Journal of Optometry最新文献

IF 1.8 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Journal of Optometry

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100604

Magdalena Nandzik, Adam Wylęgała, Magdalena Kijonka, Julia Piekarska, Dominika Szkodny, Bartłomiej Markuszewski, Edward Wylęgała

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of keratoconus on visual quality and quality of life among Polish patients by integrating subjective assessments using the Keratoconus Outcomes Research Questionnaire (KORQ) with objective clinical measurements.

Methods: A total of 100 patients (80% men, 20% women; median age: 39 years) with clinically diagnosed keratoconus completed the locally validated Polish version of the KORQ, including two subscales: Activity Limitation (18 items) and Symptoms (9 items). Objective data collected included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), corneal topography, pachymetry, and higher-order aberrations (HOA). Statistical analyses included biweight midcorrelations and robust linear regression models adjusted for age and gender.

Results: The mean Activity Limitation score was 51.53 (SD = 17.19) and the Symptoms score was 55.60 (SD = 16.14), indicating moderate functional impairment and symptom burden. The most challenging activities were night driving (mean = 2.06), seeing small distant objects (mean = 2.09), and coping with poor lighting (mean = 2.05). The most bothersome symptoms were distorted vision (mean = 1.84), sensitivity to smoke (mean = 2.05), and dusty environments (mean = 2.01). Higher-order aberrations, especially in the worse-seeing eye, showed the strongest associations with KORQ scores across both subscales (e.g., for Symptom subscale: HOA: β = 2.84; p = 0.004; vertical coma: β = 5.83; p = 0.019), while BCVA in the better-seeing eye was significantly associated with both lower symptom burden (β = -9.83; p = 0.047) and functional limitation (β = -12.13; p = 0.042). Traditional structural parameters, such as Kmax and corneal thickness, showed no significant predictive value.

Conclusions: Keratoconus significantly impairs visual functioning and causes a high symptom burden among Polish patients. Best-corrected visual acuity and higher-order aberrations, especially in the worse-seeing eye, are the strongest predictors of reduced vision-related quality of life. These findings emphasize the need to focus clinical management on improving optical quality, rather than solely correcting structural corneal features.

目的：通过使用圆锥角膜结局研究问卷（KORQ）和客观临床测量相结合的主观评估，评估圆锥角膜对波兰患者视觉质量和生活质量的影响。方法：共100例临床诊断为圆锥角膜的患者（男性80%，女性20%，中位年龄39岁）完成了当地验证的波兰版KORQ，包括两个分量表：活动限制（18项）和症状（9项）。收集的客观数据包括最佳矫正视力（BCVA）、角膜地形图、视厚测量和高阶像差（HOA）。统计分析包括双权重中相关和校正年龄和性别的稳健线性回归模型。结果：平均活动限制评分为51.53 (SD = 17.19)，症状评分为55.60 (SD = 16.14)，提示中度功能损害和症状负担。最具挑战性的活动是夜间驾驶（平均= 2.06），看到远处的小物体（平均= 2.09），以及应对光线不足（平均= 2.05）。最恼人的症状是视力扭曲（平均= 1.84）、对烟雾敏感（平均= 2.05）和多尘环境（平均= 2.01）。高阶像差，尤其是视力较差的眼，在两个亚量表上都显示出与KORQ评分的最强关联（例如，症状亚量表：HOA: β = 2.84, p = 0.004；垂直昏迷：β = 5.83, p = 0.019），而视力较好的眼的BCVA与较低的症状负担（β = -9.83, p = 0.047）和功能限制（β = -12.13, p = 0.042）显著相关。传统的结构参数，如Kmax和角膜厚度，没有显著的预测价值。结论：圆锥角膜明显损害波兰患者的视觉功能，并造成较高的症状负担。最佳矫正视力和高阶像差，特别是在视力较差的眼睛中，是视力相关生活质量下降的最强预测因子。这些发现强调了临床管理需要将重点放在改善光学质量上，而不是仅仅纠正角膜结构特征。

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引用次数: 0

Validation and comparison of two commercial OCT systems for in vitro measurement of soft contact lens thickness 两种商用OCT系统体外测量软性隐形眼镜厚度的验证和比较

IF 1.8 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Journal of Optometry

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100607

Maria Romaguera, Gonzalo Valdes-Soria, Laura Ximena Sierra-Buitrago, Carlos Carpena-Torres, Gonzalo Carracedo

Purpose

To evaluate the in vitro measurement of central thickness (CT) in soft contact lenses using two commercial optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems by analyzing their repeatability and agreement.

Methods

A randomized, controlled, investigator-masked trial was conducted using 120 soft contact lenses made from eight different materials. Three examiners measured the CT of the soft contact lenses using two commercial OCT systems with a spherical support marked for correct lens centration. One system was a swept-source OCT, and the other a spectral-domain OCT. Intra- and inter-examiner repeatability were assessed. Comparisons between the OCT systems and the electronic thickness gauge, considered the gold standard, were analyzed. Agreement between the two OCT systems was evaluated using Bland–Altman plots.

Results

Both OCT systems showed a 95% confidence interval for intra-examiner repeatability of <10.0 µm for most materials. Inter-examiner repeatability was worse than intra-examiner repeatability, exceeding 10.0 µm in some materials. The mean differences between the OCT devices and the electronic thickness gauge were <10 µm. Swept-source OCT provided slightly lower CT values than spectral-domain OCT, although most differences were within ± 10 µm.

Conclusion

Both OCT systems demonstrate good repeatability and strong agreement with the electronic thickness gauge for measuring the central thickness of soft contact lenses, and can be used interchangeably. These findings support their use as a viable alternative in lens development, manufacturing, and quality control.

目的评价两种商用光学相干断层扫描（OCT）系统对软性隐形眼镜中心厚度（CT）的体外测量，分析其重复性和一致性。方法采用随机、对照、研究者蒙面试验，选用8种不同材料制作的120副软性隐形眼镜。三名检查人员使用两个商用OCT系统测量软性隐形眼镜的CT，该系统带有球形支撑，标记为正确的镜片中心。一个系统是扫描源OCT，另一个系统是光谱域OCT，评估了检查者内部和内部的重复性。分析了OCT系统与被认为是金标准的电子测厚仪之间的比较。使用Bland-Altman图评估两种OCT系统之间的一致性。结果两种OCT系统显示，对于大多数材料，检查员内部重复性的95%置信区间为10.0µm。审查员之间的重复性比审查员内部的重复性差，在某些材料中超过10.0µm。OCT装置与电子测厚仪的平均差值为10µm。扫描源OCT提供的CT值略低于谱域OCT，尽管大多数差异在±10µm以内。结论两种OCT系统重复性好，与电子测厚仪测量软性隐形眼镜中心厚度一致性强，可互换使用。这些发现支持了它们作为透镜开发、制造和质量控制的可行替代品的使用。

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引用次数: 0

Long-term astigmatism progression and its interaction with spherical equivalent in Chinese school-age children: A hospital-based cohort study 中国学龄儿童长期散光进展及其与球等效的相互作用：一项基于医院的队列研究

IF 1.8 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Journal of Optometry

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100606

Zhuoer Qin , Qiaolan Zheng , Yuanyuan Liu , Ying Chen , Xinping Yu , Jie Chen , Dan Xu , Wuhe Chen

Purpose

To characterize longitudinal astigmatism changes and their interaction with spherical equivalent (SE) progression in Chinese school-age children.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients with long-term follow-up data from 2008 to 2022. Patients aged 6–10 years at initial visit and 16 years at last assessment, with a cylinder refraction of 0.75 D or greater, were selected. Astigmatism was analyzed in clinical notation and vector notation (J0, J45). Factors related to annual changes in astigmatism and SE and their interaction were analyzed.

Results

A total of 2946 patients (mean age 8.72 ± 1.21 years at initial visit) were followed up for 7.40 ± 1.23 years. In low astigmatism (≤1.50 D), cylinder power increased by 0.018 D/y with age, whereas in high astigmatism (≥3.00 D), it decreased by 0.048 D/y (p < 0.001). Oblique astigmatism (J45) increased by 0.008 D/y, and with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism (J0) decreased by 0.005 D/y (p < 0.001). A more negative baseline SE at initial visit was associated with greater increase in astigmatism magnitude (β = -0.004, p < 0.001), and higher baseline astigmatism magnitude was associated with less SE progression (β = 0.047, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

In this large longitudinal cohort of Chinese school-age children, astigmatism progression exhibited a baseline-dependent pattern. Myopia was associated with a modest acceleration of astigmatism progression, whereas higher astigmatism conferred a slight protective effect against myopic shift. This study demonstrates these refractive interactions, though their clinical applicability is limited by small effect sizes.

目的探讨中国学龄儿童纵向散光的变化及其与球等效（SE）进展的相互作用。方法回顾性分析2008 ~ 2022年患者的长期随访资料。患者首次就诊时年龄为6-10岁，最后一次评估时年龄为16岁，视柱屈光度≥0.75 D。用临床法和矢量法分析散光（J0, J45）。分析了散光和东南偏光年变化的相关因素及其相互作用。结果共随访2946例患者（初访时平均年龄8.72±1.21岁），随访时间7.40±1.23年。在低散光（≤1.50 D）组，随着年龄的增长，柱面功率增加0.018 D/y，而在高散光（≥3.00 D）组，柱面功率减少0.048 D/y （p < 0.001）。斜向散光（J45）增加了0.008 D/y，顺位散光（WTR）减少了0.005 D/y （p < 0.001）。初次就诊时基线SE越负，散光度数增加越多（β = -0.004, p < 0.001），基线散光度数越高，SE进展越慢（β = 0.047, p < 0.001）。结论在这一大型中国学龄儿童纵向队列中，散光进展表现出基线依赖模式。近视与散光进展的适度加速有关，而较高的散光对近视转移具有轻微的保护作用。这项研究证明了这些屈光相互作用，尽管它们的临床适用性受到小效应大小的限制。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of iris color on corneal densitometry 虹膜颜色对角膜密度测定的影响

IF 1.8 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Journal of Optometry

Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100595

Ana R. Arizcuren, Alejandra Consejo

Purpose

To determine whether iris pigmentation introduces a measurable bias in corneal densitometry (CD) values obtained via Scheimpflug imaging, and to develop an objective metric for iris color quantification.

Methods

This observational study included 91 eyes from 47 healthy adults. CD was assessed as mean pixel intensity (MPI) from 25 Scheimpflug images per eye. Brightness artefacts from the iris were quantified using automated image processing. Iris color was objectively characterized from slit-lamp photographs using an objective single-value metric (IrisColor) derived from normalized CIELAB components. Associations among CD, iris brightness, and iris pigmentation were evaluated using Pearson correlation and linear mixed-effects models (LMMs).

Results

CD correlated positively with iris brightness artefacts (r = 0.47, β = 1.49, p < 0.001), which in turn showed a strong negative correlation with IrisColor (r = –0.83, β = –1.11, p < 0.001). Lighter-colored irises (lower IrisColor values) exhibited statistically significantly higher CD values equivalent to a 6.6% relative overestimation. Groupwise comparisons confirmed that iris pigmentation significantly influences both CD and overall image brightness.

Conclusion

Iris pigmentation induces a measurable bias in Scheimpflug-based CD estimates, primarily through increased brightness artefacts in light-colored eyes. The proposed IrisColor metric enables objective, continuous classification of iris color and could support future corrections for pigmentation-induced bias in CD-based diagnostics.

目的确定虹膜色素是否会对Scheimpflug成像获得的角膜密度测量（CD）值产生可测量的偏差，并建立一种客观的虹膜颜色定量指标。方法本观察性研究包括47例健康成人的91只眼。以每只眼25张Scheimpflug图像的平均像素强度（MPI）评估CD。使用自动图像处理对虹膜亮度伪影进行量化。利用由归一化CIELAB分量导出的客观单值度量（IrisColor），从裂隙灯照片中客观表征虹膜颜色。使用Pearson相关和线性混合效应模型（lmm）评估CD、虹膜亮度和虹膜色素沉着之间的关系。结果scd与虹膜亮度伪影呈显著正相关（r = 0.47, β = 1.49, p < 0.001），与IrisColor呈显著负相关（r = -0.83, β = -1.11, p < 0.001）。颜色较浅的虹膜（IrisColor值较低）显示出统计上显著较高的CD值，相当于6.6%的相对高估。分组比较证实虹膜色素沉着显著影响CD和整体图像亮度。结论虹膜色素沉着在基于scheimpflug的CD估计中引起可测量的偏差，主要是通过浅色眼睛的亮度伪影增加。提出的IrisColor指标能够客观、连续地对虹膜颜色进行分类，并支持未来在基于cd的诊断中对色素引起的偏差进行校正。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of different spectacle designs on the European visual field requirements for driving 不同的眼镜设计对欧洲驾驶视野要求的影响。

IF 1.8 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Journal of Optometry

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100582

Thea Melsen Sudmann , Anne Kathinka Jeber , Anne Brækhus , Ole Klungsøyr , Fiona J. Rowe , Øystein Kalsnes Jørstad

Purpose

Spectacles can obstruct the peripheral visual field (VF) and interfere with formal requirements for driving. The European VF standards can be assessed with perimetry using the European Driving Test (EDT). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different spectacles on the EDT, and their compliance with the European VF standards for driving.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 30 participants (15 males and 15 females) with normal VF. Participants underwent binocular EDT perimetry with three different spectacles. The number of missed test points were recorded and the vertex distance (VD), pupillary distance, and eye dominance were measured. Statistical comparisons were conducted using a generalized linear mixed model, with significance set at p < 0.05.

Results

Peripheral VF loss was observed in 11 (37 %) participants (10 males) with spectacle B and in six (20 %) participants (five males) with spectacle C, whereas only one participant had a single missed test point with spectacle A. Participants with spectacle-related VF loss had significantly greater VD than those without. Moreover, there were a higher number of missed test points on the side of the dominant eye.

Conclusions

Spectacles with thin frames and temples had a negligible impact on the peripheral VF, whereas thicker frames and temples could compromise compliance with the VF standards. VF loss was associated with greater VD, which can explain why male participants exhibited more artefacts. These findings emphasize the need to consider spectacle design in fitness-to-drive assessments with perimetry and raise awareness of potential VF restrictions associated with certain eyewear.

用途：眼镜会阻碍周边视野（VF），干扰驾驶的正式要求。欧洲VF标准可以通过欧洲驾驶考试（EDT）的视野测量来评估。本研究旨在评估不同眼镜对EDT的影响，以及它们是否符合欧洲VF驾驶标准。方法：本横断面研究包括30名VF正常的参与者（男15名，女15名）。参与者使用三种不同的眼镜进行双眼EDT验光。记录漏测点数量，测量顶点距离（VD）、瞳孔距离和眼优势度。采用广义线性混合模型进行统计学比较，显著性设置为p < 0.05。结果：在佩戴B眼镜的11名（37%）参与者（10名男性）和佩戴C眼镜的6名（20%）参与者（5名男性）中观察到外周VF丧失，而佩戴a眼镜的只有1名参与者有一次错过测试点。与眼镜相关的VF丧失的参与者的VD明显高于没有佩戴眼镜的参与者。此外，在主视侧有较多的漏测点。结论：镜框和鬓角较薄的眼镜对周围视场的影响可以忽略不计，而镜框和鬓角较厚的眼镜则会损害视场标准的依从性。VF丧失与更大的VD相关，这可以解释为什么男性参与者表现出更多的伪影。这些发现强调了在视力评估中考虑眼镜设计的必要性，并提高了对某些眼镜相关的潜在视场限制的认识。

{"title":"The impact of different spectacle designs on the European visual field requirements for driving","authors":"Thea Melsen Sudmann , Anne Kathinka Jeber , Anne Brækhus , Ole Klungsøyr , Fiona J. Rowe , Øystein Kalsnes Jørstad","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Spectacles can obstruct the peripheral visual field (VF) and interfere with formal requirements for driving. The European VF standards can be assessed with perimetry using the European Driving Test (EDT). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different spectacles on the EDT, and their compliance with the European VF standards for driving.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cross-sectional study included 30 participants (15 males and 15 females) with normal VF. Participants underwent binocular EDT perimetry with three different spectacles. The number of missed test points were recorded and the vertex distance (VD), pupillary distance, and eye dominance were measured. Statistical comparisons were conducted using a generalized linear mixed model, with significance set at <em>p</em> < 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Peripheral VF loss was observed in 11 (37 %) participants (10 males) with spectacle B and in six (20 %) participants (five males) with spectacle C, whereas only one participant had a single missed test point with spectacle A. Participants with spectacle-related VF loss had significantly greater VD than those without. Moreover, there were a higher number of missed test points on the side of the dominant eye.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Spectacles with thin frames and temples had a negligible impact on the peripheral VF, whereas thicker frames and temples could compromise compliance with the VF standards. VF loss was associated with greater VD, which can explain why male participants exhibited more artefacts. These findings emphasize the need to consider spectacle design in fitness-to-drive assessments with perimetry and raise awareness of potential VF restrictions associated with certain eyewear.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"19 1","pages":"Article 100582"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145293803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Opto-biomechanical simulation of keratoconus development in emmetropic eyes 准斜视眼圆锥角膜发育的光-生物力学模拟。

IF 1.8 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Journal of Optometry

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100587

Hosna Ghaderi , Marta Jiménez García , Carina Koppen , Jos Rozema

Purpose

To assess how different corneas respond to a standardized structural weak spot in different sizes and locations using the finite element method depending on their initial geometry.

Method

The corneal meshes of 5 randomly selected emmetropic SyntEyes with different biometry and optical properties were generated using MATLAB and ANSYS. To simulate keratoconus development, a local stiffness reduction of up to 60 % of the original value was implemented in three locations (central, 1 mm, and 2 mm inferior) with a diameter of 2 mm for each cornea. From this, tangential corneal power maps were calculated.

Results

Local weakening causes the formation of a conical deformation at the site of the weak spot and, for an inferior weak spot, a superior flattening. At the center of the weak spot, the cornea becomes thinner by 50 μm, while the maximum anterior curvature increased by an average of 51.76 ± 1.38D and the posterior curvature by an average of -7.45 ± 0.15D for the central keratoconus. The anterior surface area increases by 0.88 ± 0.29 mm² and 0.85 ± 0.03 mm² for a central and inferior keratoconus, respectively. The corresponding values for the posterior surface were 1.10 ± 0.03 mm² and 1.06 ± 0.03 mm².

Conclusion

The shape of a keratoconic cornea is not only determined by the response to a local structural weakening, but also by its original corneal shape. This understanding may help enhance early detection and monitoring techniques for keratoconus progression.

目的：评估不同角膜对不同尺寸和位置的标准化结构弱点的反应，使用有限元方法取决于其初始几何形状。方法：采用MATLAB和ANSYS软件对随机选取的5只具有不同生物特征和光学特性的准视SyntEyes角膜进行网格生成。为了模拟圆锥角膜的发展，在三个位置（中央，1mm和2mm下），每个角膜的直径为2mm，将局部刚度降低到原始值的60%。由此计算出切向角膜功率图。结果：局部弱化导致弱点部位形成锥形变形，对于下弱点，上弱点变平。在弱斑中心，角膜变薄50μm，中央圆锥角膜最大前曲率平均增大51.76±1.38D，最大后曲率平均增大-7.45±0.15D。中央圆锥角膜和下圆锥角膜的前表面面积分别增加0.88±0.29 mm²和0.85±0.03 mm²。后表面对应值分别为1.10±0.03 mm²和1.06±0.03 mm²。结论：圆锥角膜的形状不仅取决于对局部结构减弱的反应，而且取决于其原有的角膜形状。这一认识可能有助于提高圆锥角膜进展的早期检测和监测技术。

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引用次数: 0

A feasibility study of 3D printing technology for simulating rigid gas permeable contact lens fitting 3D打印技术模拟刚性透气性隐形眼镜配件的可行性研究。

IF 1.8 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Journal of Optometry

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100583

Nerea Tolón Zardoya, Diana Gargallo Yebra, Francisco J. Ávila Gómez, Jorge Ares García

Purpose

To assess the feasibility of a novel method for simulating a Rigid Gas Permeable Contact Lenses (RGP-CL) fitting using 3-D printed sclero-corneal surfaces (SCSs).

Methods

The experiment involved the fabrication of two resin SCSs with biconic corneal geometry and the participation of 22 optician-optometrists as observers. Participants compared the fluorescein patterns of three RGP-CL fitted on each SCS with theoretical patterns generated through computer simulation. To standardize visualization, comparisons were conducted through a multiple-choice questionnaire composed of 6 questions. Each question presented one main fluorescein pattern (either theoretical or experimental) and four additional patterns obtained using the other technique. Optometrists were required to select the fluorescein pattern more similar to the main pattern. A statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the accuracy of the comparison between the two methods.

Results

The surface quality of the printed SCSs was sufficient to produce consistent and interpretable fluorescein patterns. In all questions, at least 70 % of optometrists selected the correct pattern. In four questions, more than 90 % identified the correct pattern, and in one question accuracy reached 100 %. The correct option was always the most frequently chosen, with a significantly higher rate than the second most selected option (p = 0.05).

Conclusions

The ability of most optometrists to correctly identify patterns suggests that, even without polishing, 3-D printed SCSs can simulate fluorescein patterns closely resembling theoretical ones. This approach shows promise as a supportive tool for training in RGP-CL fitting.

目的：评估一种利用3d打印角膜硬化剂表面（scs）模拟硬质透气性隐形眼镜（RGP-CL）配合器的新方法的可行性。方法：在22名验光师的观察下，制备两种双锥形角膜树脂巩膜。参与者将三个RGP-CL在每个SCS上的荧光素模式与计算机模拟产生的理论模式进行了比较。为了使可视化标准化，通过6道选择题问卷进行比较。每个问题呈现一个主要的荧光素模式（理论或实验）和使用其他技术获得的四个附加模式。验光师被要求选择与主要模式更相似的荧光素模式。通过统计分析来评价两种方法比较的准确性。结果：打印的scs表面质量足以产生一致和可解释的荧光素图案。在所有问题中，至少有70%的验光师选择了正确的模式。在四个问题中，超过90%的人识别出了正确的模式，其中一个问题的准确率达到了100%。正确选项总是最常被选择的选项，其选择率显著高于第二常被选择的选项（p = 0.05）。结论：大多数验光师正确识别模式的能力表明，即使没有抛光，3d打印的scs也可以模拟出与理论模式非常相似的荧光素模式。这种方法有望成为RGP-CL拟合训练的辅助工具。

{"title":"A feasibility study of 3D printing technology for simulating rigid gas permeable contact lens fitting","authors":"Nerea Tolón Zardoya, Diana Gargallo Yebra, Francisco J. Ávila Gómez, Jorge Ares García","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To assess the feasibility of a novel method for simulating a Rigid Gas Permeable Contact Lenses (RGP-CL) fitting using 3-D printed sclero-corneal surfaces (SCSs).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The experiment involved the fabrication of two resin SCSs with biconic corneal geometry and the participation of 22 optician-optometrists as observers. Participants compared the fluorescein patterns of three RGP-CL fitted on each SCS with theoretical patterns generated through computer simulation. To standardize visualization, comparisons were conducted through a multiple-choice questionnaire composed of 6 questions. Each question presented one main fluorescein pattern (either theoretical or experimental) and four additional patterns obtained using the other technique. Optometrists were required to select the fluorescein pattern more similar to the main pattern. A statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the accuracy of the comparison between the two methods.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The surface quality of the printed SCSs was sufficient to produce consistent and interpretable fluorescein patterns. In all questions, at least 70 % of optometrists selected the correct pattern. In four questions, more than 90 % identified the correct pattern, and in one question accuracy reached 100 %. The correct option was always the most frequently chosen, with a significantly higher rate than the second most selected option (p = 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The ability of most optometrists to correctly identify patterns suggests that, even without polishing, 3-D printed SCSs can simulate fluorescein patterns closely resembling theoretical ones. This approach shows promise as a supportive tool for training in RGP-CL fitting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"19 1","pages":"Article 100583"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145427086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Outcomes in randomized controlled trials on slowing myopia: A systematic review 减缓近视的随机对照试验结果：一项系统综述。

IF 1.8 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Journal of Optometry

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100562

Yiyang Xu , Nan Chen , Fei Zhang , Xuanling Zeng , Tianlin Wang , Wanying Xia , Xingyue Yang

Introduction

This review aims to analyse the application of the measure methods and measure contents of the outcomes reported in studies on slowing myopia, and the associations between outcomes and study characteristics.

Methods

Publications were identified by a search of seven electronic databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Biology Medicine, Wanfang database, CQVIP database, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Excerpta Medica Database, for relevant terms like myopia and randomized controlled trial from construction to Sept. 15th, 2023. The basic information of studies was extracted, including publishing time, region, intervention duration, sample size, intervention and outcome. Additionally, the measurements of outcomes were explored. The risk of bias of all studies included were assessed.

Results

Altogether, 599 randomized controlled trials were included, including vision (52.75 %), refraction (64.94 %), eye axial length (47.25 %) and response rate (38.23 %). Since 478 studies (79.80 %) were published in Chinese, the included studies were divided into subgroups according to the study language. The number of research published in Chinese was surged since 2005. The rate of refraction was gradually increased from 27.27 % before 2005 to 71.08 % in the past 2 years. 121 studies in English were included in this study. The usage frequency of refraction was ≥75 % in each period and that of eye axial length kept at more than half. In the studies lasting >6 months, the usage frequencies of refraction and axial length were >90 %. They accounted for 91.30 % and 82.61 % in the studies using contact lenses, and both 94.12 % in the studies using spectacles.

Conclusion

More and more attention is paid in slowing myopia, and the reported outcomes are diverse. Based on the analysis of the outcomes, there is a lack of an agreed-upon standardised set of outcomes in clinical trials for slowing myopia.

本综述旨在分析缓变性近视研究中所报道的结果测量方法和测量内容的应用，以及结果与研究特点的关系。方法：检索中国国家知识基础设施、中国生物医学、万方数据库、CQVIP数据库、PubMed、Cochrane图书馆、摘录医学数据库等7个电子数据库，检索建设至2023年9月15日近视相关术语和随机对照试验等文献。提取研究的基本信息，包括发表时间、地区、干预持续时间、样本量、干预措施和结局。此外，还探讨了结果的测量方法。对纳入的所有研究的偏倚风险进行评估。结果：共纳入599项随机对照试验，包括视力（52.75%）、屈光（64.94%）、眼轴长（47.25%）和有效率（38.23%）。由于有478项研究（79.80%）以中文发表，因此根据研究语言将纳入的研究分为亚组。自2005年以来，用中文发表的研究论文数量激增。折射率由2005年以前的27.27%逐渐上升到近2年的71.08%。本研究共纳入121项英文研究。各周期屈光使用频率≥75%，眼轴长使用频率保持在一半以上。在持续6个月的研究中，屈光和眼轴长度的使用频率为90%。在使用隐形眼镜的研究中占91.30%和82.61%，在使用眼镜的研究中占94.12%。结论：缓变性近视越来越受到人们的重视，报道的治疗结果也多种多样。基于对结果的分析，在减缓近视的临床试验中缺乏一套一致认可的标准化结果。

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引用次数: 0

Assessment of an algorithm-based combination device for objective and subjective refraction: accuracy and efficiency across examiner experience levels 基于算法的客观和主观折射组合设备的评估：跨审查员经验水平的准确性和效率。

IF 1.8 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Journal of Optometry

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100580

Antonia Roth , Katharina Breher , Niklas Domdei , Jonas Müller , Siegfried Wahl

Purpose

A novel combination device for objective and subjective refraction was assessed regarding repeatability, reproducibility, validity, vision quality, and timing for experienced and untrained examiners.

Methods

Six examiners (each three trained optometrists and untrained examiners) examined 33 healthy participants for objective and subjective refraction. The ZEISS VISUCORE 500 (VC) objective and subjective refraction combination device with an algorithm-based guided and regular custom mode was compared to a conventional control procedure (wavefront aberrometer and phoropter).

Results

For the objective measurement of spherical equivalent refractive error (SE), VC shows good repeatability (≤ ±0.29 D) and reproducibility (≤ ±0.28 D) across all examiners versus control (±0.34 D and ≤ ±0.30 D, respectively), measured only by trained examiners. VC measures slightly negative objective refractions for SE with a mean difference (MD) and 95% limits of agreement (LoA) of -0.07 ± 1.24 D analyzed for a trained examiner. Subjective refraction for VC guided and custom mode showed good repeatability (≤ ±0.64 D) and reproducibility (≤ ±0.59 D) regarding SE for the examiner level. The results were similar to control (±0.54 D and ±0.51 D, respectively) with MD and LoA of +0.12 ± 0.67 D and +0.14 ± 0.66 D for VC guided and custom for trained examiner level. No significant differences were observed in best-corrected visual acuity across the three refraction workflows (all p > 0.05). The VC guided procedure was the most time-efficient, requiring less than 5 min of chair time.

Conclusions

The tested combination refraction device provides reliable and efficient objective and subjective refraction measurements across trained and untrained examiners.

目的：为经验丰富和未经培训的检查员评估一种新型的客观和主观折射组合装置的可重复性、再现性、有效性、视力质量和时间。方法：6名验光师（每3名训练有素的验光师和3名未经训练的验光师）对33名健康受试者进行客观和主观屈光检查。将蔡司VISUCORE 500 （VC）主客观折射组合装置与传统控制程序（波前像差仪和光镜）进行比较，该装置采用基于算法的引导和常规自定义模式。结果：对于球面等效屈光误差（SE）的客观测量，VC在所有检查人员中显示出良好的重复性（≤±0.29 D）和再现性（≤±0.28 D），而对照组仅由经过培训的检查人员测量（分别为±0.34 D和≤±0.30 D）。VC测量SE的轻微负物镜折射，平均差值（MD）和95%一致限（LoA）为-0.07±1.24 D。在主观上，VC引导和自定义模式的主观折射在SE方面具有良好的重复性（≤±0.64 D）和再现性（≤±0.59 D）。结果与对照组相似（分别为±0.54 D和±0.51 D）， VC引导和培训审查员水平定制的MD和LoA分别为+0.12±0.67 D和+0.14±0.66 D。三个屈光工作流程的最佳矫正视力无显著差异（均p < 0.05）。VC引导的手术最省时，只需不到5分钟的主持时间。结论：经过测试的组合屈光仪为经过培训和未经培训的检查员提供了可靠和有效的客观和主观屈光测量。

{"title":"Assessment of an algorithm-based combination device for objective and subjective refraction: accuracy and efficiency across examiner experience levels","authors":"Antonia Roth , Katharina Breher , Niklas Domdei , Jonas Müller , Siegfried Wahl","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>A novel combination device for objective and subjective refraction was assessed regarding repeatability, reproducibility, validity, vision quality, and timing for experienced and untrained examiners.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Six examiners (each three trained optometrists and untrained examiners) examined 33 healthy participants for objective and subjective refraction. The ZEISS VISUCORE 500 (VC) objective and subjective refraction combination device with an algorithm-based guided and regular custom mode was compared to a conventional control procedure (wavefront aberrometer and phoropter).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>For the objective measurement of spherical equivalent refractive error (SE), VC shows good repeatability (≤ ±0.29 D) and reproducibility (≤ ±0.28 D) across all examiners versus control (±0.34 D and ≤ ±0.30 D, respectively), measured only by trained examiners. VC measures slightly negative objective refractions for SE with a mean difference (MD) and 95% limits of agreement (LoA) of -0.07 ± 1.24 D analyzed for a trained examiner. Subjective refraction for VC guided and custom mode showed good repeatability (≤ ±0.64 D) and reproducibility (≤ ±0.59 D) regarding SE for the examiner level. The results were similar to control (±0.54 D and ±0.51 D, respectively) with MD and LoA of +0.12 ± 0.67 D and +0.14 ± 0.66 D for VC guided and custom for trained examiner level. No significant differences were observed in best-corrected visual acuity across the three refraction workflows (all p > 0.05). The VC guided procedure was the most time-efficient, requiring less than 5 min of chair time.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The tested combination refraction device provides reliable and efficient objective and subjective refraction measurements across trained and untrained examiners.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"19 1","pages":"Article 100580"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145309449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimizing early diagnosis and treatment of acanthamoeba keratitis through corneal scraping 通过角膜刮痧优化棘阿米巴角膜炎的早期诊断和治疗。

IF 1.8 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Journal of Optometry

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2025.100566

Wen-Hui Chang , Yu-Wei Kuo , Yu-Chih Hou

Purpose

Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a sight-threatening disease, commonly associated with contact lens use. Early diagnosis is challenging due to its varied clinical presentation. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of AK and evaluate the utility of corneal scraping for early diagnosis.

Methods

This retrospective study included 14 eyes from 13 AK patients diagnosed by detecting Acanthamoeba cysts in corneal scrapings between July 2019 and August 2023. Clinical history, presentation, treatment, and outcomes were analyzed.

Results

The mean age of the 13 patients was 28 ± 13 years. Ten patients used soft contact lenses and 3 patients used orthokeratology lenses. The mean time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 18.2 ± 12.9 days. The most common sign was elevated superficial punctate keratitis (SPK), followed by dot infiltrates, radial perineuritis, pseudodendrites, stromal edema, and ring infiltrates. Nine eyes were treated with polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) eye drops, while the remaining five eyes received a combination of two or three anti-amoebic agents. Thirteen eyes improved with treatment, but one eye—initially misdiagnosed and treated with steroids—required therapeutic keratoplasty. LogMAR visual acuity in eleven eyes improved from an initial 0.51 ± 0.44 to 0.11 ± 0.10 after treatment.

Conclusion

Elevated SPK is the most frequent early feature of AK and may mimic contact lens-related sterile keratitis. Corneal scraping is a valuable diagnostic tool that enables earlier detection and improved outcomes. PHMB monotherapy is effective in early AK, while delayed diagnosis and prior steroid use may lead to disease progression and necessitate surgical intervention.

目的：棘阿米巴角膜炎（AK）是一种视力威胁疾病，通常与使用隐形眼镜有关。由于其临床表现多样，早期诊断具有挑战性。本研究旨在描述AK的临床特征，并评估角膜刮痧在早期诊断中的应用。方法：对2019年7月至2023年8月期间通过角膜刮伤检测棘阿米巴囊肿诊断的13例AK患者的14只眼进行回顾性研究。分析了临床病史、表现、治疗和结果。结果：13例患者平均年龄28±13岁。10例使用软性隐形眼镜，3例使用角膜塑形镜。从症状出现到诊断的平均时间为18.2±12.9 d。最常见的征象是浅表性点状角膜炎（SPK）升高，其次是点浸润、放射状神经会阴炎、假树突、间质水肿和环状浸润。9只眼睛使用聚六亚甲基双胍（PHMB）滴眼液，其余5只眼睛使用两种或三种抗阿米巴药物的联合治疗。13只眼睛经过治疗得到改善，但有一只眼睛最初被误诊并接受了类固醇治疗，需要治疗性角膜移植术。治疗后11只眼的LogMAR视力由最初的0.51±0.44提高到0.11±0.10。结论：SPK升高是AK最常见的早期特征，可能与隐形眼镜相关性无菌性角膜炎相似。角膜刮痧是一种有价值的诊断工具，可以早期发现并改善结果。PHMB单药治疗对早期AK有效，而延迟诊断和先前使用类固醇可能导致疾病进展并需要手术干预。

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引用次数: 0