Pub Date : 2022-05-31DOI: 10.18356/16840348-2021-135-9
M. Vargas, Nicolás Garrido
The aim of this study is to cast light on the relationship between the spatial concentration of high-skilled workers and the productivity of cities in Latin America. The relationship is not clear at first sight. On the one hand, the segregation of high-skilled workers should create agglomeration economies and give rise to positive spillovers amongst the most advantaged, offsetting productivity losses that result from the existence of ghettos of low-skilled workers. On the other hand, it may well be that these spillovers are not enough to compensate for the loss of productivity in the worse-off groups, so that aggregate productivity is negatively affected. We analysed this segregation for a group of Latin America’s largest cities and found a negative and significant relationship between the productivity of cities and the segregation of high-skilled workers. However, we also found evidence of a quadratic relationship between segregation and productivity. home rent-seeking. home effect interaction between scale economies in and interaction expansion of the home market in a self-reinforcing process of agglomeration. Consumption and rent-seeking are sources of agglomeration economies that work through mechanisms unrelated to productivity. On the empirical side, various studies have tried to measure the impact of agglomeration economies on the productivity of cities. Looking at the manufacturing sector, Fogarty and Garofalo find the elasticity of productivity to city size to be about 0.05 for a sample of 13 large metropolitan areas from This means that the total factor productivity (TFP) of the manufacturing sector increases by 10% when the size of the city is doubled. Tabuchi using labour productivity, finds this elasticity to be about 0.02 for Japanese cities in 1980. These studies show the positive relationship between agglomeration economies and productivity in cities.
{"title":"The spatial concentration of high-skilled workers and city productivity: the case of Latin America","authors":"M. Vargas, Nicolás Garrido","doi":"10.18356/16840348-2021-135-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/16840348-2021-135-9","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to cast light on the relationship between the spatial concentration of high-skilled workers and the productivity of cities in Latin America. The relationship is not clear at first sight. On the one hand, the segregation of high-skilled workers should create agglomeration economies and give rise to positive spillovers amongst the most advantaged, offsetting productivity losses that result from the existence of ghettos of low-skilled workers. On the other hand, it may well be that these spillovers are not enough to compensate for the loss of productivity in the worse-off groups, so that aggregate productivity is negatively affected. We analysed this segregation for a group of Latin America’s largest cities and found a negative and significant relationship between the productivity of cities and the segregation of high-skilled workers. However, we also found evidence of a quadratic relationship between segregation and productivity. home rent-seeking. home effect interaction between scale economies in and interaction expansion of the home market in a self-reinforcing process of agglomeration. Consumption and rent-seeking are sources of agglomeration economies that work through mechanisms unrelated to productivity. On the empirical side, various studies have tried to measure the impact of agglomeration economies on the productivity of cities. Looking at the manufacturing sector, Fogarty and Garofalo find the elasticity of productivity to city size to be about 0.05 for a sample of 13 large metropolitan areas from This means that the total factor productivity (TFP) of the manufacturing sector increases by 10% when the size of the city is doubled. Tabuchi using labour productivity, finds this elasticity to be about 0.02 for Japanese cities in 1980. These studies show the positive relationship between agglomeration economies and productivity in cities.","PeriodicalId":46450,"journal":{"name":"Cepal Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48520742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-16DOI: 10.18356/16840348-2021-134-3
{"title":"The incidence of poverty in Costa Rica between 1987 and 2017: stagnation or reduction?","authors":"","doi":"10.18356/16840348-2021-134-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/16840348-2021-134-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46450,"journal":{"name":"Cepal Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43756679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-16DOI: 10.18356/16840348-2021-134-6
{"title":"Foreign direct investment flows: an analysis for Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico based on the Grubel-Lloyd index","authors":"","doi":"10.18356/16840348-2021-134-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/16840348-2021-134-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46450,"journal":{"name":"Cepal Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46173621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-16DOI: 10.18356/16840348-2021-134-8
Evânio Mascarenhas, Francisco José, Silva Tabosa, Ahmad Saeed Khan, Leonardo Andrade Rocha
This article considers certain dimensions of the quality of employment in Brazil, particularly in rural zones. It starts from the perception of changes in rural production relations and the repercussions these have on employment practices. A panel data methodology is applied to capture the determinants of job quality, and a quality of employment index is proposed. Rural employment is more precarious than its urban counterpart, although the differences have been diminishing over time. In the agriculture sector, the economic growth of the 2000 decade merely resulted in the existing conditions of employment being extended to new contracts, without any change in average quality. Rising labour income and education levels are important not only for enhancing the quality of employment but also as a strategy for overcoming problems such as heterogeneity between groups.
{"title":"Rural employment trends in Brazil: an analysis using dynamic panel models","authors":"Evânio Mascarenhas, Francisco José, Silva Tabosa, Ahmad Saeed Khan, Leonardo Andrade Rocha","doi":"10.18356/16840348-2021-134-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/16840348-2021-134-8","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers certain dimensions of the quality of employment in Brazil, particularly in rural zones. It starts from the perception of changes in rural production relations and the repercussions these have on employment practices. A panel data methodology is applied to capture the determinants of job quality, and a quality of employment index is proposed. Rural employment is more precarious than its urban counterpart, although the differences have been diminishing over time. In the agriculture sector, the economic growth of the 2000 decade merely resulted in the existing conditions of employment being extended to new contracts, without any change in average quality. Rising labour income and education levels are important not only for enhancing the quality of employment but also as a strategy for overcoming problems such as heterogeneity between groups.","PeriodicalId":46450,"journal":{"name":"Cepal Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43630595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-16DOI: 10.18356/16840348-2021-134-1
{"title":"The impact of non-contributory cash transfers on poverty in Latin America","authors":"","doi":"10.18356/16840348-2021-134-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/16840348-2021-134-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46450,"journal":{"name":"Cepal Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48834389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-16DOI: 10.18356/16840348-2021-134-4
{"title":"The social discount rate in the evaluation of investment projects: an application for Ecuador","authors":"","doi":"10.18356/16840348-2021-134-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/16840348-2021-134-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46450,"journal":{"name":"Cepal Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67677051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-16DOI: 10.18356/16840348-2021-134-2
{"title":"Ethnicity and social exclusion in Colombia in 2012–2017","authors":"","doi":"10.18356/16840348-2021-134-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/16840348-2021-134-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46450,"journal":{"name":"Cepal Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41775103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-16DOI: 10.18356/16840348-2021-134-10
{"title":"The economy of the North-East region of Brazil based on the 2011 regional input-output matrix","authors":"","doi":"10.18356/16840348-2021-134-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/16840348-2021-134-10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46450,"journal":{"name":"Cepal Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44153008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-16DOI: 10.18356/16840348-2021-134-9
{"title":"Reduction of the wage share of income and increasingly precarious employment","authors":"","doi":"10.18356/16840348-2021-134-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/16840348-2021-134-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46450,"journal":{"name":"Cepal Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47242835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-16DOI: 10.18356/16840348-2021-134-7
{"title":"Okun’s law in Mexico: an analysis of heterogeneity among States, 2004–2018","authors":"","doi":"10.18356/16840348-2021-134-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/16840348-2021-134-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46450,"journal":{"name":"Cepal Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44972551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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