Pub Date : 2022-10-28DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2022.2137566
Nestor Garza, Ivan Verbel-Montes, José Ramos-Ruiz
ABSTRACT This paper revisits and improves upon the traditional urban life cycle theory, using it as a long-term conceptual baseline model to assess the effect of the Colombian internal armed conflict on urbanization during 1938–2018. The paper makes three innovations: (1) It uses a third-degree autoregressive panel estimation to detect the underlying Data Generating Process of the urban life cycle, a feature that eluded original scholarship in the field; (2) It uses the baseline urban life cycle model to assess the impact of long-term violence in Colombia; and (3) It produces an inductive conceptual approach to the relationship between urbanization and economic development. Our third-degree autoregressive panel models adequately explain the urban concentration cycles experienced by Colombia’s 20 largest metropolitan areas, regardless of using different specification structures. It also correctly controls the long-term trends of the demographic transition that the country experienced during that period: its rate of urbanization increased from 31 to 68% between 1938 and 2018; the largest 20 metro areas increased their participation in the total population from 17 to 54%; and yearly total population growth increased from 2.12% in the 1940s to its peak 3.19% in the 1970s, decreasing to 1.18% in the 2010s. The homicide rate had a controlling effect on the increasing parts of the urban life cycle, acting as a deterrent of urban concentration per metropolitan area.
{"title":"Urban life cycle and long-run violence: Colombia 1938–2018","authors":"Nestor Garza, Ivan Verbel-Montes, José Ramos-Ruiz","doi":"10.1080/12265934.2022.2137566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2022.2137566","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper revisits and improves upon the traditional urban life cycle theory, using it as a long-term conceptual baseline model to assess the effect of the Colombian internal armed conflict on urbanization during 1938–2018. The paper makes three innovations: (1) It uses a third-degree autoregressive panel estimation to detect the underlying Data Generating Process of the urban life cycle, a feature that eluded original scholarship in the field; (2) It uses the baseline urban life cycle model to assess the impact of long-term violence in Colombia; and (3) It produces an inductive conceptual approach to the relationship between urbanization and economic development. Our third-degree autoregressive panel models adequately explain the urban concentration cycles experienced by Colombia’s 20 largest metropolitan areas, regardless of using different specification structures. It also correctly controls the long-term trends of the demographic transition that the country experienced during that period: its rate of urbanization increased from 31 to 68% between 1938 and 2018; the largest 20 metro areas increased their participation in the total population from 17 to 54%; and yearly total population growth increased from 2.12% in the 1940s to its peak 3.19% in the 1970s, decreasing to 1.18% in the 2010s. The homicide rate had a controlling effect on the increasing parts of the urban life cycle, acting as a deterrent of urban concentration per metropolitan area.","PeriodicalId":46464,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41804015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2022.2134181
Hee-Jung Jun
ABSTRACT This study examines the relationship between social capital and community development as well as the interaction mechanism between different types of social capital in community development in a Korean-Chinese enclave in Seoul, Korea. For empirical analysis, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 community members in Daerim 2-dong, the largest Korean-Chinese enclave in Korea. The empirical analysis shows that as an input of community development, bonding, bridging, and linking capital all led to the improvement of both social and physical community environments. Furthermore, community development activities increase social capital by facilitating contact and interaction among community members. Additionally, bonding capital among the Korean Chinese was found to be a critical factor for developing bridging and linking capital in the community development process. These results suggest a two-way association between social capital and community development. Based on these findings, this study suggests that greater attention should be paid to the two-way association to promote a reciprocal relationship between social capital and community development in ethnically diverse communities. Moreover, the usefulness of bonding capital among migrants should be considered in community development.
{"title":"The reciprocal relationship between social capital and community development in a Korean Chinese enclave: the case of Daerim 2-dong in Seoul","authors":"Hee-Jung Jun","doi":"10.1080/12265934.2022.2134181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2022.2134181","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examines the relationship between social capital and community development as well as the interaction mechanism between different types of social capital in community development in a Korean-Chinese enclave in Seoul, Korea. For empirical analysis, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 community members in Daerim 2-dong, the largest Korean-Chinese enclave in Korea. The empirical analysis shows that as an input of community development, bonding, bridging, and linking capital all led to the improvement of both social and physical community environments. Furthermore, community development activities increase social capital by facilitating contact and interaction among community members. Additionally, bonding capital among the Korean Chinese was found to be a critical factor for developing bridging and linking capital in the community development process. These results suggest a two-way association between social capital and community development. Based on these findings, this study suggests that greater attention should be paid to the two-way association to promote a reciprocal relationship between social capital and community development in ethnically diverse communities. Moreover, the usefulness of bonding capital among migrants should be considered in community development.","PeriodicalId":46464,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46068518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2022.2132987
Hui Li, Lei Cao, Youbin Chen, Huiyi Qiu, Xue Huang, Wan Guo, Shuntao Wang, Wei Sheng, Yilu Zhou, Qing Xu
ABSTRACT We studied Kunming’s urban eco-economic system’s evolution from 2009 to 2018, using the emergy theory and method; with the entropy evaluation method, we analyzed the system’s natural, social and economic subsystems to know its sustainable development capacity. The results show that the system’s emergy structure has clearly improved, and its renewable resources’ emergy has been rationally employed. The environment load ratio, after reaching its peak in 2011, has been decreasing, and the environment stress has becoming lower year by year, as is conducive to sustainable development. Its eco-economic system, however, is highly dependent on the internal resources; its emergy self-sufficiency ratio indicates that it does not see sufficient utilization of imported emergy and feels excessive stress on its internal resources. It witnesses relatively high emergy intensity. The current population is about twice of its renewable resources’ population carrying capacity, and its dramatically growing population is presenting even high pressure on its social subsystems. This indicates that the living standard per capita in Kunming is lower than the national average. All of these factors will hinder the sustainable development of Kunming’s urban eco-economic system. Our analysis of attribute classification shows that it is more appropriate to calculate the tourist revenue by taking into account export emergy. At the same time, the analysis results of sustainable development emergy indexes obtained by ESI, EISD, euehi, euehi’ and entropy method are compared, which shows that the entropy method is able to better reflect the dynamic changes of the sustainable development capacity of its urban eco-economic system because it introduces all indicators of social, economic and natural subsystems for evaluation. In a word, sustainable development capacity represents the outcome of tradeoff and coordination of the three subsystems of society, economy and nature, and we can formulate corresponding strategies based on the above research findings.
{"title":"Emergy analysis-based study of the sustainable development of Kunming’s urban eco-economic system","authors":"Hui Li, Lei Cao, Youbin Chen, Huiyi Qiu, Xue Huang, Wan Guo, Shuntao Wang, Wei Sheng, Yilu Zhou, Qing Xu","doi":"10.1080/12265934.2022.2132987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2022.2132987","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We studied Kunming’s urban eco-economic system’s evolution from 2009 to 2018, using the emergy theory and method; with the entropy evaluation method, we analyzed the system’s natural, social and economic subsystems to know its sustainable development capacity. The results show that the system’s emergy structure has clearly improved, and its renewable resources’ emergy has been rationally employed. The environment load ratio, after reaching its peak in 2011, has been decreasing, and the environment stress has becoming lower year by year, as is conducive to sustainable development. Its eco-economic system, however, is highly dependent on the internal resources; its emergy self-sufficiency ratio indicates that it does not see sufficient utilization of imported emergy and feels excessive stress on its internal resources. It witnesses relatively high emergy intensity. The current population is about twice of its renewable resources’ population carrying capacity, and its dramatically growing population is presenting even high pressure on its social subsystems. This indicates that the living standard per capita in Kunming is lower than the national average. All of these factors will hinder the sustainable development of Kunming’s urban eco-economic system. Our analysis of attribute classification shows that it is more appropriate to calculate the tourist revenue by taking into account export emergy. At the same time, the analysis results of sustainable development emergy indexes obtained by ESI, EISD, euehi, euehi’ and entropy method are compared, which shows that the entropy method is able to better reflect the dynamic changes of the sustainable development capacity of its urban eco-economic system because it introduces all indicators of social, economic and natural subsystems for evaluation. In a word, sustainable development capacity represents the outcome of tradeoff and coordination of the three subsystems of society, economy and nature, and we can formulate corresponding strategies based on the above research findings.","PeriodicalId":46464,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46518327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-16DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2022.2134182
R. Tamakloe, D. Park
ABSTRACT Studies have employed several techniques to identify the effect of individual risk factors influencing crashes at hotspot locations. Nevertheless, as crashes are sometimes influenced by a combination of risk factors, identifying the chains of factors collectively contributing to fatal crashes at hotspot locations could provide added insights for improving traffic safety. By employing fatal crash data from Korea, this study identifies hotspots with increasing (critical) and decreasing (diminishing) temporal trends using a spatio-temporal hotspot analysis tool in GIS. Further, a machine learning technique is employed to explore the chains of factors influencing the number of vehicles and the number of casualties involved in fatal crashes at intersections and midblocks in each hotspot type identified. In general, results showed that minibuses/vans and construction vehicles were mainly at fault for fatal single-vehicle pedestrian-involved crashes. While many casualties and vehicles are likely to be involved in crashes at midblocks during the daytime regardless of the hotspot type, the nighttime variable was particularly associated with large casualty-size crashes at critical intersection hotspots. Further, while reckless driving was mostly associated with single-vehicle crashes at intersections in diminishing hotspots, pedestrian protection, and improper centreline crossing violations were more pronounced at midblocks in diminishing hotspots. This analysis identified groups of factors that could be collectively controlled to improve road safety and proposed countermeasures to mitigate fatal crashes on roadways.
{"title":"Factors influencing fatal vehicle-involved crash consequence metrics at spatio-temporal hotspots in South Korea: application of GIS and machine learning techniques","authors":"R. Tamakloe, D. Park","doi":"10.1080/12265934.2022.2134182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2022.2134182","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Studies have employed several techniques to identify the effect of individual risk factors influencing crashes at hotspot locations. Nevertheless, as crashes are sometimes influenced by a combination of risk factors, identifying the chains of factors collectively contributing to fatal crashes at hotspot locations could provide added insights for improving traffic safety. By employing fatal crash data from Korea, this study identifies hotspots with increasing (critical) and decreasing (diminishing) temporal trends using a spatio-temporal hotspot analysis tool in GIS. Further, a machine learning technique is employed to explore the chains of factors influencing the number of vehicles and the number of casualties involved in fatal crashes at intersections and midblocks in each hotspot type identified. In general, results showed that minibuses/vans and construction vehicles were mainly at fault for fatal single-vehicle pedestrian-involved crashes. While many casualties and vehicles are likely to be involved in crashes at midblocks during the daytime regardless of the hotspot type, the nighttime variable was particularly associated with large casualty-size crashes at critical intersection hotspots. Further, while reckless driving was mostly associated with single-vehicle crashes at intersections in diminishing hotspots, pedestrian protection, and improper centreline crossing violations were more pronounced at midblocks in diminishing hotspots. This analysis identified groups of factors that could be collectively controlled to improve road safety and proposed countermeasures to mitigate fatal crashes on roadways.","PeriodicalId":46464,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42220046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-10DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2022.2132988
K. Zhu, Fangzhu Zhang, Fulong Wu
ABSTRACT The development of science parks has been studied extensively. Understanding these innovation spaces requires us to investigate the development context beyond local knowledge dynamics. This paper examines the Zhangjiang Science City in Shanghai, the first science city endorsed by the central government in China. We find three salient features. First, the Zhangjiang Science City represents China’s latest state innovation strategy to build Shanghai into a National Comprehensive Innovation Centre. Second, the science city is no longer a mono-functional park. It is integrated into Shanghai’s overall urban development. Third, the state’s role is visible, and state actors are involved in implementing this innovation strategy. This study reveals that the science city is a state strategic innovation space.
{"title":"Creating a state strategic innovation space: the development of the Zhangjiang Science City in Shanghai","authors":"K. Zhu, Fangzhu Zhang, Fulong Wu","doi":"10.1080/12265934.2022.2132988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2022.2132988","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The development of science parks has been studied extensively. Understanding these innovation spaces requires us to investigate the development context beyond local knowledge dynamics. This paper examines the Zhangjiang Science City in Shanghai, the first science city endorsed by the central government in China. We find three salient features. First, the Zhangjiang Science City represents China’s latest state innovation strategy to build Shanghai into a National Comprehensive Innovation Centre. Second, the science city is no longer a mono-functional park. It is integrated into Shanghai’s overall urban development. Third, the state’s role is visible, and state actors are involved in implementing this innovation strategy. This study reveals that the science city is a state strategic innovation space.","PeriodicalId":46464,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48921000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-12DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2022.2123025
Kenta Kikuchi, T. Maruyama
ABSTRACT Nobody-at-home situations can cause several problems, such as home-delivery failures and burglaries. A recent study demonstrated temporal profiles of households with every member out-of-home (HEMO) situation by using household travel surveys. However, the spatial distribution of HEMO and its transition were not examined, and the effect of household attributes on HEMO was not analyzed statistically. In this study, the spatiotemporal variation in HEMO duration was investigated to address this gap, and the duration was analyzed using two econometric models. The 1984, 1997, and 2012 household travel surveys from Kumamoto, Japan, were used for the spatiotemporal visualization. In addition, the Tobit model and time allocation model were developed to statistically determine the reason for the variation in duration. The average HEMO duration increased by more than 1 h between 1984 and 2012. The downtown area revealed a longer HEMO duration, and the area with a longer duration expanded to rural areas between 1984 and 2012. The estimated econometric models revealed the statistical impacts of household attributes on HEMO duration. The HEMO duration of single-person households with a worker or student was long, and that of households with a working husband and homemaker wife was short. The spatiotemporal distribution of HEMO durations presented in this paper has the potential to be used in future urban studies, including those on the logistics of home-delivery, home-visiting survey design, crime prevention, and energy research.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal change in duration of households with every member out-of-home: a case in Kumamoto, Japan","authors":"Kenta Kikuchi, T. Maruyama","doi":"10.1080/12265934.2022.2123025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2022.2123025","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Nobody-at-home situations can cause several problems, such as home-delivery failures and burglaries. A recent study demonstrated temporal profiles of households with every member out-of-home (HEMO) situation by using household travel surveys. However, the spatial distribution of HEMO and its transition were not examined, and the effect of household attributes on HEMO was not analyzed statistically. In this study, the spatiotemporal variation in HEMO duration was investigated to address this gap, and the duration was analyzed using two econometric models. The 1984, 1997, and 2012 household travel surveys from Kumamoto, Japan, were used for the spatiotemporal visualization. In addition, the Tobit model and time allocation model were developed to statistically determine the reason for the variation in duration. The average HEMO duration increased by more than 1 h between 1984 and 2012. The downtown area revealed a longer HEMO duration, and the area with a longer duration expanded to rural areas between 1984 and 2012. The estimated econometric models revealed the statistical impacts of household attributes on HEMO duration. The HEMO duration of single-person households with a worker or student was long, and that of households with a working husband and homemaker wife was short. The spatiotemporal distribution of HEMO durations presented in this paper has the potential to be used in future urban studies, including those on the logistics of home-delivery, home-visiting survey design, crime prevention, and energy research.","PeriodicalId":46464,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49627887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-07DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2022.2121310
Kévin Boiné, Claude M. H. Demers, Mojtaba Parsaee, A. Potvin
ABSTRACT This research aims at developing a methodology for integrated visualization of diurnal/nocturnal urban heat and light exposed to pedestrians. Heat and light are major environmental qualities affecting the visual and non-visual experiences of pedestrians in urban spaces. The configuration of urban layouts, including built-up area, density, and surface features, could modify the quality of heat and light exposed to pedestrians. The pedestrian-level integrated visualization of urban heat and light still requires further studies in relation to the individual's field of view, physical elements, and spatiotemporal variations. This research combines thermography, low-dynamic range (LDR) photography, and high-dynamic range (HDR) imagery with thermometry to discuss the typologies and attributes of heat and light which are offered within a 360-degree field of view of pedestrians in two urban layouts in Quebec City, Canada. The thermographic and thermometric methods reveal the non-visual qualities of urban spaces in terms of heat. The LDR photography and HDR imagery display the visual qualities of urban spaces related to light. The selected layouts include a densely constructed fabric and a green open urban space to represent diverse spatial configurations and surface materials. As an exploratory study, a 24-hour survey during a summer day is conducted to use the combined methods to capture and discuss the physical and environmental qualities of the urban layouts. The combined image-based methods foster an enriched, comprehensive visualization and discussion of diurnal and nocturnal patterns offered by air and surface temperatures and lighting conditions. The combined image-based approach enables visualizing and comparing typologies of urban heat and light in relation to building density, trees, greenery, and surface characteristics. Overall, the proposed methodology promotes the integrated visualization approach to study urban environmental qualities which can inform local communities, designers, and decision-makers about the impact of design configuration, material choices, and retrofit solutions.
{"title":"Visualization of urban heat and light at the pedestrian level","authors":"Kévin Boiné, Claude M. H. Demers, Mojtaba Parsaee, A. Potvin","doi":"10.1080/12265934.2022.2121310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2022.2121310","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This research aims at developing a methodology for integrated visualization of diurnal/nocturnal urban heat and light exposed to pedestrians. Heat and light are major environmental qualities affecting the visual and non-visual experiences of pedestrians in urban spaces. The configuration of urban layouts, including built-up area, density, and surface features, could modify the quality of heat and light exposed to pedestrians. The pedestrian-level integrated visualization of urban heat and light still requires further studies in relation to the individual's field of view, physical elements, and spatiotemporal variations. This research combines thermography, low-dynamic range (LDR) photography, and high-dynamic range (HDR) imagery with thermometry to discuss the typologies and attributes of heat and light which are offered within a 360-degree field of view of pedestrians in two urban layouts in Quebec City, Canada. The thermographic and thermometric methods reveal the non-visual qualities of urban spaces in terms of heat. The LDR photography and HDR imagery display the visual qualities of urban spaces related to light. The selected layouts include a densely constructed fabric and a green open urban space to represent diverse spatial configurations and surface materials. As an exploratory study, a 24-hour survey during a summer day is conducted to use the combined methods to capture and discuss the physical and environmental qualities of the urban layouts. The combined image-based methods foster an enriched, comprehensive visualization and discussion of diurnal and nocturnal patterns offered by air and surface temperatures and lighting conditions. The combined image-based approach enables visualizing and comparing typologies of urban heat and light in relation to building density, trees, greenery, and surface characteristics. Overall, the proposed methodology promotes the integrated visualization approach to study urban environmental qualities which can inform local communities, designers, and decision-makers about the impact of design configuration, material choices, and retrofit solutions.","PeriodicalId":46464,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43253541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2022.2116087
Luis Fuentes Arce, M. I. Ramírez, Sebastián Rodríguez, A. Señoret
ABSTRACT The High-Income Cone (HIC) is characteristic of the urban structure of Latin-American metropolises, consisting of a delimited area of the city where inhabitants of high socioeconomic status are located, consolidating the patterns of social segregation and inequality that are typical of those societies. Despite the urban transformations experienced by the metropolises of the continent in the last decades, little study has been done to understand the internal dynamics of HICs, which are usually considered a socially homogeneous space. This article delves into the internal complexities of the HIC of Greater Santiago, investigating its residential mobility processes and distinguishing between traditional and recent inhabitants, or ‘inheritors’ and ‘achievers’. Our results indicate the presence of parallel processes of residential mobility, where ‘achievers’ are concentrated in the apartments located in the pericentral zone of the HIC, while ‘inheritors’ move to the houses located in the extreme east. This process of permeability and filtering is conditioned by the recent trends of neoliberal urban densification and expansion, where the construction of more accessible buildings allows the arrival of certain people to the pericentral areas of the HIC, while the more exclusive houses and gated-communities far east are more accessible for inheritors.
{"title":"Socio-spatial differentiation in a Latin American metropolis: urban structure, residential mobility, and real estate in the high-income cone of Santiago de Chile","authors":"Luis Fuentes Arce, M. I. Ramírez, Sebastián Rodríguez, A. Señoret","doi":"10.1080/12265934.2022.2116087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2022.2116087","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The High-Income Cone (HIC) is characteristic of the urban structure of Latin-American metropolises, consisting of a delimited area of the city where inhabitants of high socioeconomic status are located, consolidating the patterns of social segregation and inequality that are typical of those societies. Despite the urban transformations experienced by the metropolises of the continent in the last decades, little study has been done to understand the internal dynamics of HICs, which are usually considered a socially homogeneous space. This article delves into the internal complexities of the HIC of Greater Santiago, investigating its residential mobility processes and distinguishing between traditional and recent inhabitants, or ‘inheritors’ and ‘achievers’. Our results indicate the presence of parallel processes of residential mobility, where ‘achievers’ are concentrated in the apartments located in the pericentral zone of the HIC, while ‘inheritors’ move to the houses located in the extreme east. This process of permeability and filtering is conditioned by the recent trends of neoliberal urban densification and expansion, where the construction of more accessible buildings allows the arrival of certain people to the pericentral areas of the HIC, while the more exclusive houses and gated-communities far east are more accessible for inheritors.","PeriodicalId":46464,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43028821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-25DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2022.2114928
Shahokh Soltaninia, L. Taghavi, S. Hosseini, B. Motamedvaziri, S. Eslamian
ABSTRACT This study simulated the effects of land-use changes on runoff pollution in a catchment of Tehran, Iran. The catchment has a semi-arid climate, a relatively long period from dry summer to rainy autumn and highly varying precipitation levels. Urban runoff samples were collected from six stations including five different land-based activities and a mixed land-use, which supported all land-use types. Event Mean Concentration (EMC) was applied to determine the Nonpoint Source (NPS) pollution of urban runoff such as Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP) and heavy metals, including zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb), in five land-uses. Sampling was performed during five events with different Antecedent Dry Days (ADDs) in time period 2019-2020. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was employed to simulate the quality of urban runoff base on measured EMCs in each event for the different parameters under investigation and the average of measured EMCs. The results illustrated that that the maximum and minimum amount of EMCs were pertained to the events with 115 and 1 dry days respectively. While, daily simulation of runoff pollution based on measured amount of EMCs in the catchment indicated that the calibration criteria such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Normalized Objective Function (NOF), Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and R 2 were very good for the minimum amount of EMCs and satisfactory for the average of EMC`s calculated, NSE values was not satisfactory for the maximum amount of EMCs. Uncertainty of ADDs can significantly affect the results of the maximum EMC simulation. This study also found higher TSS and TP concentrations in runoff in open space land-use and significantly higher heavy metals and TN concentrations in runoff in the industrial land-use compared with other land-use types in the catchment.
{"title":"The effects of antecedent dry days and land use types on urban runoff quality in a semi-Arid region","authors":"Shahokh Soltaninia, L. Taghavi, S. Hosseini, B. Motamedvaziri, S. Eslamian","doi":"10.1080/12265934.2022.2114928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2022.2114928","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study simulated the effects of land-use changes on runoff pollution in a catchment of Tehran, Iran. The catchment has a semi-arid climate, a relatively long period from dry summer to rainy autumn and highly varying precipitation levels. Urban runoff samples were collected from six stations including five different land-based activities and a mixed land-use, which supported all land-use types. Event Mean Concentration (EMC) was applied to determine the Nonpoint Source (NPS) pollution of urban runoff such as Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP) and heavy metals, including zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb), in five land-uses. Sampling was performed during five events with different Antecedent Dry Days (ADDs) in time period 2019-2020. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was employed to simulate the quality of urban runoff base on measured EMCs in each event for the different parameters under investigation and the average of measured EMCs. The results illustrated that that the maximum and minimum amount of EMCs were pertained to the events with 115 and 1 dry days respectively. While, daily simulation of runoff pollution based on measured amount of EMCs in the catchment indicated that the calibration criteria such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Normalized Objective Function (NOF), Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and R 2 were very good for the minimum amount of EMCs and satisfactory for the average of EMC`s calculated, NSE values was not satisfactory for the maximum amount of EMCs. Uncertainty of ADDs can significantly affect the results of the maximum EMC simulation. This study also found higher TSS and TP concentrations in runoff in open space land-use and significantly higher heavy metals and TN concentrations in runoff in the industrial land-use compared with other land-use types in the catchment.","PeriodicalId":46464,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44800495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-25DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2022.2114929
Jianhua Song, Gang Ren, Jiefei Zhang, Zhaowen Qiu
ABSTRACT The estimation of zone of influence (ZoI) at bus stops is the basis for accurately modelling vehicle emissions and assessing the exposure of pedestrians to airborne toxins at emission hotspot locations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in ZoIs for traffic-related emissions at different bus stops. An integrated approach coupling a traffic simulation model (VISSIM) with an emission model (MOVES) was implemented to estimate the vehicle emissions in ZoIs at bus stops for different scenarios. The results demonstrated that lane management mode and traffic conditions had a significant impact on vehicle emissions near different bus stops, and the emission factors (EFs) of pollutants were highest in the acceleration sublink. In addition, the length of the acceleration and queue sublinks mainly determined the length of the ZoIs of bus stops. Owing to the stop-and-go condition, the average contribution of CO, PM2.5, and PM10 towards the ZoI at curbside bus stop and bus bay without exclusive bus lane was significantly higher than under cruising condition. The sensitivity analysis also showed that the emission was more sensitive to acceleration than deceleration. Therefore, the emissions of the departure links for bus stops were significantly higher than those of the approach links. Commuters should reduce the long-time waiting at bus stops, wait downstream of bus stop when waiting for the bus stop, and the vehicles at the bus stop should accelerate slowly when leaving, which will all help to minimize the exposure of commuters to pollutants.
{"title":"Evaluating zone of influence for traffic-related emissions generated near bus stops: a case study in Nanjing, China","authors":"Jianhua Song, Gang Ren, Jiefei Zhang, Zhaowen Qiu","doi":"10.1080/12265934.2022.2114929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2022.2114929","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The estimation of zone of influence (ZoI) at bus stops is the basis for accurately modelling vehicle emissions and assessing the exposure of pedestrians to airborne toxins at emission hotspot locations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in ZoIs for traffic-related emissions at different bus stops. An integrated approach coupling a traffic simulation model (VISSIM) with an emission model (MOVES) was implemented to estimate the vehicle emissions in ZoIs at bus stops for different scenarios. The results demonstrated that lane management mode and traffic conditions had a significant impact on vehicle emissions near different bus stops, and the emission factors (EFs) of pollutants were highest in the acceleration sublink. In addition, the length of the acceleration and queue sublinks mainly determined the length of the ZoIs of bus stops. Owing to the stop-and-go condition, the average contribution of CO, PM2.5, and PM10 towards the ZoI at curbside bus stop and bus bay without exclusive bus lane was significantly higher than under cruising condition. The sensitivity analysis also showed that the emission was more sensitive to acceleration than deceleration. Therefore, the emissions of the departure links for bus stops were significantly higher than those of the approach links. Commuters should reduce the long-time waiting at bus stops, wait downstream of bus stop when waiting for the bus stop, and the vehicles at the bus stop should accelerate slowly when leaving, which will all help to minimize the exposure of commuters to pollutants.","PeriodicalId":46464,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42361925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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