Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100590
Xiaoxiao Zhang, Jiahao Liang, Weihong Liu, Yicui Weng, Can Chen, Huixin Jiang, Jianhua Li
Purpose: To develop and validate a nomogram model for predicting axial elongation in children with myopia undergoing orthokeratology (ortho-k) treatment.
Methods: A cohort of 111 myopic children who received ortho-k between 2014 and 2016 and consistently wore lenses for at least 6 years was analyzed. Right eyes were used as the model group, left eyes as the validation group. Demographic and ocular parameters were collected. A multivariable logistic regression was applied to model group data to construct the nomogram. Discriminative ability was assessed using the concordance index (C-index), calibration plots, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Statistical analysis was conducted in R version 4.2.3, with p ≤ 0.05 considered significant.
Results: Mean axial elongation in the first year was 0.14 mm (95 % CI: 0.12-0.17 mm); total elongation over six years was 0.83 mm (95 % CI: 0.75-0.91 mm). After adjusting for multicollinearity, age (β = -0.134, p < 0.001), gender (β = -0.226, p = 0.011; males as reference), baseline axial length (β = 0.950, p < 0.001), and first-year axial elongation (β = 1.714, p < 0.001) were independently associated with axial length after six years. The model yielded a C-index of 0.93 (95 % CI: 0.88-0.99) in the model group and 0.80 (95 % CI: 0.80-0.96) in the validation group. DCA showed clinical benefit.
Conclusions: Ortho-k effectively slowed axial elongation over six years. The nomogram reliably predicts whether axial length will exceed 26.0 mm after long-term ortho-k treatment.
目的：建立并验证一种预测接受角膜塑形术（orthokeratology, orthok）治疗的近视儿童轴向伸长的nomogram模型。方法：对2014年至2016年间接受矫正k眼镜且配戴至少6年的近视儿童111例进行分析。右眼为模型组，左眼为验证组。收集人口统计学和眼部参数。采用多变量逻辑回归对模型组数据进行拟合。采用一致性指数（C-index）、校正图和决策曲线分析（DCA）评估鉴别能力。以R 4.2.3版本进行统计学分析，以p≤0.05为显著性。结果：第一年平均轴向伸长为0.14 mm (95% CI: 0.12-0.17 mm)；6年的总伸长率为0.83 mm （95% CI: 0.75-0.91 mm）。经多重共线性校正后，年龄（β = -0.134, p < 0.001）、性别（β = -0.226, p = 0.011；以男性为参照）、基线轴向长度（β = 0.950, p < 0.001）和第一年轴向伸长（β = 1.714, p < 0.001）与6年后轴向长度独立相关。模型组的c指数为0.93 (95% CI: 0.88-0.99)，验证组的c指数为0.80 （95% CI: 0.80-0.96）。DCA具有临床疗效。结论：Ortho-k在6年内有效地减缓了轴向伸长。图可靠地预测长期正交钾治疗后轴向长度是否会超过26.0 mm。
{"title":"Nomogram to predict the axial elongation with orthokeratology: A 6-year follow up study.","authors":"Xiaoxiao Zhang, Jiahao Liang, Weihong Liu, Yicui Weng, Can Chen, Huixin Jiang, Jianhua Li","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2025.100590","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To develop and validate a nomogram model for predicting axial elongation in children with myopia undergoing orthokeratology (ortho-k) treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cohort of 111 myopic children who received ortho-k between 2014 and 2016 and consistently wore lenses for at least 6 years was analyzed. Right eyes were used as the model group, left eyes as the validation group. Demographic and ocular parameters were collected. A multivariable logistic regression was applied to model group data to construct the nomogram. Discriminative ability was assessed using the concordance index (C-index), calibration plots, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Statistical analysis was conducted in R version 4.2.3, with p ≤ 0.05 considered significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean axial elongation in the first year was 0.14 mm (95 % CI: 0.12-0.17 mm); total elongation over six years was 0.83 mm (95 % CI: 0.75-0.91 mm). After adjusting for multicollinearity, age (β = -0.134, p < 0.001), gender (β = -0.226, p = 0.011; males as reference), baseline axial length (β = 0.950, p < 0.001), and first-year axial elongation (β = 1.714, p < 0.001) were independently associated with axial length after six years. The model yielded a C-index of 0.93 (95 % CI: 0.88-0.99) in the model group and 0.80 (95 % CI: 0.80-0.96) in the validation group. DCA showed clinical benefit.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Ortho-k effectively slowed axial elongation over six years. The nomogram reliably predicts whether axial length will exceed 26.0 mm after long-term ortho-k treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"100590"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145530837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-08-09DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100571
Pablo Arlanzon-Lope, Daniel Fernandez-Pedruelo, Belén Alvarez-Arauzo, Ruben Cuadrado-Asensio, Maria Teresa Del Alamo-Martin, Rosa Maria Coco-Martin
Purpose: To evaluate visual disability (VD) and associated functional limitations in a Spanish High Myopia (HM) cohort using various disability scales and to identify the main causes of this disability and its impact on daily life.
Methods: This observational study reviewed HM (spherical equivalent (SE)≤-6 D) adults clinical records at IOBA from January 2023 to June 2024. Exclusion criteria included incomplete data and having different pathologies other than pathologic myopia. VD was classified using ICD-10, ICD-11, and Wecker scales. R was used for statistical analysis.
Results: We analysed 600 eyes from 300 patients (73.7 % women, mean age 57.6 ± 15.3 years, mean SE -13.04 ± 6.03 D, mean LogMAR visual acuity 0.52 ± 0.72). According to ICD-11, 7.6 % had mild VD, 12.3 % moderate, 4.7 % severe, and 2.7 % were blind. Wecker scale showed 46.7 % had VD. VD patients were older (p-value= 5.81 × 10-17) and had more negative SE (p-value=7.96 × 10-13). No sex differences in VD or pathology frequency were found. Myopic macular atrophy (MMA) (OR=7.816), retinal detachment (OR=3.956), amblyopia (OR=3.455), neovascularization (OR=2.668), SE (OR=1.115), and age (OR=1.040) were statistically significant key factors (p-value<0.05) for greater VD.
Conclusion: This study highlights a significant VD in a Spanish HM cohort being MMA the main cause. Age and SE were found to be relevant factors, as well.This helps to indentify patients more in need of visual rehabilitation.
{"title":"Impact of high myopia on visual disability and its causes in a Spanish cohort.","authors":"Pablo Arlanzon-Lope, Daniel Fernandez-Pedruelo, Belén Alvarez-Arauzo, Ruben Cuadrado-Asensio, Maria Teresa Del Alamo-Martin, Rosa Maria Coco-Martin","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100571","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate visual disability (VD) and associated functional limitations in a Spanish High Myopia (HM) cohort using various disability scales and to identify the main causes of this disability and its impact on daily life.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This observational study reviewed HM (spherical equivalent (SE)≤-6 D) adults clinical records at IOBA from January 2023 to June 2024. Exclusion criteria included incomplete data and having different pathologies other than pathologic myopia. VD was classified using ICD-10, ICD-11, and Wecker scales. R was used for statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We analysed 600 eyes from 300 patients (73.7 % women, mean age 57.6 ± 15.3 years, mean SE -13.04 ± 6.03 D, mean LogMAR visual acuity 0.52 ± 0.72). According to ICD-11, 7.6 % had mild VD, 12.3 % moderate, 4.7 % severe, and 2.7 % were blind. Wecker scale showed 46.7 % had VD. VD patients were older (p-value= 5.81 × 10<sup>-17</sup>) and had more negative SE (p-value=7.96 × 10<sup>-13</sup>). No sex differences in VD or pathology frequency were found. Myopic macular atrophy (MMA) (OR=7.816), retinal detachment (OR=3.956), amblyopia (OR=3.455), neovascularization (OR=2.668), SE (OR=1.115), and age (OR=1.040) were statistically significant key factors (p-value<0.05) for greater VD.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights a significant VD in a Spanish HM cohort being MMA the main cause. Age and SE were found to be relevant factors, as well.This helps to indentify patients more in need of visual rehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 4","pages":"100571"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12357106/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144817869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-08-08DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100554
Ebrahim Shirzadeh, Nematullah Shomoossi, Hadi Hasani
{"title":"On the urgency of air pollution control to manage chronic eye rubbing and probable risk of keratoconus.","authors":"Ebrahim Shirzadeh, Nematullah Shomoossi, Hadi Hasani","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100554","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 4","pages":"100554"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12356289/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144812562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: To identify the prevalence of non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies in a systematically randomized sample of symptomatic, non-presbyopic subjects from a tertiary hospital, using a broader range of diagnostics signs.
Subjects and methods: The study was designed as hospital-based, cross-sectional, and analytical and was conducted from March 2022 to April 2023. Systematic random sampling was employed to select the subjects. Symptomatic subjects aged between 18 and 35 years with best-corrected visual acuity of 6/6 in each eye and no change in refractive error during the subjective refraction were included in the study.
Results: Out of the 231 subjects examined, 91 (39.39 %) were found to have non strabismic binocular vision anomalies. Of all the non strabismic binocular vision anomalies, 60 subjects (26 %) had binocular dysfunctions, 22 (9.5 %) had accommodative dysfunctions, and 9 (3.9 %) had both accommodative and binocular dysfunctions. The most common dysfunction was convergence insufficiency (18.2 %), followed by accommodative infacility (6.06 %) and fusional vergence dysfunction (3.9 %). The most prevalent symptom was headache (16.7 %), followed by visual fatigue (14.1 %).
Conclusion: Two-fifths of the symptomatic subjects have non strabismic binocular vision anomalies. It is essential to assess all accommodative and binocular parameters in order to arrive at a diagnosis of non strabismic binocular vision anomalies.
{"title":"Prevalence and clinical profile of non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies in the Nepalese population: A hospital-based study.","authors":"Santosh Chhetri, Rupesh Poudel, Srijana Adhikari, Umesh Belbase, Mario Cantó-Cerdán, Manish Poudel, Suraj Thapa","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100575","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To identify the prevalence of non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies in a systematically randomized sample of symptomatic, non-presbyopic subjects from a tertiary hospital, using a broader range of diagnostics signs.</p><p><strong>Subjects and methods: </strong>The study was designed as hospital-based, cross-sectional, and analytical and was conducted from March 2022 to April 2023. Systematic random sampling was employed to select the subjects. Symptomatic subjects aged between 18 and 35 years with best-corrected visual acuity of 6/6 in each eye and no change in refractive error during the subjective refraction were included in the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of the 231 subjects examined, 91 (39.39 %) were found to have non strabismic binocular vision anomalies. Of all the non strabismic binocular vision anomalies, 60 subjects (26 %) had binocular dysfunctions, 22 (9.5 %) had accommodative dysfunctions, and 9 (3.9 %) had both accommodative and binocular dysfunctions. The most common dysfunction was convergence insufficiency (18.2 %), followed by accommodative infacility (6.06 %) and fusional vergence dysfunction (3.9 %). The most prevalent symptom was headache (16.7 %), followed by visual fatigue (14.1 %).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Two-fifths of the symptomatic subjects have non strabismic binocular vision anomalies. It is essential to assess all accommodative and binocular parameters in order to arrive at a diagnosis of non strabismic binocular vision anomalies.</p>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 4","pages":"100575"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12355990/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144812563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-30DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100577
Yingying Ye , Yimin Yuan , Chengnan Guo , Yingying Huang , Jingwei Zheng , Yee Ling Wong , Binbin Su , Yang Ding , Björn Drobe , Minfeng Chen , Hao Chen , Jinhua Bao
Purpose
To identify independent risk factors for myopia onset in schoolchildren, with a focus on binocular visual function.
Methods
We conducted a school-based prospective cohort study in Wenzhou, China. Schoolchildren in grades 2 and 3 were recruited in 2014 and followed until graduation at grade 6. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of ≤ -0.50 diopters. The risk factors assessed included monocular uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), axial length (AL), corneal refractive power (CR), demographic characteristics, daily activities, parental myopia, parental education level, and routine clinical binocular visual function parameters such as phoria, accommodation, and convergence-related metrics.
Results
Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that children with the following baseline characteristics had a significantly increased risk (OR;95% CI) of developing myopia before graduation: female sex (3.03;1.99–4.62;P<.001), having two myopic parents (2.36;1.29–4.31;P=.005), worse UCVA (19.99;2.24–178.44;P=.007), more negative SER values (0.15;0.07–0.31;P<.001), longer AL (7.28;4.30–12.31;P<.001), larger CR (2.20;1.75–2.76;P<.001), and lower magnitude of positive relative accommodation (PRA) (1.11;1.02–1.22;P=.02). Additional exploratory subgroup analyses indicated that the association between PRA and myopia incident remained consistent across various demographic characteristics (P-interaction>0.05). Receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC; 95% CI) demonstrated that PRA (0.59;0.55–0.63) exhibited predictive capability comparable to key ocular biometric parameters such as AL (0.57;0.53–0.62) and CR (0.58;0.53–0.62).
Conclusions
The current study identifies PRA as a stable, independent risk factor for myopia onset, with predictive capability comparable to key ocular biometric parameters. This finding can be utilized in future studies to enhance the accuracy of myopia prediction and assist in making informed decisions regarding myopia interventions.
{"title":"Positive relative accommodation is an independent risk factor for myopia onset: a prospective cohort study among chinese primary schoolchildren, the WEPrOM study","authors":"Yingying Ye , Yimin Yuan , Chengnan Guo , Yingying Huang , Jingwei Zheng , Yee Ling Wong , Binbin Su , Yang Ding , Björn Drobe , Minfeng Chen , Hao Chen , Jinhua Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To identify independent risk factors for myopia onset in schoolchildren, with a focus on binocular visual function.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a school-based prospective cohort study in Wenzhou, China. Schoolchildren in grades 2 and 3 were recruited in 2014 and followed until graduation at grade 6. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of ≤ -0.50 diopters. The risk factors assessed included monocular uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), axial length (AL), corneal refractive power (CR), demographic characteristics, daily activities, parental myopia, parental education level, and routine clinical binocular visual function parameters such as phoria, accommodation, and convergence-related metrics.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that children with the following baseline characteristics had a significantly increased risk (OR;95% CI) of developing myopia before graduation: female sex (3.03;1.99–4.62;<em>P</em><.001), having two myopic parents (2.36;1.29–4.31;<em>P</em>=.005), worse UCVA (19.99;2.24–178.44;<em>P</em>=.007), more negative SER values (0.15;0.07–0.31;<em>P</em><.001), longer AL (7.28;4.30–12.31;<em>P</em><.001), larger CR (2.20;1.75–2.76;<em>P</em><.001), and lower magnitude of positive relative accommodation (PRA) (1.11;1.02–1.22;<em>P</em>=.02). Additional exploratory subgroup analyses indicated that the association between PRA and myopia incident remained consistent across various demographic characteristics (P-interaction>0.05). Receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC; 95% CI) demonstrated that PRA (0.59;0.55–0.63) exhibited predictive capability comparable to key ocular biometric parameters such as AL (0.57;0.53–0.62) and CR (0.58;0.53–0.62).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The current study identifies PRA as a stable, independent risk factor for myopia onset, with predictive capability comparable to key ocular biometric parameters. This finding can be utilized in future studies to enhance the accuracy of myopia prediction and assist in making informed decisions regarding myopia interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 4","pages":"Article 100577"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144919934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-27DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100569
B. Palma , A. Lazaro , J.M. Lopez , P. Lata , C. Baños , I. Sanchez
Purpose
The aim of this study is to provide an update on the intraocular pressure measurements in Iberian Peninsula in order to elucidate their relationships with other clinical factors.
Methods
A multicentric cross-sectional prospective study was carried out on patients attending General Optica centres in Spain and Portugal in collaboration with the University of Valladolid. This study included healthy patients with 18 years and older. Intraocular pressure measurements were taken with different air tonometers for one week. A descriptive statistical analysis of the collected data was then performed to discover possible correlations with intraocular pressure.
Results
Statistically significant differences in the intraocular pressure of the right eye and left eye between patients under 35 years of age and those over 64 years of age were found. An increase in intraocular pressure was also observed in the group with a family history of glaucoma (p < 0.01) and aged over 45 years. Furthermore, intraocular pressure was significantly higher in patients with high blood pressure in the 45–65 age range. The standardised coefficients of variation showed that the variables most strongly related to intraocular pressure were time, followed by a family history of glaucoma and high blood pressure. The variables that had a statistically significant correlation with the intraocular pressure value were the time of measurement and a history of glaucoma.
Conclusion
Intraocular pressure increases with age, and among the variables studied, high blood pressure and family history of glaucoma were the most important risk factors.
{"title":"Intraocular pressure values in the Iberian Peninsula: epidemiological study and influencing factors","authors":"B. Palma , A. Lazaro , J.M. Lopez , P. Lata , C. Baños , I. Sanchez","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The aim of this study is to provide an update on the intraocular pressure measurements in Iberian Peninsula in order to elucidate their relationships with other clinical factors.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A multicentric cross-sectional prospective study was carried out on patients attending General Optica centres in Spain and Portugal in collaboration with the University of Valladolid. This study included healthy patients with 18 years and older. Intraocular pressure measurements were taken with different air tonometers for one week. A descriptive statistical analysis of the collected data was then performed to discover possible correlations with intraocular pressure.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Statistically significant differences in the intraocular pressure of the right eye and left eye between patients under 35 years of age and those over 64 years of age were found. An increase in intraocular pressure was also observed in the group with a family history of glaucoma (<em>p</em> < 0.01) and aged over 45 years. Furthermore, intraocular pressure was significantly higher in patients with high blood pressure in the 45–65 age range. The standardised coefficients of variation showed that the variables most strongly related to intraocular pressure were time, followed by a family history of glaucoma and high blood pressure. The variables that had a statistically significant correlation with the intraocular pressure value were the time of measurement and a history of glaucoma.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Intraocular pressure increases with age, and among the variables studied, high blood pressure and family history of glaucoma were the most important risk factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 4","pages":"Article 100569"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144907068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-26DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100579
Yanze Yu , Jian Cao , Yong Ma , Yongle Bao , Lingling Niu , Xiaoying Wang , Xingtao Zhou , Jing Zhao
Purpose
To characterize corneal biomechanics in post-small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE), post-laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK), and normal eyes using Brillouin microscopy.
Methods
This study included myopic patients who underwent corneal refractive surgery (SMILE or LASEK) at least 1 month prior to ensure corneal stability. A total of 177 eyes (79 post-SMILE, 24 post-LASEK, and 74 untreated normal eyes) from 177 patients were evaluated using Pentacam HR and Brillouin microscopy for morphological and biomechanical assessment, respectively. Among them, 30 eyes (20 post-SMILE and 10 post-LASEK) from 30 participants underwent both pre- and post-operative Brillouin and Pentacam examinations, enabling within-subject comparisons. Corneal biomechanics were assessed using Brillouin modulus (BM), where lower values indicate weaker biomechanical properties.
Results
No significant differences were observed in Central BM, Mean BM, or Max BM among the groups. Compared with the normal eyes, Min BM was significantly lower in the post-SMILE and post-LASEK groups (P = 0.004 and 0.002, respectively) and Max–Min BM significantly increased after SMILE and LASEK (both P < 0.001). In post-SMILE corneas, standardized deviation BM was significantly higher than in normal corneas (P < 0.001). Within-subjects comparisons (pre- vs post-operation) further confirmed above results. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a negative correlation between Central BM and post-operative corneal thickness in post-SMILE corneas (coefficient = –0.016, P = 0.025). In the post-LASEK group, Max-Min BM showed a positive correlation with mean corneal curvature (coefficient = 0.031, P = 0.001).
Conclusion
SMILE and LASEK can induce localized changes in corneal biomechanics, as observed by Brillouin microscopy, while maintaining overall corneal biomechanics.
{"title":"Comparison of corneal biomechanics in post-smile, post-LASEK, and normal eyes with Brillouin microscopy","authors":"Yanze Yu , Jian Cao , Yong Ma , Yongle Bao , Lingling Niu , Xiaoying Wang , Xingtao Zhou , Jing Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To characterize corneal biomechanics in post-small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE), post-laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK), and normal eyes using Brillouin microscopy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study included myopic patients who underwent corneal refractive surgery (SMILE or LASEK) at least 1 month prior to ensure corneal stability. A total of 177 eyes (79 post-SMILE, 24 post-LASEK, and 74 untreated normal eyes) from 177 patients were evaluated using Pentacam HR and Brillouin microscopy for morphological and biomechanical assessment, respectively. Among them, 30 eyes (20 post-SMILE and 10 post-LASEK) from 30 participants underwent both pre- and post-operative Brillouin and Pentacam examinations, enabling within-subject comparisons. Corneal biomechanics were assessed using Brillouin modulus (BM), where lower values indicate weaker biomechanical properties.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>No significant differences were observed in Central BM, Mean BM, or Max BM among the groups. Compared with the normal eyes, Min BM was significantly lower in the post-SMILE and post-LASEK groups (<em>P</em> = 0.004 and 0.002, respectively) and Max–Min BM significantly increased after SMILE and LASEK (both <em>P</em> < 0.001). In post-SMILE corneas, standardized deviation BM was significantly higher than in normal corneas (<em>P</em> < 0.001). Within-subjects comparisons (pre- vs post-operation) further confirmed above results. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a negative correlation between Central BM and post-operative corneal thickness in post-SMILE corneas (coefficient = –0.016, <em>P</em> = 0.025). In the post-LASEK group, Max-Min BM showed a positive correlation with mean corneal curvature (coefficient = 0.031, <em>P</em> = 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>SMILE and LASEK can induce localized changes in corneal biomechanics, as observed by Brillouin microscopy, while maintaining overall corneal biomechanics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 4","pages":"Article 100579"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144895162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To evaluate the efficacy of weekly unilateral application of 1 % atropine on reducing anisometropia in Chinese children with low myopia.
Methods
In this retrospective cohort study, anisometropic children aged 6–12 years receiving atropine in the more myopic eye for at least 3 months were included in atropine group (n = 150), and baseline matched counterparts without atropine use were included in control group (n = 50). Changes in spherical equivalent refraction (SER), axial length (AL) and other biometric parameters between each visits were analyzed.
Results
At 3 months, anisometropia of atropine group reduced by 0.737 ± 0.030 D (P < 0.001), with SER increasing by 0.528 ± 0.024 D and AL decreasing by 0.118 ± 0.008 mm in the atropine-treated eyes. The changes of SER and AL of the contralateral eyes between the two groups showed no significant difference (P = 0.489 and 0.107, respectively). Initial SER in the atropine-treated eyes was positively associated with the change of SER in those eyes (P = 0.042) and negatively associated with the change of anisometropia in atropine group (P = 0.048). With continuous atropine application for 9 months, anisometropia reduced by 1.212 ± 0.153 D (P < 0.001).
Conclusion
Weekly unilateral 1 % atropine application in the more myopic eye was effective for reducing anisometropia in children with low myopia and would not alter myopia progression in the contralateral eye. Children with lower initial myopia in the treated eye showed more alleviation of myopia in that eye and more reduction of anisometropia.
目的评价每周一次单侧应用1%阿托品治疗中国低近视儿童屈光参差的疗效。方法回顾性队列研究中，6-12岁的高度近视儿童接受阿托品治疗至少3个月为阿托品组（n = 150），对照组为未使用阿托品的基线匹配儿童（n = 50）。分析两组患者的球等效折射（SER）、眼轴长度（AL）等生物特征参数的变化。结果3个月时，阿托品组屈光参差减轻0.737±0.030 D (P < 0.001)，其中SER增加0.528±0.024 D， AL减少0.118±0.008 mm。两组对侧眼SER、AL变化无显著性差异（P值分别为0.489、0.107）。阿托品组患者初始SER与SER变化呈正相关（P = 0.042），与屈光参差变化呈负相关（P = 0.048）。连续使用阿托品9个月，屈光参差降低1.212±0.153 D （P < 0.001）。结论每周1%的单侧阿托品应用于高度近视眼可有效降低儿童低度眼屈光参差，且不会改变对侧眼近视的进展。治疗眼初始近视较低的患儿，该眼近视减轻较多，屈光参差减少较多。
{"title":"Effects of weekly unilateral application of 1% atropine on reducing anisometropia in Chinese children with low myopia","authors":"Jing Lu, Wen Long, Bingru Zheng, Ziqi Liang, Fei Hou, Dongmei Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To evaluate the efficacy of weekly unilateral application of 1 % atropine on reducing anisometropia in Chinese children with low myopia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this retrospective cohort study, anisometropic children aged 6–12 years receiving atropine in the more myopic eye for at least 3 months were included in atropine group (<em>n</em> = 150), and baseline matched counterparts without atropine use were included in control group (<em>n</em> = 50). Changes in spherical equivalent refraction (SER), axial length (AL) and other biometric parameters between each visits were analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At 3 months, anisometropia of atropine group reduced by 0.737 ± 0.030 D (<em>P</em> < 0.001), with SER increasing by 0.528 ± 0.024 D and AL decreasing by 0.118 ± 0.008 mm in the atropine-treated eyes. The changes of SER and AL of the contralateral eyes between the two groups showed no significant difference (<em>P</em> = 0.489 and 0.107, respectively). Initial SER in the atropine-treated eyes was positively associated with the change of SER in those eyes (<em>P</em> = 0.042) and negatively associated with the change of anisometropia in atropine group (<em>P</em> = 0.048). With continuous atropine application for 9 months, anisometropia reduced by 1.212 ± 0.153 D (<em>P</em> < 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Weekly unilateral 1 % atropine application in the more myopic eye was effective for reducing anisometropia in children with low myopia and would not alter myopia progression in the contralateral eye. Children with lower initial myopia in the treated eye showed more alleviation of myopia in that eye and more reduction of anisometropia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 4","pages":"Article 100578"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144895194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-14DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100565
Carmen Bilbao , Alba Carrera , Rosa Hernández-Andrés , David P. Piñero , Laura Remón Martín , María José López-de-la-Fuente , Josep-Oriol Casanovas-Marsal
Purpose
To explore differences in saccadic eye movements between children with oculomotor dysfunction and those in a control group across three age groups, using two assessment methods: the subjective Northeastern State University College of Optometry (NSUCO) Oculomotor test and objective analysis with the Tobii Eye X Eye Tracker (Tobii Eye X, Tobii, Stockholm, Sweden).
Methods
This study included 31 children (ages 7–13) diagnosed with oculomotor dysfunction and 16 age-matched children in the control group. Participants were divided into three age groups: group 1 (7–8 years), group 2 (9–11 years), and group 3 (12–13 years). Saccadic eye movements were evaluated and compared using two methods: the NSUCO test and the Tobii Eye X eye tracker, along with specialized software analysis (Thomson Software Solutions, Welham Green, UK)
Results
Children in the oculomotor dysfunction group obtained significantly lower NSUCO scores (p < 0.001) compared to the control group. Regarding eye tracking analyses, a significantly higher number of hypometric saccades were found in oculomotor dysfunction group (p ≤ 0.044). Additionally, in this group a significantly higher percentage of regressions was observed for a 1-second stimulus presentation interval (p = 0.012). Significant correlations were found between different NSUCO scores and the percentage of regressions, the number of completed saccades and the number of hypometric saccades.
Conclusion
The presence of hypometric saccades and regressions appears to be a distinguishing characteristic of children with oculomotor dysfunction, detectable through both objective eye tracking analysis and the subjective NSUCO test, which can be easily implemented in clinical settings.
{"title":"Saccadic eye movements in childhood: A pilot study comparing clinical eye tracker software and the NSUCO","authors":"Carmen Bilbao , Alba Carrera , Rosa Hernández-Andrés , David P. Piñero , Laura Remón Martín , María José López-de-la-Fuente , Josep-Oriol Casanovas-Marsal","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To explore differences in saccadic eye movements between children with oculomotor dysfunction and those in a control group across three age groups, using two assessment methods: the subjective Northeastern State University College of Optometry (NSUCO) Oculomotor test and objective analysis with the Tobii Eye X Eye Tracker (Tobii Eye X, Tobii, Stockholm, Sweden).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study included 31 children (ages 7–13) diagnosed with oculomotor dysfunction and 16 age-matched children in the control group. Participants were divided into three age groups: group 1 (7–8 years), group 2 (9–11 years), and group 3 (12–13 years). Saccadic eye movements were evaluated and compared using two methods: the NSUCO test and the Tobii Eye X eye tracker, along with specialized software analysis (Thomson Software Solutions, Welham Green, UK)</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Children in the oculomotor dysfunction group obtained significantly lower NSUCO scores (<em>p</em> < 0.001) compared to the control group. Regarding eye tracking analyses, a significantly higher number of hypometric saccades were found in oculomotor dysfunction group (<em>p</em> ≤ 0.044). Additionally, in this group a significantly higher percentage of regressions was observed for a 1-second stimulus presentation interval (<em>p</em> = 0.012). Significant correlations were found between different NSUCO scores and the percentage of regressions, the number of completed saccades and the number of hypometric saccades.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The presence of hypometric saccades and regressions appears to be a distinguishing characteristic of children with oculomotor dysfunction, detectable through both objective eye tracking analysis and the subjective NSUCO test, which can be easily implemented in clinical settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 4","pages":"Article 100565"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144842422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100574
Nishanee Rampersad, Rekha Hansraj
Purpose
High-energy visible (HEV) light has been the subject of considerable debate recently despite its critical role in several physiological functions. High-energy visible light–filtering spectacle lenses, which attenuate transmission of HEV light, are being widely marketed as protective measures for ocular health and interventions to improve visual function and sleep quality. This study reports on the effect of HEV light–filtering spectacle lenses on high and low contrast (10 % and 2.5 %) distance VA.
Methods
High and low contrast binocular distance VA was measured in 30 young adults in photopic and mesopic illumination. The VA measurements were taken with four test lenses including three commercially available HEV light–filtering lenses and a control lens. Data were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results
There was no significant difference in mean photopic high contrast (F(2.5, 73.5) = 1.30, p = 0.28), low contrast 10 % (F(3, 87) = 0.24, p = 0.87) and 2.5 % (F(3, 87) = 0.72, p = 0.54) VA measurements with the four test lenses. Similarly, in mesopic illumination the mean VA measurements were similar among the four test lenses (high contrast (F(3, 87) = 1.06, p = 0.37), low contrast 10 % (F(3, 87) = 0.70, p = 0.55) and low contrast 2.5 % (F(3, 87 = 0.49, p = 0.69)).
Conclusion
The HEV light–filtering spectacle lenses produced no meaningful changes in VA compared with the control lens in varying illumination. Eye care personnel should consider this information when considering HEV light–filtering spectacle lenses in clinical practice.
目的高能可见光（HEV）在多种生理功能中发挥着关键作用，但近年来一直是争论的主题。高能可见光过滤眼镜镜片可减弱HEV光的透射，作为眼健康保护措施和改善视觉功能和睡眠质量的干预措施被广泛推广。本文报道了HEV滤光眼镜镜片对高、低对比度（10%和2.5%）距离VA的影响。方法测定了30例青年人在光和中聚光条件下的高、低对比度双眼VA。VA测量是用四个测试透镜进行的，包括三个市售的HEV滤光透镜和一个控制透镜。数据分析采用描述性和推断性统计。结果四种测试镜片的平均光性高对比度（F(2.5, 73.5) = 1.30, p = 0.28）、低对比度10% （F(3,87) = 0.24, p = 0.87）和2.5% (F(3,87) = 0.72, p = 0.54) VA测量值无显著差异。同样，在介观照明下，四种测试透镜的平均VA测量值相似(高对比度（F(3,87) = 1.06, p = 0.37），低对比度10% （F（3,87) = 0.70, p = 0.55）和低对比度2.5% (F(3,87) = 0.49, p = 0.69)）。结论在不同照度下，HEV滤光眼镜镜片与对照镜片相比VA无明显变化。眼科护理人员在临床使用HEV滤光眼镜镜片时应考虑到这些信息。
{"title":"Effect of high-energy visible light–filtering spectacle lenses on high and low contrast distance visual acuity","authors":"Nishanee Rampersad, Rekha Hansraj","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>High-energy visible (HEV) light has been the subject of considerable debate recently despite its critical role in several physiological functions. High-energy visible light–filtering spectacle lenses, which attenuate transmission of HEV light, are being widely marketed as protective measures for ocular health and interventions to improve visual function and sleep quality. This study reports on the effect of HEV light–filtering spectacle lenses on high and low contrast (10 % and 2.5 %) distance VA.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>High and low contrast binocular distance VA was measured in 30 young adults in photopic and mesopic illumination. The VA measurements were taken with four test lenses including three commercially available HEV light–filtering lenses and a control lens. Data were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There was no significant difference in mean photopic high contrast (F(2.5, 73.5) = 1.30, <em>p</em> = 0.28), low contrast 10 % (F(3, 87) = 0.24, <em>p</em> = 0.87) and 2.5 % (F(3, 87) = 0.72, <em>p</em> = 0.54) VA measurements with the four test lenses. Similarly, in mesopic illumination the mean VA measurements were similar among the four test lenses (high contrast (F(3, 87) = 1.06, <em>p</em> = 0.37), low contrast 10 % (F(3, 87) = 0.70, <em>p</em> = 0.55) and low contrast 2.5 % (F(3, 87 = 0.49, <em>p</em> = 0.69)).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The HEV light–filtering spectacle lenses produced no meaningful changes in VA compared with the control lens in varying illumination. Eye care personnel should consider this information when considering HEV light–filtering spectacle lenses in clinical practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 4","pages":"Article 100574"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144780236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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