Cepal Review最新文献

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Analysis of Distance of Frontal Sinus Ostium from Columella by CT PNS: Our Experience. 额窦口与小柱距离的CT PNS分析及经验。

IF 0.3 4区经济学 Q4 ECONOMICS

Cepal Review

Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-19 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-023-03861-8

Md Ali Akbar, Vinita Kumari, Alam Intekhab Chand, Md Shahabuddin, Shamsheer Alam, D B Ahamed Sameer

Introduction: Knowledge of variable anatomy, narrow frontal sinus ostium and vital anatomical structures near outflow tract, is very important during preoperative planning for exposure of the frontal sinus recess during endoscopic sinus surgery. Preoperative knowledge of distance of nasofrontal beak and anterior skull base from columella is very helpful in avoiding intraoperative complication by deeper penetration into cranial cavity.

Aim: To analyse distance from columella to the anterior and posterior border of the Frontal sinus ostium in males and females by CT PNS.

Materials and methods: This retrospective observational study carried out in katihar medical college, Katihar during the period of 01 July 2021 to 31 December 2021 including 31 patients.

Result and conclusion: A distance approx 60.9 mm in men and 57.34 mm in women from the columella to frontal sinus ostium is safe during endoscopic sinus surgery.

前言:了解额窦变型解剖、狭窄的额窦口和流出道附近的重要解剖结构，对于鼻内窥镜手术中额窦隐窝暴露的术前规划是非常重要的。术前了解鼻额喙及前颅底距小柱的距离，有助于避免术中较深的颅腔穿刺并发症的发生。目的:利用CT PNS分析男性与女性额窦口前后缘距小柱的距离。材料和方法:本回顾性观察性研究于2021年7月1日至2021年12月31日在卡蒂哈尔卡蒂哈尔医学院进行，包括31名患者。结果与结论:鼻内窥镜手术时，鼻小柱至额窦口的距离男性约60.9 mm，女性约57.34 mm是安全的。

引用次数: 0

Health system privatization, the pandemic and deprivatization under discussion 正在讨论的保健系统私有化、流行病和非私有化

4区经济学 Q4 ECONOMICS

Cepal Review

Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.18356/16840348-2023-139-8

This article analyses the privatization processes that have been implemented in the health systems of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Colombia. It describes and characterizes the participation of the public and private components of each of these systems, and analyses the politics of the public policies involved in these privatization processes. The results reveal the presence of multiple public-private relationships that adopted different forms over time. The article also analyses some of the responses provided and the challenges faced by the health systems during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, along with the role played by private entities in particular. This analysis aims to examine the trajectories of the studied policies and to identify their limitations as well as potentialities for reversing privatization processes.

本文分析了在阿根廷、巴西、智利和哥伦比亚的卫生系统中实施的私有化进程。它描述和描述了这些系统中公共和私营部门的参与，并分析了这些私有化过程中涉及的公共政策的政治。研究结果揭示了多种公私关系的存在，随着时间的推移，它们采取了不同的形式。本文还分析了在冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行期间提供的一些应对措施和卫生系统面临的挑战，特别是私营实体发挥的作用。这项分析的目的是审查所研究政策的轨迹，并查明其局限性以及扭转私有化进程的潜力。

引用次数: 0

The COVID-19 pandemic and social policy narratives in Costa Rica: the story of a (fleeting) opportunity 2019冠状病毒病大流行与哥斯达黎加的社会政策叙述:一个(稍纵即逝的)机会的故事

4区经济学 Q4 ECONOMICS

Cepal Review

Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.18356/16840348-2023-139-5

Did the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic embolden ideas favourable to inclusive social policy in Latin America? This article addresses that question by examining the emergency cash transfer programme that was implemented in Costa Rica in 2020. Drawing on legislative debates and interviews with senior officials and analysts, the study reveals the fleeting emergence of ideas in favour of expanding non-contributory social protection. The new programme was quickly reined in by a discourse that assimilated fiscal responsibility to cutting social spending rather than expanding revenues. Avoiding simplistic generalizations, the findings invite a contextualized analysis of the impact of the pandemic on specific policy-making processes, and a consideration of the role of ideas in social policy debates. If there is a risk to inclusive social policy, it is the dominant discourse of austerity.

冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行是否助长了有利于拉丁美洲包容性社会政策的想法?本文通过审查哥斯达黎加于2020年实施的紧急现金转移支付方案来解决这一问题。根据立法辩论和对高级官员和分析人士的采访，这项研究揭示了支持扩大非缴费型社会保障的想法正在迅速出现。这项新计划很快就被一种言论所遏制，这种言论将财政责任等同于削减社会支出，而不是扩大收入。为了避免简单化的概括，调查结果要求结合具体情况分析该流行病对具体决策进程的影响，并审议各种思想在社会政策辩论中的作用。如果说包容性社会政策存在风险，那就是紧缩的主流话语。

引用次数: 0

Demographic aspects and regional income convergence in Brazil: a panel data approach 巴西人口方面和区域收入趋同:面板数据方法

4区经济学 Q4 ECONOMICS

Cepal Review

Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.18356/16840348-2023-139-10

The framework of condition convergence forms the theoretical basis for different dynamic panel data approaches, but depending on the specifications, the method and the time period, results can vary significantly. This article presents empirical results of applying different panel data approaches to study the impact of demographic factors on regional growth of the 27 states of Brazil over 20002014. The results suggest that estimation using the generalized method of moments (GMM) is likely to be more consistent and efficient than the other methods studied. The results also point to a significant and negative relation between the demographic variables and regional economic growth. It is hoped that this study will contribute to the literature, by offering a comparative model framework and an analysis of demographics and economic growth.

条件收敛的框架构成了不同动态面板数据方法的理论基础，但根据规格、方法和时间段的不同，结果可能会有很大差异。本文采用不同的面板数据方法，对2000 - 2014年巴西27个州的人口因素对区域增长的影响进行了实证研究。结果表明，使用广义矩量法(GMM)估计可能比其他研究方法更一致和有效。结果还表明，人口变量与区域经济增长之间存在显著的负相关关系。通过提供一个比较模型框架和对人口和经济增长的分析，希望本研究将对文献有所贡献。

引用次数: 0

The role of services in economic development and the core-periphery relationship 服务业在经济发展中的作用与核心-边缘关系

4区经济学 Q4 ECONOMICS

Cepal Review

Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.18356/16840348-2023-139-2

The literature on productive structure and economic growth shows the relevance of industry in expanding gross domestic product (GDP) in developed and developing countries. Recent studies suggest that the modern services sector (professional services) contributes to innovation, increased productivity, and, consequently, economic growth. This paper presents a theoretical discussion on the importance of the modern services sector for Latin America in order to update the central thesis of the Latin American structuralist approach. The data suggest that even in the context of a productive transformation characterized by a fall in the share of manufacturing and the rise of the services sector, international division of labour is perpetuated, based on the centre-periphery relationship. The results show that structuralist thinking is adequate to explain the persistent underdevelopment of Latin American countries from a perspective focused on the service economy.

关于生产结构和经济增长的文献表明，工业在发达国家和发展中国家扩大国内生产总值方面具有相关性。最近的研究表明，现代服务部门(专业服务)有助于创新，提高生产力，从而促进经济增长。本文对现代服务业对拉丁美洲的重要性进行了理论讨论，以更新拉丁美洲结构主义方法的中心论点。数据表明，即使在以制造业份额下降和服务业崛起为特征的生产转型背景下，基于中心-外围关系的国际劳动分工依然存在。结果表明，从服务经济的视角来看，结构主义思维足以解释拉美国家的持续欠发达。

引用次数: 0

Instability constraints and development traps: an empirical analysis of growth cycles and economic volatility in Latin America 不稳定约束与发展陷阱:拉丁美洲增长周期与经济波动的实证分析

4区经济学 Q4 ECONOMICS

Cepal Review

Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.18356/16840348-2023-139-1

Latin America and the Caribbean is a region characterized by a repetitive pattern of volatility that thwarts its development process. This article conducts an empirical investigation into its volatility, comparing it with other regions. First, an asymmetrical band-pass filter is used to decompose GDP growth time series into cycles of different types for 136 countries, employing data from the Maddison Project Database for 19502018. Next, k-means clustering methods are used to classify volatility patterns into groups to understand their characteristics. In most countries in the region, overall volatility is explained by the relative dominance of long-run economic cycles linked to heavy dependence on commodity exports, with changes in specialization resulting from technology-driven changes in the inputs used by the countries they export to. Despite claims to the contrary in the literature, the region is not the world’s most volatile, but its countries have many particular, common characteristics.

拉丁美洲和加勒比是一个以反复的动荡模式为特征的区域，这种模式阻碍了其发展进程。本文对其波动率进行实证研究，并与其他地区进行比较。首先，使用非对称带通滤波器将136个国家的GDP增长时间序列分解为不同类型的周期，采用麦迪逊项目数据库1950 - 2018年的数据。接下来，使用k均值聚类方法将波动模式分类，以了解其特征。在该区域的大多数国家，总体波动的原因是与严重依赖商品出口有关的长期经济周期相对占主导地位，而专业化的变化是由于它们出口的国家使用的投入的技术驱动变化造成的。尽管文献中有相反的说法，但该地区并不是世界上最不稳定的地区，但该地区的国家有许多共同的特点。

引用次数: 3

Analysis of Central American trade integration from the perspective of intraregional value added 区域内增加值视角下的中美洲贸易一体化分析

4区经济学 Q4 ECONOMICS

Cepal Review

Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.18356/16840348-2023-139-3

The aim of this article is to study trade integration in Central America from a value added perspective, using the first regional input-output table, a tool developed by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) in close cooperation with the central banks and statistical institutes of the region. The strategy of open regionalism employed by the countries of Central America has resulted in significant subregional trade integration with regard to gross exports; however, these exports include a significant share of intermediate inputs from outside the subregion. The vertical specialization indicators (exports and imports) estimated in this article show that exports within Central America create less domestic value added than total exports and incorporate considerable intermediate inputs from outside the subregion, creating little value added in the subregion itself.

本文的目的是从增值的角度研究中美洲的贸易一体化，使用第一个区域投入产出表，这是拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)与该区域的中央银行和统计研究所密切合作开发的一个工具。中美洲各国所采用的开放区域主义战略在总出口方面造成了重大的分区域贸易一体化;但是，这些出口包括很大一部分来自分区域以外的中间投入。本文估计的垂直专业化指标(出口和进口)表明，中美洲内部的出口所创造的国内增加值低于出口总额，并包括来自分区域以外的大量中间投入，在分区域本身创造的增加值很少。

引用次数: 0

Pass-through of exchange rate shocks in Brazil as a small open economy 巴西作为一个小型开放经济体的汇率冲击传递

4区经济学 Q4 ECONOMICS

Cepal Review

Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.18356/16840348-2023-139-7

An econometric model is used to analyse pass-through from the exchange rate to inflation, considering the monetary policy instrument variable, the target variable, the level of economic activity, the level of credit and the exchange rate. This system is exogenously affected by commodity prices, the level of external sector activity and the uncertainty perceived by international investors. Using vector error correction models, we find greater pass-through to administered prices than to free prices and a marked asymmetry characterized by stronger exchange rate pass-through when the domestic currency appreciates (deflationary effect) than when it depreciates (inflationary effect). Moreover, we note that the asymmetry in pass-through to domestic prices is due to the behaviour of free prices, since asymmetry in administered prices is not very significant.

考虑到货币政策工具变量、目标变量、经济活动水平、信贷水平和汇率，使用计量经济学模型来分析从汇率到通货膨胀的传递。这一制度受到商品价格、对外部门活动水平和国际投资者所认为的不确定性的外来影响。使用矢量误差修正模型，我们发现管理价格的传递比自由价格的传递更大，并且具有明显的不对称性，其特征是当本币升值(通货紧缩效应)比贬值(通货膨胀效应)时更强的汇率传递。此外，我们注意到，传导到国内价格的不对称是由于自由价格的行为，因为管理价格的不对称不是很显著。

引用次数: 0

Economic complexity and employment in Brazilian states 巴西各州的经济复杂性和就业

4区经济学 Q4 ECONOMICS

Cepal Review

Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.18356/16840348-2023-139-9

This paper has three objectives: (i) to identify promising sectors worth encouraging with a view to fostering the development of the Brazilian states; (ii) to evaluate the impact of economic complexity on the volume of employment; and (iii) to simulate how many new jobs would be created if each state were to become competitive in the activities considered promising for it. The results obtained vindicate the approach of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), which emphasizes the contribution of changes in the production structure to the development process, and reaffirm how important complexity is in improving the economic performance of countries or regions, whether this is measured by income or employment.

本文有三个目标:(i)确定值得鼓励的有前途的部门，以促进巴西各州的发展;(ii)评估经济复杂性对就业人数的影响;(三)模拟如果每个州在被认为有前途的活动中变得有竞争力，将会创造多少新的就业机会。所取得的结果证明了拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)的做法是正确的，该委员会强调生产结构的变化对发展进程的贡献，并重申了复杂性在改善国家或区域的经济表现方面是多么重要，无论是以收入还是就业来衡量。

引用次数: 0

Productive development policy for Chile: an alternative to stagnation 智利的生产性发展政策:替代停滞

4区经济学 Q4 ECONOMICS

Cepal Review

Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.18356/16840348-2023-139-6

Since 1998, Chile has been experiencing a significant slowdown in its economic growth. The Chilean economy’s recent poor performance is attributable to a halt in productive and export diversification around the beginning of the twenty-first century. State interventions have been horizontal, eschewing those to support specific industries. Intermediate interventions have focused on promoting activities (such as new exports and technologies) that form only a small part of the Chilean economy, leaving a wide margin for market forces to select companies and sectors. In terms of vertical policies, support for green hydrogen is proposed, as this is an emerging industry in which Chile has clear comparative advantages. The article also argues for exchange rate policies that mitigate sharp fluctuations in the real exchange rate and ensure a stable and competitive exchange rate for new exporters.

自1998年以来，智利的经济增长一直在显著放缓。智利经济最近表现不佳的原因是在21世纪初前后生产和出口多样化停滞不前。国家干预是横向的，避开了那些支持特定行业的干预。中间干预的重点是促进活动(如新的出口和技术)，这些活动只占智利经济的一小部分，为市场力量选择公司和部门留下了很大的余地。在垂直政策方面，建议支持绿色氢，因为这是一个新兴产业，智利具有明显的比较优势。本文还主张采取汇率政策，减轻实际汇率的急剧波动，并确保为新出口商提供稳定和有竞争力的汇率。

引用次数: 0

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