abdul Rahim , Mohd Zaki Awg Isa , Fairuz Mohd Nordin , Safaa M. Naes , Emad IH Shaqoura , Siti'Aishah binti Ismail , Nahdiyah Azman , Sara Attaallah , Mohammed Abdelfatah Alhoot , Ali Riza Cenk Celebi
Purpose
This study aimed to assess the efficacy of two formulations of lubricant eye drops, containing a gelling agent or not, compared to normal saline. This was a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, three-group, parallel, interventional single-site clinical study.
Methods
Forty-five Gazan participants with moderate to severe dry eye disease (DED) were randomized into three groups of 15 participants each. Each group received either normal saline eye drops or lubricant eye drops. For each group, one drop was applied three times a day for six weeks. All participants applied the normal saline solution for the first week. The outcomes assessed were the Arab-ocular surface disease index (Arab-OSDI) scores and clinical tests including tear break-up time test (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), and lissamine green conjunctival staining (LGS) at weeks 1, 3, and 6.
Results
Both formulations exhibited a significant improvement in Arab-OSDI scores from visit 2 at follow-up time points (p < 0.001). TBUT, CFS, and LGS showed an improvement in both the SH 0.15% and SH 0.38% groups (p < 0.05). SH 0.38% had a greater improvement in the proportion of evaporative dry eye from visit 2 to visit 5 (p = 0.001).
Conclusion
Lubricant eye drops are beneficial for alleviating the symptoms of dry eye. There was no noticeable difference in the effectiveness of these formulations in relieving symptoms and changing any of the objective signs that were assessed. Improved EDE outcomes occurred with SH 0.38% eye drops, observed between visit 2 and visit 5.
{"title":"Efficacy of 0.38% and 0.18% sodium hyaluronate ocular lubricants for dry eye: A randomized trial in adult gazan participants","authors":"Mohammed Aljarousha , Ithar Beshtawi , Waleed M. Alghamdi , Noor Ezailina Badarudin , Mohd Zulfaezal Che Azemin , Muhammad Afzam Shah Abdul Rahim , Mohd Zaki Awg Isa , Fairuz Mohd Nordin , Safaa M. Naes , Emad IH Shaqoura , Siti'Aishah binti Ismail , Nahdiyah Azman , Sara Attaallah , Mohammed Abdelfatah Alhoot , Ali Riza Cenk Celebi","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study aimed to assess the efficacy of two formulations of lubricant eye drops, containing a gelling agent or not, compared to normal saline. This was a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, three-group, parallel, interventional single-site clinical study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Forty-five Gazan participants with moderate to severe dry eye disease (DED) were randomized into three groups of 15 participants each. Each group received either normal saline eye drops or lubricant eye drops. For each group, one drop was applied three times a day for six weeks. All participants applied the normal saline solution for the first week. The outcomes assessed were the Arab-ocular surface disease index (Arab-OSDI) scores and clinical tests including tear break-up time test (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), and lissamine green conjunctival staining (LGS) at weeks 1, 3, and 6.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Both formulations exhibited a significant improvement in Arab-OSDI scores from visit 2 at follow-up time points (<em>p</em> < 0.001). TBUT, CFS, and LGS showed an improvement in both the SH 0.15% and SH 0.38% groups (<em>p</em> < 0.05). SH 0.38% had a greater improvement in the proportion of evaporative dry eye from visit 2 to visit 5 (<em>p</em> = 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Lubricant eye drops are beneficial for alleviating the symptoms of dry eye. There was no noticeable difference in the effectiveness of these formulations in relieving symptoms and changing any of the objective signs that were assessed. Improved EDE outcomes occurred with SH 0.38% eye drops, observed between visit 2 and visit 5.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"19 1","pages":"Article 100586"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145427124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100585
Nir Erdinest, Naama Bura
{"title":"Letter to the editor concerning “Assessment of binocular vision and accommodation in myopic children wearing defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses for 24 months”","authors":"Nir Erdinest, Naama Bura","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100585","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"19 1","pages":"Article 100585"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145294175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100584
Marc Argilés , Genis Cardona , Maite Valentino
Purpose
Playing videogames involves prolonged screen exposure, potentially leading to ocular discomfort and altered eye blink behavior. However, until date, only action video game genres have been considered for their effects on blink rate and amplitude, compared to non-action video games. This study explored blink rate, amplitude, and regularity across video game genres and the influence of specific in-game scenes on blinking.
Methods
Twenty casual gamers (mean age 26.2 ± 4.6 years) were enrolled in the study. Blink parameters were recorded using the Pupil Core eye tracker while watching and playing three video games in random order: Call of Duty (Action), Sackboy (Adventure), and FIFA 19 (Sports). Blink rate, amplitude and regularity were analyzed during baseline, gameplay viewing and active play sessions. Blink parameters during high- and low-dynamic in-game scenes were examined.
Results
Blink rate significantly decreased during both gameplay viewing and active play compared to baseline (p < 0.001). The lowest blink rate was observed in action video games, but differences among genres did not reach statistical significance. No significant differences were found in incomplete blinks across conditions. Blink regularity was significantly different between game genres, with sports games showing the highest irregularity. Participants blinked less frequently during high-dynamic scenes across all genres (p = 0.007).
Conclusions
Blink rate was similarly reduced in all gameplay situations, although action games had the largest impact on blink irregularity. Incomplete blinks did not differ between genres. Blinks tended to occur less during high-dynamic in-game scenes across videogame genres, with potential implications on ocular discomfort and dryness.
{"title":"Characterization of eye blink parameters during high and low-dynamic scenes in different video game genres","authors":"Marc Argilés , Genis Cardona , Maite Valentino","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Playing videogames involves prolonged screen exposure, potentially leading to ocular discomfort and altered eye blink behavior. However, until date, only action video game genres have been considered for their effects on blink rate and amplitude, compared to non-action video games. This study explored blink rate, amplitude, and regularity across video game genres and the influence of specific in-game scenes on blinking.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty casual gamers (mean age 26.2 ± 4.6 years) were enrolled in the study. Blink parameters were recorded using the Pupil Core eye tracker while watching and playing three video games in random order: Call of Duty (Action), Sackboy (Adventure), and FIFA 19 (Sports). Blink rate, amplitude and regularity were analyzed during baseline, gameplay viewing and active play sessions. Blink parameters during high- and low-dynamic in-game scenes were examined.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Blink rate significantly decreased during both gameplay viewing and active play compared to baseline (<em>p</em> < 0.001). The lowest blink rate was observed in action video games, but differences among genres did not reach statistical significance. No significant differences were found in incomplete blinks across conditions. Blink regularity was significantly different between game genres, with sports games showing the highest irregularity. Participants blinked less frequently during high-dynamic scenes across all genres (<em>p</em> = 0.007).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Blink rate was similarly reduced in all gameplay situations, although action games had the largest impact on blink irregularity. Incomplete blinks did not differ between genres. Blinks tended to occur less during high-dynamic in-game scenes across videogame genres, with potential implications on ocular discomfort and dryness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"19 1","pages":"Article 100584"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145309505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100592
Caridad Galindo-Romero, Jose A López-López, Diego García-Ayuso, Johnny Di Pierdomenico, Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
Purpose: To assess the repeatability and validity of computerized distance visual acuity (VA) charts from Optonet Vision Unit (OVU) using a Continuing Professional Development (CPD) programme which recreates real-life scenario conditions.
Methods: This is a multicentric study with 481 participants aged from 7 to 88 years. Distance VA was assessed by OVU with five different computerized VA charts, according to Bailey and Lovie's principles (Sloan, British, Numbers, Landolt C and Broken Rings). Two consecutive measurements (TCM) and two measurements (Test re-test (TRT)) were evaluated (95% limits of agreement (LOA), ICC 95%).
Results: In all VA charts, the mean difference between measurements was near 0.00 logMAR and there was an excellent correlation between TCM (ICC ≥0.968, 95% LOA of ±0.071 logMAR) and TRT (ICC ≥0.957, 95% LOA of ±0.09 logMAR). Pairwise comparison between VA charts showed a statistical difference between tests, with a minimum mean difference of 0.003 logMAR (95% CI, -0.010 to 0.004) between Landolt C and Broken rings; and a maximum mean difference of 0.071 logMAR between Sloan letters and Numbers (95% CI, -0.075 to -0.067).
Conclusions: The reliability and reproducibility of OVU software for distance VA measurement is promising for eye care practitioner consultation highlighting the possibility of expanding the use of OVU for both clinic and research. The use of online CPD programs is useful to improve statistical and research understanding is an innovative, hands-on approach that helps in bridging the gap between clinical practice and research.
{"title":"Standardization of distance visual acuity measurement using optonet computerized vision charts: A multicentric study.","authors":"Caridad Galindo-Romero, Jose A López-López, Diego García-Ayuso, Johnny Di Pierdomenico, Francisco J Valiente-Soriano","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2025.100592","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess the repeatability and validity of computerized distance visual acuity (VA) charts from Optonet Vision Unit (OVU) using a Continuing Professional Development (CPD) programme which recreates real-life scenario conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a multicentric study with 481 participants aged from 7 to 88 years. Distance VA was assessed by OVU with five different computerized VA charts, according to Bailey and Lovie's principles (Sloan, British, Numbers, Landolt C and Broken Rings). Two consecutive measurements (TCM) and two measurements (Test re-test (TRT)) were evaluated (95% limits of agreement (LOA), ICC 95%).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In all VA charts, the mean difference between measurements was near 0.00 logMAR and there was an excellent correlation between TCM (ICC ≥0.968, 95% LOA of ±0.071 logMAR) and TRT (ICC ≥0.957, 95% LOA of ±0.09 logMAR). Pairwise comparison between VA charts showed a statistical difference between tests, with a minimum mean difference of 0.003 logMAR (95% CI, -0.010 to 0.004) between Landolt C and Broken rings; and a maximum mean difference of 0.071 logMAR between Sloan letters and Numbers (95% CI, -0.075 to -0.067).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The reliability and reproducibility of OVU software for distance VA measurement is promising for eye care practitioner consultation highlighting the possibility of expanding the use of OVU for both clinic and research. The use of online CPD programs is useful to improve statistical and research understanding is an innovative, hands-on approach that helps in bridging the gap between clinical practice and research.</p>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"100592"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145865831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-25DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100589
Kai Xu, Wenting Luo, Haiyun Ye, Xiaodong Du, Wen Li, Yue Di, Ce Zheng, Kourosh Shahraki, Donny W Suh, Tong Qiao
Background: Despite successful surgical realignment, children with esotropia often retain deficits in medium and high spatial frequency (SF) contrast sensitivity (CS) and stereopsis due to persistent cortical suppression. While perceptual learning (PL) improves binocular outcomes in exotropia and amblyopia, its efficacy in esotropia remains unexplored.
Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 44 pediatric esotropia patients (mean age: 4.34 ± 1.68 years) who underwent strabismus surgery followed by ≥3 months of home-based computerized PL. CS was assessed at five SFs (1.5-18 cycles per degree [cpd]) using the Optec 6500 system, and stereoacuity was graded via Randot Preschool/Titmus Fly tests. Outcomes were evaluated preoperatively, postoperatively (baseline), after 3 months of PL, and at final follow-up (mean: 172.15 ± 86.03 days).
Results: Post-PL, significant improvements emerged at medium SF: logCS increased from 2.02 ± 0.45 to 2.15 ± 0.37 at 6 cpd (P < 0.0001), and high SFs: logCS increased from 1.66 ± 0.53 to 1.89 ± 0.41 at 12 cpd (P < 0.0001) and from 1.18 ± 0.53 to 1.52 ± 0.41 at 18 cpd (P < 0.0001). Low SFs (1.5-3 cpd) showed no significant changes. Stereoacuity improved markedly, with 47.73% achieving good stereopsis (≤100 arcseconds) versus 13.64% post-surgery (P = 0.0003).
Conclusions: This study demonstrates, for the first time, that home-based PL selectively enhances medium-to-high-SF contrast sensitivity and promotes stereopsis recovery in pediatric esotropia after surgical alignment. These gains, likely mediated by cortical plasticity, address deficits unmitigated by surgery alone. PL represents a scalable adjuvant therapy to optimize functional vision, advocating for its integration into post-surgical rehabilitation protocols.
{"title":"Home-based perceptual learning augments high-frequency contrast sensitivity and stereopsis after esotropia surgery: A retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Kai Xu, Wenting Luo, Haiyun Ye, Xiaodong Du, Wen Li, Yue Di, Ce Zheng, Kourosh Shahraki, Donny W Suh, Tong Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2025.100589","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite successful surgical realignment, children with esotropia often retain deficits in medium and high spatial frequency (SF) contrast sensitivity (CS) and stereopsis due to persistent cortical suppression. While perceptual learning (PL) improves binocular outcomes in exotropia and amblyopia, its efficacy in esotropia remains unexplored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study analyzed 44 pediatric esotropia patients (mean age: 4.34 ± 1.68 years) who underwent strabismus surgery followed by ≥3 months of home-based computerized PL. CS was assessed at five SFs (1.5-18 cycles per degree [cpd]) using the Optec 6500 system, and stereoacuity was graded via Randot Preschool/Titmus Fly tests. Outcomes were evaluated preoperatively, postoperatively (baseline), after 3 months of PL, and at final follow-up (mean: 172.15 ± 86.03 days).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Post-PL, significant improvements emerged at medium SF: logCS increased from 2.02 ± 0.45 to 2.15 ± 0.37 at 6 cpd (P < 0.0001), and high SFs: logCS increased from 1.66 ± 0.53 to 1.89 ± 0.41 at 12 cpd (P < 0.0001) and from 1.18 ± 0.53 to 1.52 ± 0.41 at 18 cpd (P < 0.0001). Low SFs (1.5-3 cpd) showed no significant changes. Stereoacuity improved markedly, with 47.73% achieving good stereopsis (≤100 arcseconds) versus 13.64% post-surgery (P = 0.0003).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrates, for the first time, that home-based PL selectively enhances medium-to-high-SF contrast sensitivity and promotes stereopsis recovery in pediatric esotropia after surgical alignment. These gains, likely mediated by cortical plasticity, address deficits unmitigated by surgery alone. PL represents a scalable adjuvant therapy to optimize functional vision, advocating for its integration into post-surgical rehabilitation protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"100589"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100594
Jacinth J Priscilla, Lisa A Ostrin
Purpose: Red laser therapy has recently gained attention as a potential myopia treatment in children. However, concerns regarding the safety of directing red laser at the fovea have raised caution. As a result, there is growing interest in identifying alternative, safer methods of red light administration for myopia control. This study investigated whether short-term exposure to red LED light induces ocular vascular changes similar to those previously reported with red laser exposure.
Methods: Twenty healthy adults (28 ± 5 years) participated in four experimental sessions each: (1) morning red LED exposure, (2) evening red LED exposure (both 5 minutes), (3) morning control, and (4) evening control. Red light (λ = 626 nm, irradiance = 0.11 mW/cm²) was delivered to the right eye using a Ganzfeld dome. Biometry, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography (OCTA) were performed at baseline and at 5, 30, and 60 minutes post-exposure. Changes were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVAs.
Results: There were no significant differences in axial length, choroidal thickness, or perfusion density of the superficial or deep vascular complexes between red light exposure and control conditions at 5, 30, or 60 minutes in the morning or evening (P > 0.05 for all).
Conclusion: Findings show that short-term exposure to red LED light does not induce significant transient changes in ocular vascular structures. While some studies have related short term choroidal thickening or increased blood flow to longer term myopia control efficacy, it cannot be concluded from the current study whether red LEDs would be effective.
{"title":"Transient ocular effects of red light exposure in young adults.","authors":"Jacinth J Priscilla, Lisa A Ostrin","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2025.100594","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Red laser therapy has recently gained attention as a potential myopia treatment in children. However, concerns regarding the safety of directing red laser at the fovea have raised caution. As a result, there is growing interest in identifying alternative, safer methods of red light administration for myopia control. This study investigated whether short-term exposure to red LED light induces ocular vascular changes similar to those previously reported with red laser exposure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty healthy adults (28 ± 5 years) participated in four experimental sessions each: (1) morning red LED exposure, (2) evening red LED exposure (both 5 minutes), (3) morning control, and (4) evening control. Red light (λ = 626 nm, irradiance = 0.11 mW/cm²) was delivered to the right eye using a Ganzfeld dome. Biometry, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography (OCTA) were performed at baseline and at 5, 30, and 60 minutes post-exposure. Changes were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVAs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no significant differences in axial length, choroidal thickness, or perfusion density of the superficial or deep vascular complexes between red light exposure and control conditions at 5, 30, or 60 minutes in the morning or evening (P > 0.05 for all).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings show that short-term exposure to red LED light does not induce significant transient changes in ocular vascular structures. While some studies have related short term choroidal thickening or increased blood flow to longer term myopia control efficacy, it cannot be concluded from the current study whether red LEDs would be effective.</p>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"100594"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145821516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100591
Laura Asensio-Jurado, Marc Argilés, Valldeflors Vinuela-Navarro, Lluïsa Quevedo-Junyent
Adherence plays a critical role in the success of amblyopia treatment. Traditional approaches, such as occlusion therapy, often result in poor adherence, leading to suboptimal visual outcomes. Emerging home-based digital tools, such as video games, virtual reality, and movies, offer promising alternatives by increasing patient engagement and potentially enhancing treatment efficacy. This study aimed to evaluate adherence rates associated with emerging home-based interventions, identify key factors influencing adherence, and compare their effectiveness with that of traditional approaches. A comprehensive systematic literature review was conducted across PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify eligible studies reporting adherence rates for home-based digital amblyopia therapies. A total of 27 studies were included, involving 1.727 participants aged between 3 and 35 years. The pooled adherence rate was 74.2% ± 21.9%, with a median of 80.5% (P25 = 59; P75 = 88.1). Movies achieved significantly higher adherence (84% ± 12.3%) than video games (68.4% ± 24.4%, p = 0.038). Adherence was higher in younger participants (p = 0.023) and was reduced with longer treatment duration (p = 0.005). Higher adherence correlated with greater visual acuity improvements (p < 0.001), while the association with stereopsis was weaker and not statistically significant (p = 0.095). These results suggest that emerging amblyopia therapies achieve adherence rates exceeding 70%, higher than traditional treatments. These findings emphasize the importance of age-appropriate and engaging treatment strategies to enhance both adherence and visual outcomes.
{"title":"Analysis of patient adherence to emerging treatment tools for improving visual functions in amblyopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Laura Asensio-Jurado, Marc Argilés, Valldeflors Vinuela-Navarro, Lluïsa Quevedo-Junyent","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2025.100591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adherence plays a critical role in the success of amblyopia treatment. Traditional approaches, such as occlusion therapy, often result in poor adherence, leading to suboptimal visual outcomes. Emerging home-based digital tools, such as video games, virtual reality, and movies, offer promising alternatives by increasing patient engagement and potentially enhancing treatment efficacy. This study aimed to evaluate adherence rates associated with emerging home-based interventions, identify key factors influencing adherence, and compare their effectiveness with that of traditional approaches. A comprehensive systematic literature review was conducted across PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify eligible studies reporting adherence rates for home-based digital amblyopia therapies. A total of 27 studies were included, involving 1.727 participants aged between 3 and 35 years. The pooled adherence rate was 74.2% ± 21.9%, with a median of 80.5% (P25 = 59; P75 = 88.1). Movies achieved significantly higher adherence (84% ± 12.3%) than video games (68.4% ± 24.4%, p = 0.038). Adherence was higher in younger participants (p = 0.023) and was reduced with longer treatment duration (p = 0.005). Higher adherence correlated with greater visual acuity improvements (p < 0.001), while the association with stereopsis was weaker and not statistically significant (p = 0.095). These results suggest that emerging amblyopia therapies achieve adherence rates exceeding 70%, higher than traditional treatments. These findings emphasize the importance of age-appropriate and engaging treatment strategies to enhance both adherence and visual outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"100591"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145641100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-23DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100593
Laura Barberán-Bernardos, Miguel Ángel Ariza-Gracia, David P Piñero
Purpose: To characterize diurnal variations in scleral morphological parameters and assess correlations between lifestyle habits and variations in these parameters.
Methods: This prospective observational study enrolled healthy adult participants. Corneo-scleral morphology was evaluated at five standardized timepoints (9:00, 11:30, 14:00, 16:30, and 19:00) using the Pentacam HR corneo-scleral profile module. Participants completed a lifestyle questionnaire assessing sleep patterns and daily routines. Primary outcome measures included sagittal height (SH) and bulbar slope (BS), with coefficients of variation (CV) across the day calculated for each parameter.
Results: A total of 109 eyes from 55 participants (mean age: 32.6 ± 12.6 years; 37 female, 18 male) were analyzed. Repeated-measures analysis revealed no statistically significant diurnal variations in scleral parameters (all p-values ≥ 0.069). Secondary analysis identified some significant correlations between CVs of scleral parameters and specific lifestyle habits: washing face in the morning (minimum BS, p=0.007), having breakfast (minimum SH, p≤0.016), drinking coffee in the morning (SH p≤0.040), drinking coffee during the day (mean SH p=0.016), and screen exposure before bedtime (mean SH p=0.036). Statistically significant sex-related differences were observed in minimum BS of the right eye (p=0.020) and astigmatic SH (p=0.042).
Conclusions: The corneo-scleral profile of healthy eyes remains stable throughout the day, with no significant diurnal changes in SH or BS. Although certain lifestyle habits showed trends toward association with scleral variation, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn.
{"title":"Diurnal variation in corneo-scleral morphology.","authors":"Laura Barberán-Bernardos, Miguel Ángel Ariza-Gracia, David P Piñero","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2025.100593","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To characterize diurnal variations in scleral morphological parameters and assess correlations between lifestyle habits and variations in these parameters.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective observational study enrolled healthy adult participants. Corneo-scleral morphology was evaluated at five standardized timepoints (9:00, 11:30, 14:00, 16:30, and 19:00) using the Pentacam HR corneo-scleral profile module. Participants completed a lifestyle questionnaire assessing sleep patterns and daily routines. Primary outcome measures included sagittal height (SH) and bulbar slope (BS), with coefficients of variation (CV) across the day calculated for each parameter.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 109 eyes from 55 participants (mean age: 32.6 ± 12.6 years; 37 female, 18 male) were analyzed. Repeated-measures analysis revealed no statistically significant diurnal variations in scleral parameters (all p-values ≥ 0.069). Secondary analysis identified some significant correlations between CVs of scleral parameters and specific lifestyle habits: washing face in the morning (minimum BS, p=0.007), having breakfast (minimum SH, p≤0.016), drinking coffee in the morning (SH p≤0.040), drinking coffee during the day (mean SH p=0.016), and screen exposure before bedtime (mean SH p=0.036). Statistically significant sex-related differences were observed in minimum BS of the right eye (p=0.020) and astigmatic SH (p=0.042).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The corneo-scleral profile of healthy eyes remains stable throughout the day, with no significant diurnal changes in SH or BS. Although certain lifestyle habits showed trends toward association with scleral variation, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn.</p>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"100593"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145597442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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